La présente thèse traite du rythme, de l'accentuation et de l'intonation dans le rap et le reggae en décrivant les traits formels des phrasés. Ces manières de récitation, qui relèvent de la scansion poétique, du chant et du mi-chant, se prêtent à une analyse dans un cadre théorique de la prosodie contrastive et de la théorie du vers. La thèse se compose de sept chapitres et s'appuie sur un corpus textuel assemblé pour lui, qui compte 200 chansons en français et en tchèque. Ce matériel linguistique de quelque 59 000 syllabes, un ensemble d'extraits représentatifs, est transcrit dans des grilles rythmiques avec une méthode auditive. D'un point de vue prosodique, le rap et le reggae font preuve d'une réorganisation rythmique importante. Dans les deux langues, la mise en musique des textes se réalise par un patron rythmique isochronique, imposé aux paroles à rythme isosyllabique et dont l'accentuation fixe est peu saillante. En référence aux contraintes interactives qui traduisent des tendances universelles, les deux genres se montrent comme étant assez permissifs quand à la liberté dans l'association de paroles au mètre musical. Différents types de non congruence se manifestent à travers plusieurs catégories linguistiques. Un réarrangement formel (décalage d'accent, accents dynamiques) découle de cette rythmisation, de la densité syllabique des grilles et du débit souvent élevé. Le rap français surtout témoigne d'un grand degré de licence à travers le principe d'accentuation automatique sur les pulsations musicales. Malgré ces écarts de la langue observés au niveau accentuel, le niveau syllabique est intègre dans sa réalisation des rythmes importés. Plusieurs mesures de la syllabation font rapprocher le rap et le reggae de la parole ordinaire, plutôt que du chant. Le même constat apparaît en ce qui concerne le profil intonationnel du rap à travers l'inventaire de ses contours nucléaires. D'un point de vue métrique, une grande partie du corpus textuel est classée comme une récitation scandée / mi-chantée de vers libérés. L'intonation appuie la linéation en vers, tout en participant à un groupement métrique calqué sur les modèles du rap américain et du reggae jamaïcain. Les paroles sont également interprétables comme des exemples de vers en mètre allitératif. Ses techniques rythmiques (rimes internes, syncopes, etc.) établissent une grammaire poétique rap / reggae et distinguent deux étapes de l'évolution des genres. / This thesis deals with the rhythm, stress and intonation in rap and reggae music. It describes the form features of declamations which combine chant, halfsinging and singing, in the theoretical framework of contrastive prosody and verse theory. The thesis consists of seven chapters and is based on a textual corpus of 200 songs in French and Czech, assembled for this dissertation. The linguistic material of 59,000 syllabes is a representativeset of excerpts, transcribed in rhythmic grids with an auditive analysis.From the prosodic point of view, rap and reggae display an important degree of rhythmic reorganisation. In both languages, setting texts to music is performed according to an isochronous pattern, which is imposed on the lyrics with an isosyllabic rhythm and whose bound stress system is weak. It is shown through interactive constraints, which reflect universal tendencies in verbal art, that both genres exhibit a lot of freedom in the association of lyrics and the musical meter. Several linguistic categories manifest various types of mismatches. A form rearrangement (stress shifts, dynamic stress) follows from this rhythmisation, as well as from the syllable density of the metrical scheme and a rather high speaking rate. French rap has the most frequent use of poetic license through its practice of the Stress Promotion principle (accenting syllables falling on the beats). The syllabic level seems intact in the realisation of the imported rhythms, as several measures demonstrate that rap and reggae are closer to speech than to singing. A similar observation appears at the intonational level of rap, because its nuclear contour inventory makes it closely resemble speech. From the metrical point of view, a big part of the corpus is classified as chanted and half-sung liberated verse. The lineation is supported by intonation, which participates in a strophic grouping, according to the genres' model of American and Jamaican reggae. The lyrics are also interpretable as verse instances of the alliterative meter. Its rhythmical techniques (internal rhymes, syncopation, etc) establish a poetic grammar of rap and reggae and define the two stages of their evolution. / Tato disertace se zabývá rytmem, přízvukováním a intonací v rapu a v reggae hudbě. Popisuje formální rysy jejich způsobů přednesu, které se váží na poetickou recitaci, zpěv a polozpěv, a které jsou podrobeny analýze v rámci srovnávací prozódie a teorie verše. Práce sestává ze sedmi kapitol a staví na základě textového korpusu sestaveného za jejím účelem, který obsahuje 200 písní v češtině a ve francouzštině. Tento jazykový materiál o cca 59 000 slabikách je reprezentativním souborem úryvků zaznamenaných do tzv. rytmických mřížek pomocí poslechové metody.Z prozodického hlediska rap a reggae vykazuje mnoho změn v rytmické organizaci oproti jiným druhům verbálního umění. V obou jazycích je zhudebnění textů dosaženo skrze izochronní rytmický vzor, který se prosazuje v textech rytmu izoslabičného, jejichž přízvukový systém je pevný a slabý. S odkazem na tzv. interaktivní omezení, která odrážejí univerzální tendence, se oba žánry jeví jako spíše tolerantní vzhledem k volnosti spojení textů a hudebního metra. Jednotlivé jazykové kategorie projevují různé druhy nesouladu mezi oběma složkami. Tento druh rytmizace má za následek nové formální uspořádání(posuny přízvuku, jeho silová realizace), na kterém se podílí také hustota slabik v rytmickém schématu či zvýšené tempo řeči. Největší volnost je sledována u francouzského rapu, pro nějž je typické automatické přidělení metrického přízvuku na hudebních dobách (tj. sekundární realizace silných pozic). I přes výrazný odklon od jazykové normy v přízvukové rovině je při přednesu nově zavedených rytmů plně zachována rovina slabičná. Slabikování přibližuje rap a reggae více řeči než zpěvu, stejně jako inventářnukleárních kontur přibližuje řeči rapovou intonaci.Z metrického hlediska je velká část korpusu zařazena jako skandované a polozpívané uvolněné verše. Intonační jednotky podtrhují frázování veršů, jejichž strofika je ovlivněna metrickou strukturou obou žánrových modelů (americký rap, jamajské, reggae). Texty je také možno považovat za aliterační verše. Jejich rytmické výrazové prostředky (vnitřní rýmy, synkopy aj.) se uplatňují jako poetická gramatika rapu a reggae a umožňují rozlišit dvě vývojové fáze obou žánrů.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Linguistics." Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-171).

