The aim of this research was to formulate, characterise and assess the feasibility of a novel drug delivery system known as the in situ gelling matrix (ISGM) where a hydrophilic polymer is suspended in a non-aqueous solvent that converts into a gel when injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly thus giving a controlled release matrix for a drug. Although the concept has been patented with claims that this kind of drug delivery is achievable in theory for a wide variety of candidate substances, actual formulation studies for making a commercially viable product for this technology are completely lacking in practice. The research embodied in this thesis addresses this lack. Initial studies involved conducting a biocompatibility study using the HET-CAM (hens egg test - chorioallantoic membrane) test on a range of possible ingredients for the delivery system. The materials deemed biocompatible were then carried through to a screening process where the physical stability of the hydrophilic polymers in non-aqueous solvents was monitored. It was found that the hydrophilic polymers tested sedimented rapidly in the non-aqueous solvents indicating such a system was not physically stable. Consequently, density-inducing or viscosity-inducing agents were added to the non-aqueous solvents to retard the sedimentation rate. The addition of polycarbophil, a viscosity-inducing agent, clearly increased the viscosity of the system. However, undesirable formation of polycarbophil globules occurred during the manufacturing process, which caused batch-to-batch variations in the viscosity of the continuous phase. Various manufacturing methods were tested before arriving at the optimum procedure to prevent globule formation using a high speed dispersion tool. A final physical sedimentation analysis of candidate continuous phases and hydrophilic polymers was conducted for determining the ideal combination of ingredients to use in the system. These investigations finally led to the adoption of an optimum mix of components consisting of 10% (w/w) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (the hydrophilic polymer) suspended in a continuous phase of propylene glycol (the non-aqueous solvent) containing 0.67% (w/w) polycarbophil (the viscosity inducing agent). Using this mix of components, the in situ gelling matrix system was then subjected to various characterisation studies including infrared (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry and redispersion studies. The chemical stability of the hydrophilic polymer and the continuous phase (the non-aqueous solvent and polycarbophil) was monitored and were found to be chemically stable over a 9 month period. The feasibility of the in situ gelling matrix technology as a controlled release device was assessed using the drug propranolol. In vitro drug release studies were conducted using a custom-built dissolution apparatus. The effect of various parameters such as the concentration of the hydrophilic gelling agent on the drug release rate was investigated. Increasing the concentration of the gelling agent in the formulation resulted in a slower rate of release. The drug release data were modelled using the Higuchi relationship and a power law relationship to compare the effects of the various parameters on the release rate Stability studies on the drug in the in situ gelling matrix system were carried out by storing samples in accelerated ageing conditions of 40 C / 75% relative humidity for 4 weeks. During this time, the samples were analysed each week by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These demonstrated that no apparent drug degradation had occurred over the 4-week period. This indicates that the drug propranolol in the in situ gelling matrix system is stable under ambient conditions for at least 4 weeks. The results of this study demonstrated that the in situ gelling matrix technology is potentially viable as a drug delivery system and provide a practical methodology for the commercial development of such systems.

No description available.

M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Affairs), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009

No description available.

Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RamonKenneddeSousa_D.pdf: 5842282 bytes, checksum: 25fcb2d8b707fa65cc5cf6a492365f29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As sílicas mesoporosas SBA-15 e SBA-16 sintetizadas através do método hidrotérmico com os copolímeros direcionadores de estrutura P123 e F127 foram organofuncionalizadas com agentes sililantes que contêm grupos funcionais, como nitrogênio, oxigênio e enxofre. As sílicas foram caracterizadas por análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono e silício no estado sólido, termogravimetria, área superficial, espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo, microscopia eletrônicas de varredura e transmissão. As caracterizações comprovam a efetivação das sínteses das sílicas SBA-15 e SBA-16 com estruturas hexagonal e cúbica, respectivamente. As sílicas organofuncionalizadas, mostraram maiores graus de ancoramento obtido quando funcionalizadas com organossilanos contendo nitrogênio. Além das sílicas, foram sintetizados carbonos mesoporosos usando as sílicas como direcionadores rígidos de estrutura. Os mesmos foram funcionalizados com anidrido malêico e subsequentes reações com água e hidreto de alumínio e lítio resultando em grupos carboxílicos e na redução dos mesmos, respectivamente. A efetividade da funcionalização foi comprovada, sobretudo por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, termogravimetria, ressonância magnética de carbono e espectroscopia de fotoelétrons de raios X. Ensaios de liberação dos fármacos ibuprofeno e genfibrozila foram realizados nas sílicas SBA-15 e SBA-16. Os resultados mostraram que ibuprofeno é liberado de SBA-15 de forma constante e controlada por 77 h. Além disso, os perfis de liberação de genfibrozila mostraram que 67 % do fármaco foram liberados de ambas as sílicas, porém o tempo de equilíbrio foi 70 h quando usada SBA-15 e de 24 h quando usada SBA-16. Além disso, verificou-se que os dados tem um bom ajuste quando aplicado a modelo apropriado e que os mecanismos de liberação são regidos pela influencia da difusão e pelo tempo de liberação / Abstract: Mesoporous SBA-15 and SBA-16 silicas synthesized by hydrothermal method using P123 and F127 copolymers as structure directing agents were organofunctionalized with silylating agents containing functional groups, such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The silicas were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon and silicon nuclei in solid state, thermogravimetry, surface area, X-ray scattering at low angle, scanning electron microscopy and transmission. The characterizations demonstrated the effectiveness of the synthesis of SBA-15 and SBA-16 silicas with hexagonal and cubic structures, respectively. The organofunctionalized silicas showed that the obtained surface modification gave highest degrees of anchoring when functionalized with organosilanes containing nitrogen. Besides the silicas, were also synthesized mesopororous carbons using silicas as hard template, which were functionalized with maleic anhydride and subsequent reaction with water and lithium aluminum hydride, resulting in carboxylic groups due to the reduction process. The effectiveness of the functionalized was proven, mainly by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, 13C NMR and X-ray photoelectron. Assays with ibuprofen and gemfibrozil releasing were performed on SBA-15 and SBA-16 silicas and the results showed that the ibuprofen is released from SBA-15 in a constant and controlled form for 77 h. Furthermore, release profiles of gemfobrozil gave 67 % of the drug released from both silicas, however the equilibrium time were 70 h when used SBA-15 and 24 h for SBA-16. In addition, it was found that the data has good fitting when applied for appropriate model and the release mechanisms are governed by the influence of diffusion and release time / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

The feasibility of the injection moulding (IM) was explored for the development of novel drug delivery systems. Controlled release formulations were developed using a substituted cellulose derivative, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and a graft co-polymer (Soluplus®). BCS class II drugs ibuprofen and the felodipine were selected based on their physicochemical properties. In the present work, a homogenous dispersion of drugs in the polymer matrices was achieved using Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) and extruded pellets obtained were used for the development of the injection moulded systems. Four systems were developed using the IM consisting of ibuprofen-HPMCAS, ibuprofen-Soluplus®, felodipine-PEO-HPMCAS and felodipine-Soluplus®. The ibuprofen acts as a good plasticiser compared to felodipine therefore, felodipine containing IM systems required a plasticiser (PEO) when processed with HPMCAS. The analysis of extruded pellets and injection moulded systems using modulated DSC (MDSC) and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of an amorphous molecular dispersion (i.e solid solution) in the case of all four systems. The phase separation behaviour and the amorphous stability of the systems was studied at various stress conditions. This revealed the “surface crystallisation” behaviour of the ibuprofen-HPMCAS systems. Temperature-composition phase diagram constructed based on the melting point depression and the Flory-Huggins lattice solution theory provided the explanation for the phase separation and crystallisation behaviour of ibuprofen-HPMCAS systems. The advanced characterisation techniques like DMA, 2D XRD and 3D laser microscopy provided the detailed understanding of crystal habits, phase seperation and surface crystallisation. The significant effect of the stress conditions on the rate of shrinkage was observed where, higher shrinkage tendency of a HPMCAS IM system was observed compared to Soluplus® IM systems. The extruded pellets provided the faster drug release compared to the moulded tablets suggests the effect of particle size as well as the densification during IM on the dissolution rate of the dosage form. The nature of the polymer and processing history were the contributing factors for the dissolution of the dosage forms.

Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of: Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: PharmDr. Ondřej Holas, Ph.D. Student: Michal Bárta Title of Thesis: Preparation of pharmaceutical nanoparticles: optimalization process Pharmaceutical, polymer nanoparticles besides others work as well as a drug carriers. Their uniqueness is not only because of their subcelular size, but as well because of the biodegradability and biocompatibility they hold. The benefit of these nanoparticiples is the possibility of creation of selective naoparticiples which are able to controle long-term release. The formulation of polymer nanoparticles can be reached within methods using preformed polymer or with polymerization of monomers. The main goal of my thesis was to optimize the production process of polymer nanoparticles and the observation of the solvent influences. The methods used for this reaserch were evaporation method and nanoprecipitation. Granulometric and electrical characteristics of particles were measured with Zetasizer ZS 90. Measurements have prooved, that it is preferable to use the nanoparticle method for the prepartion of the the small nanoparticles with low polydispersity and sufficient stability. From the results of the granulometric analysis of nanoparticles made by the...