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is threefold: 1) to analyze the Chamorro equivalent of the English sentence constructions containing the verb "to be", 2) to contrast the English verb "to be" in English syntax with the Chamorro functional equivalents in Chamorro syntax, and 3) to provide a philosophical discussion of "to be" as a lexical item and as a synonym of "to exist".Relevant sections of the Lingua Descriptive Studies Questionnaire are used in Analyzing sentence constructions in Chamorro that are equivalent to English sentences with the verb "to be". This descriptive framework permits a description of the Chamorro sentence constructions that is neutral to any particular current theory of language. Such a neutral description facilitates comparison of structures between two languages and makes the data more generally useful to linguists of a variety of theoretical persuations.

No description available.

Diss.--Fachbereich 23 Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft--Mainz--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, 1988.

The diploma thesis considers the translation and contrastive analysis of the Czech and German idioms found in the online edition of "Bild" newspaper. First chapter deals with the theoretical background of the phraseology. In the following chapter the idioms are translated and the translations are thoroughly commented. The meaning of each idiom is explained and the idiom is classified according to the degree of similarity with its Czech translation. In the conclusion the results are summarized.

I conducted this study to provide insights toward deepening understanding of association between culture and writing by building, assessing, and refining a conceptual model of second language writing. To do this, I examined culture and coherence as well as the relationship between them through a mixed methods research design. Coherence has been an important and complex concept in ESL/EFL writing. I intended to study the concept of coherence in the research context of contrastive rhetoric, comparing the coherence quality in argumentative essays written by undergraduates in Mainland China and their U.S. peers. In order to analyze the complex concept of coherence, I synthesized five linguistic theories of coherence: Halliday and Hasan’s cohesion theory, Carroll’s theory of coherence, Enkvist’s theory of coherence, Topical Structure Analysis, and Toulmin’s Model. Based upon the synthesis, 16 variables were generated. Across these 16 variables, Hotelling t-test statistical analysis was conducted to predict differences in argumentative coherence between essays written by two groups of participants. In order to complement the statistical analysis, I conducted 30 interviews of the writers in the studies. Participants’ responses were analyzed with open and axial coding. By analyzing the empirical data, I refined the conceptual model by adding more categories and establishing associations among them. The study found that U.S. students made use of more pronominal reference. Chinese students adopted more lexical devices of reiteration and extended paralleling progression. The interview data implied that the difference may be associated with the difference in linguistic features and rhetorical conventions in Chinese and English. As far as Toulmin’s Model is concerned, Chinese students scored higher on data than their U.S. peers. According to the interview data, this may be due to the fact that Toulmin’s Model, modified as three elements of arguments, have been widely and long taught in Chinese writing instruction while U.S. interview participants said that they were not taught to write essays according to Toulmin’s Model. Implications were generated from the process of textual data analysis and the formulation of structural model defining coherence. These implications were aimed at informing writing instruction, assessment, peer-review, and self-revision.

The influence of information structure on tonal scaling in German is examined experimentally. Eighteen speakers uttered a total of 2277 sentences of the same syntactic structure, but with a varying number of constituents, word order and focus-given structure. The quantified results for German support findings for other Germanic languages that the scaling of high tones, and thus the entire melodic pattern, is influenced by information structure. Narrow focus raised the high tones of pitch accents, while givenness lowered them in prenuclear position and canceled them out postnuclearly. The effects of focus and givenness are calculated against all-new sentences as a baseline, which we expected to be characterized by downstep, a significantly lower scaling of high tones as compared to declination. The results further show that information structure alone cannot account for all variations. We therefore assume that dissimilatory tonal effects play a crucial role in the tonal scaling of German. The effects consist of final f0 drop, a steep fall from a raised high tone to the bottom line of the speaker, H-raising before a low tone, and H-lowering before a raised high tone. No correlation between word order and tone scaling could be established. 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thèse de doctorat : Langues et littératures germaniques et scandinaves : Nancy 2 : 2007. Thèse de doctorat : Langues et littératures germaniques et scandinaves : Université d'Heidelberg : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre.