Adsorption processes are widely used for the storage and separation of gases in many industrial and environmental applications. The performance of the process depends strongly on the adsorbent and its interaction with the gases. Therefore, the idea of tailoring the adsorbent to the application by adapting the pore size and/or the chemical composition is very attractive. This work focuses on two groups of customizable hybrid materials: Firstly, in crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) the chemical and structural properties can be modified by changing the metal-oxide corner or the organic linker. Secondly, periodic mesoporous silica materials can be prepared with different pore sizes and geometries depending on the surfactant and its concentration and additionally modified with organic surface groups. The adsorption behaviour of the materials can be predicted by molecular simulation and thus the influence of modifications can be studied without the need of synthesising the material. For MOFs, the coordinates of the atoms can be obtained from XRD measurements. The quality of the predicted adsorption results was investigated for pure gas (methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen and carbon dioxide) and gas mixture (methane – carbon dioxide) adsorption on the metal-organic framework CuBTC. The comparison showed a good agreement between experimental and simulated results especially at low pressures. In order to create atomistic models for the mesoporous silica structures that are amorphous on the atomistic level, two existing simulation methods to model MCM-41-type materials were combined: micellar structures from coarse grained simulations that capture the phase separation in the surfactant/silica/solvent mixtures were used as input in kinetic Monte Carlo simulation that created the pore model on the atomistic level. The model created with this new methodology showed similar adsorption behaviour compared with a model created only with the kMC method using an ideal geometrical structure as micelle. The influence of modifications of the MOF structures (exchange of metal, linker length/composition and catenation) was investigated by Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations for hydrogen adsorption at low temperature and temperature controlled desorption. The peaks in the desorption spectra could be related to steps in the adsorption isotherms at 20 K.

Adsorption is a low-energy separation process especially advantageous when the components to be separated are similar in nature or have a low molar concentration. The choice of the adsorbent is the key factor for a successful separation, and among them periodic mesoporous silicas (PMS) are of importance because of their pore sizes, shapes and connectivity. Furthermore, they can be modified by post-synthesis functionalisation, which provides a tool for tailoring them to specific applications. SBA-2 and STAC-1 are two types of PMS characterised by a three-dimensional pore system of spherical cages interconnected by a network of channels whose formation process was until now obscure. In this work the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) technique has been extended to simulate the synthesis of these complex materials, presenting evidence that the interconnecting network originates from spherical micelles touching during their close-packing aggregation in the synthesis. Moreover, for the first time atomistic models for these materials were obtained with realistic pore-surface roughness and details of the possible location of its interaction sites. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of nitrogen, methane and ethane adsorption in the materials pore models show excellent agreement with experimental results. In addition, their potential as design tools is explored by introducing surface groups for enhancing CO2 capture; and finally, application examples are presented for carbon dioxide capture from flue gases and for natural gas purification, as well as in the separation of n-butane / iso-butane isomers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6661.pdf: 7538464 bytes, checksum: 48b2c202273cc209a796ea8ef2da1b35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In recent years there has been growing interest in studies on the use of heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production, since such materials have some advantages over homogeneous catalysts such as ease of separation of product generated and the possibility of being reused. Among these catalysts, it is important to emphasize the mesoporous molecular sieves, since they have some advantages that enable its catalytic application. This study aimed to synthesize spheres of hybrid silica, with mesoporous occluded by the driver structure (CTA-SiO2), and to investigate the influence of different alcohols in the properties of these materials and evaluate their catalytic activity in the transesterification reaction. The mesoporous silicas were synthesized with varying the length of the alkyl chain (C1-C3) and amount of alcohol in the reaction mixture. The silicas were characterized by different techniques, such as X-ray scattering at small angles (SAXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the structure and morphology of the mesoporous silica containing organic driver may be controlled during synthesis by varying alcohol content, leading to the formation of materials with different phases, levels of organization and morphology, with the best results obtained from the samples synthesized with methanol and ethanol. For the evaluation of activity and catalytic stability, hybrid silicas were tested in transesterification reaction between ethyl acetate and methanol. The materials showed activity, and when the pore structure is well organized, larger amount of catalytic sites is available resulting in higher conversions. Thus synthesized materials with lower amounts of alcohol had higher catalytic activity compared with other materials. Silicas synthesized showed little catalytic stability compared to successive uses in the transesterification reaction. Thus, materials synthesized with the use of smaller amounts of alcohol tended to stability in comparison to other samples. Part of the activity is due to the presence of basic species formed as a result of leaching of cations CTA+, promoting the reaction also in the homogeneous phase. / Nos últimos anos tem sido crescente o interesse por estudos sobre o emprego de catalisadores heterogêneos na produção de biodiesel, uma vez que esses materiais possuem algumas vantagens em relação à catálise homogênea, tais como a facilidade de separação dos produtos gerados e possibilidade de serem reutilizados. Dentre esses catalisadores, torna-se importante salientar as peneiras moleculares mesoporosas, pois apresentam algumas vantagens que viabilizam sua aplicação catalítica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo sintetizar sílicas híbridas em formato de esferas, com mesoporos ocluídos pelo direcionador de estrutura (CTA-SiO2), bem como investigar a influência de diferentes álcoois nas propriedades desses materiais e avaliar sua atividade catalítica na reação de transesterificação. As sílicas mesoporosas foram sintetizadas com variação do comprimento da cadeia alquílica (C1-C3) e quantidade de álcool na mistura reacional. Foram caracterizadas por diferentes técnicas, como: espalhamento de raios X a ângulos pequenos (SAXS), difratometria de raios- X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e análise termogravimétrica. Os resultados mostraram que a estrutura e morfologia das sílicas mesoporosas contendo direcionador orgânico podem ser controladas durante a síntese através da variação do teor de álcool, levando à formação de materiais com diferentes fases, níveis de organização e morfologia, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos a partir das amostras sintetizadas com metanol e etanol. Para avaliação da atividade e a estabilidade catalítica, as sílicas híbridas foram testadas na reação de transesterificação entre o acetato de etila e metanol. Os materiais apresentaram atividade, sendo que quando a estrutura dos poros é bem organizada, maior quantidade de sítios catalíticos fica disponível resultando em maiores conversões. Consequentemente, os materiais sintetizados com menores teores de álcool apresentaram maior atividade catalítica em comparação com os demais materiais. As sílicas sintetizadas mostraram pouca estabilidade catalítica frente a sucessivos usos na reação de transesterificação. Assim, os materiais sintetizados com emprego de menores teores de álcool apresentaram uma tendência à estabilidade em relação às demais amostras. Parte da atividade se deve à presença de espécies básicas formadas em consequência da lixiviação dos cátions CTA+, promovendo a reação também na fase homogênea.

Orientador: Yoshitaka Gushikem / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T02:10:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fattori_Natalia_M.pdf: 1997192 bytes, checksum: 4f7932043f5c9d2508e6df0ab6b35138 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho descreve a preparação e caracterização de novos materiais adsorventes obtidos a partir da modificação química de dois diferentes substratos mesoporosos: uma sílica mesoporosa constituída de uma estrutura porosa altamente ordenada e uniforme, composta de poros ou canais cilíndricos dispostos paralelamente e empacotados em arranjo hexagonal (SBA-15), e uma sílica mesoporosa caracterizada por uma rede desordenada de poros, de tamanho e forma variados, distribuídos e interconectados aleatoriamente ao longo da estrutura porosa (SMD). Os dois substratos mesoporosos foram modificados com dois diferentes agentes funcionalizantes derivados da molécula 4,4'-bipiridina, imobilizados sobre a superfície da sílica tanto na forma monossubstituída (Bipy), como na forma dissubstituída (Bipy). A eficiência dos materiais obtidos como adsorventes de íons cobre (II) em solução etanólica foi testada, visando à utilização destas matrizes na purificação de etanol combustível. Os valores de capacidade efetiva de adsorção e constantes de equilíbrio heterogêneo foram obtidos. O processo de adsorção de CuCl2 ocorre na interface sólido-solução pela formação de complexos aniônicos de cobre (CuCl4 e CuCl3), que agem como contra-íons dos cátions bipiridínio (Bipy e Bipy). Os valores das constantes de equilíbrio heterogêneo obtidos expressam a habilidade dos materiais em reter os complexos anionicos de cobre na superficie, pela interacoes com o grupo organico 4,4 '-bipiridinio / Abstract: This work describes the preparation and characterization of new adsorbent materials obtained from two different chemically modified substrates: i) a mesoporous silica constituted by a highly ordered and uniform porous framework, with parallel cylindrical pore channels packed in a hexagonal array (SBA-15), ii) a mesoporous silica characterized by a disordered porous framework, with non-uniform size and shape, distributed and interconnected randomly throughout the porous structure (Disordered Mesoporous Silica, DMS). The two mesoporous substrates were chemically modified with two different silylating agents, derived from the organic molecule 4,4'-bipyridine, immobilized on the surface of the silica in the monosubstituted form (Bipy), as well as in the disubstituted form (Bipy). The materials obtained were tested as practical adsorbents for cooper ions from ethanol solution, aiming their use in the purification of ethanol fuel. The effective sorption capacities and the heterogeneous equilibrium constants were obtained. The adsorption process of CuCl2 occurs in the solid/solution interface, through the formation of anionic copper complexes (CuCl4 and CuCl3), that act as counter-ions of the bipyridinium cations (Bipy e Bipy). The heterogeneous equilibrium constants values obtained express the ability of the materials to retain the anionic copper complexes on the adsorbent surface, through electrostatic interactions with the organic molecule 4,4'-bipyridine / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T09:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_RamonKenneddeSousa_D.pdf: 5842282 bytes, checksum: 25fcb2d8b707fa65cc5cf6a492365f29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As sílicas mesoporosas SBA-15 e SBA-16 sintetizadas através do método hidrotérmico com os copolímeros direcionadores de estrutura P123 e F127 foram organofuncionalizadas com agentes sililantes que contêm grupos funcionais, como nitrogênio, oxigênio e enxofre. As sílicas foram caracterizadas por análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono e silício no estado sólido, termogravimetria, área superficial, espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo, microscopia eletrônicas de varredura e transmissão. As caracterizações comprovam a efetivação das sínteses das sílicas SBA-15 e SBA-16 com estruturas hexagonal e cúbica, respectivamente. As sílicas organofuncionalizadas, mostraram maiores graus de ancoramento obtido quando funcionalizadas com organossilanos contendo nitrogênio. Além das sílicas, foram sintetizados carbonos mesoporosos usando as sílicas como direcionadores rígidos de estrutura. Os mesmos foram funcionalizados com anidrido malêico e subsequentes reações com água e hidreto de alumínio e lítio resultando em grupos carboxílicos e na redução dos mesmos, respectivamente. A efetividade da funcionalização foi comprovada, sobretudo por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, termogravimetria, ressonância magnética de carbono e espectroscopia de fotoelétrons de raios X. Ensaios de liberação dos fármacos ibuprofeno e genfibrozila foram realizados nas sílicas SBA-15 e SBA-16. Os resultados mostraram que ibuprofeno é liberado de SBA-15 de forma constante e controlada por 77 h. Além disso, os perfis de liberação de genfibrozila mostraram que 67 % do fármaco foram liberados de ambas as sílicas, porém o tempo de equilíbrio foi 70 h quando usada SBA-15 e de 24 h quando usada SBA-16. Além disso, verificou-se que os dados tem um bom ajuste quando aplicado a modelo apropriado e que os mecanismos de liberação são regidos pela influencia da difusão e pelo tempo de liberação / Abstract: Mesoporous SBA-15 and SBA-16 silicas synthesized by hydrothermal method using P123 and F127 copolymers as structure directing agents were organofunctionalized with silylating agents containing functional groups, such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The silicas were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon and silicon nuclei in solid state, thermogravimetry, surface area, X-ray scattering at low angle, scanning electron microscopy and transmission. The characterizations demonstrated the effectiveness of the synthesis of SBA-15 and SBA-16 silicas with hexagonal and cubic structures, respectively. The organofunctionalized silicas showed that the obtained surface modification gave highest degrees of anchoring when functionalized with organosilanes containing nitrogen. Besides the silicas, were also synthesized mesopororous carbons using silicas as hard template, which were functionalized with maleic anhydride and subsequent reaction with water and lithium aluminum hydride, resulting in carboxylic groups due to the reduction process. The effectiveness of the functionalized was proven, mainly by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, 13C NMR and X-ray photoelectron. Assays with ibuprofen and gemfibrozil releasing were performed on SBA-15 and SBA-16 silicas and the results showed that the ibuprofen is released from SBA-15 in a constant and controlled form for 77 h. Furthermore, release profiles of gemfobrozil gave 67 % of the drug released from both silicas, however the equilibrium time were 70 h when used SBA-15 and 24 h for SBA-16. In addition, it was found that the data has good fitting when applied for appropriate model and the release mechanisms are governed by the influence of diffusion and release time / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências

Ce travail traite du rôle joué par les fonctions de surface sur le transport et le piégeage de cations alcalins en présence d'eau, dans des SBA-15 fonctionnalisées. Il s'agit aussi d'étudier les effets de confinement sur la thermodynamique de l'eau adsorbée. La première étape a consisté à synthétiser les différentes SBA-15, contenant des groupements fonctionnels acides du type PO(OH)2, SO3H, COOH ainsi que leurs équivalents alcalins contenant du Li, Na, K ou Rb. Les solides obtenus ont été caractérisés à l'état sec par DRX, adsorption-désorption de N2 et par RMN du solide, afin de rendre compte respectivement de l'organisation du réseau poreux, des caractéristiques texturales et de la structure locale des motifs organiques. Puis, nous avons étudié ces solides en présence d'eau adsorbée. Nous avons mis en évidence l'instabilité des solides alcalins contenant des ions Na+, K+ et Rb+. Nous proposons également une étude thermodynamique de la fusion de l'eau confinée par DSC, pour laquelle nous montrons que déplacement de la température de transition solide/liquide de l'eau adsorbée dépend de la taille des pores. Ensuite, nous avons analysé les dynamiques ionique et moléculaire de l'eau confinée par Spectroscopie d'Impédance Complexe (SIC) et par diffusion quasi-élastique des neutrons (QENS). L'étude par SIC nous a permis, pour les solides acides, de révéler une conduction protonique selon un mécanisme de Grötthus, et de montrer une dépendance entre les valeurs de conductivité et le pKa des fonctions acides. Finalement par QENS, nous avons observé deux régimes de mobilité des protons, de part et d'autre de 220K, que nous avons associés à des populations différentes de protons. / This work deals with the role played by the functions of surface transport and trapping of alkali cations in the presence of water in SBA-15 functionalized. It is also to study the effects of confinement on the thermodynamics of the adsorbed water. The first step was to synthesize the different SBA-15 containing acidic functional groups of type PO (OH) 2, SO3H, COOH and alkali equivalents containing Li, Na, K or Rb. The solids obtained were characterized in the dry state by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and solid state NMR, respectively, to reflect the organization of the pore network, and textural characteristics of the local structure of organic patterns. Then, we studied the solid presence of adsorbed water. We have highlighted the instability of solids containing alkali ions Na +, K + and Rb +. We also study the thermodynamics of melting of water confined by DSC, for which we show that displacement of the transition temperature of solid / liquid water adsorbed depends on the pore size. Then, we analyzed the ionic and molecular dynamics of water confined by Complex Impedance Spectroscopy (CIS) and by quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). The CIS study allowed us, for strong acids, reveal a proton conduction mechanism in a Grotthus, and show a dependence between conductivity values and the pKa of the acid functions. Finally by QENS, we have observed two regimes of mobility of protons, on both sides of 220K, which we associated with different populations of protons.

Dans cette étude, nous avons cherché à développer de nouvelles formulations pour améliorer la stabilité thermique et le comportement au feu de trois matrices polymères de grande diffusion: le polyéthylène (PE), le polystyrène (PS) et le polyamide 66 (PA66). Le système intumescent employé consiste à combiner des retardateurs de flammes classiques (polyphosphate d’ammonium (APP) et pentaérythritol (PER)) avec une faible quantité de nanooxydes métalliques dont les propriétés auraient été ajustées sur mesure de façon à améliorer la compatibilité du mélange à l’état fondu, ou encore pour changer le mécanisme de dégradation d’un point de vue chimique (effets catalytiques) ou physiques (effet barrière, viscosité etc…). Une partie importante de cette étude a donc été d’abord consacrée à la synthèse d’oxydes à morphologie, porosité, structure ou fonctionnalités particulières. A cet égard, les silices mésoporeuses possèdent l’avantage de présenter des surfaces spécifiques élevées (700-1400 m²/g) et une taille de pores compatible avec les chaines polymères. En adaptant les conditions de synthèse, nous avons cherché à établir des relations entre certains paramètres relatifs aux silices préparées (tels que la (1) surface spécifique (2) la taille des particules (3) la taille des pores (4) la morphologie et (5) le type de structure (en général SBA-15)) sur la stabilité thermique et le comportement au feu du polyéthylène. Préalablement, les propriétés texturales, structurales et chimiques de ces silices ont été caractérisées par porosimétrie à l’azote à 77K, DRX et FTIR. Globalement, les améliorations apportées par les silices mésostructurées restent modestes par rapport à celles induites par les RF classiques seuls et ceci particulièrement pour les polymères non charbonnants (PE et PS). Ceci est dû probablement à la très grande disparité des teneurs respectives en silice et RF dans les composites testés (1 et 24% en masse, respectivement). L’effet du taux de silice SBA-15 (0,5-10wt%) à taux de charge constant et égal à 25% massique a été également étudié pour les trois matrices polymères. Les valeurs maximales d’IOL (indice limite d’oxygène) sont toujours obtenues pour 1-2% de SBA-15. Les modifications de surface des silices SBA-15 par greffage des différentes fonctions organiques (CTAB, amine, thiol, phénol, phosphonate, acide benzoïque et diphénylphosphate), inorganiques (aluminium, acide phosphorique et acide tungstophosphorique) ou métalliques (cuivre, nickel) ont fait l’objet de caractérisations poussées afin d’évaluer la quantité et la stabilité thermique des espèces greffées ainsi que la nature des liaisons de surface. D’autres types de nanooxydes synthétiques (aluminophosphates, phosphate de zirconium et nanotubes de type titanates) ou commerciaux (CeO2, ZrO2, CeZr et CePr) ont également été étudiés. La plupart de ces échantillons a montré un effet légèrement positif sur la stabilité thermique et le comportement au feu des polymères. De point de vue mécanistique, les analyses réalisées en Py-GC-MS montrent que les oxydes greffés par des acides catalysent la transformation des alcènes et des diènes issus de la décomposition du PE en aromatiques. En présence de SBA-15, l’analyse des résidus carbonés (par DRX, FTIR) montrent la formation de nouvelles phases cristallines phosphosiliciques qui renforcent la couche protectrice. Les phases condensées et gazeuses de quelques formulations performantes en IOL ont été analysée par cône calorimètre et microcalorimètre (PCFC). La substitution d'une fraction d'APP/PER par de la silice SBA-15 a un effet plus marqué sur la stabilité thermique et le comportement au feu de la matrice PA66 (IOL= 48,5 (+10 par rapport au PA66/APP/PER), comparé aux matrices PE (IOL=25 (+0,5 par rapport au PE/APP/PER) et PS (IOL= 24,1 (+0,8 par rapport au PS/APP/PER). De plus, la fonctionnalisation [...] / In this study, we have tried to develop new formulations to improve the thermal stability and fire behavior of three polymer matrices widely used: the polyethylene (PE), the polystyrene (PS) and the polyamide 66 (PA 66). The intumescent system used consists to combine a classical flame retardants (ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaeryhthritol (PER)) with a small amount of nanooxides whose properties can be adjusted in order to improve the compatibility of the melting mixture, or to change the degradation mechanism by a chemical (catalytic effect) or physical (insulating layer, viscosity, etc …) process. The total amount of additives has been set at 25wt%. An important part of this study was consecrated to the synthesis of oxides with different morphologies, porosities, structures and functionalities. In this regard, the mesoporous silica has an advantage of having a high surface area (700-1400 m²/g) and a pore size compatible with the polymer chains. By adapting the synthesis conditions, we have aimed to correlate between some parameters related to the prepared silicas (such as (1) the specific surface area (2) particle size (3) pore size (4) morphology and (5) the type of structure (usually SBA-15)) on the thermal stability and fire behavior of different polymer matrices. A comprehensive study has been conducted globally, regardless of the matrix, that the improvements provided by the mesostructured silicas are modest compared to those elicited by classical FR. However, the fire behavior has been improved (particularly LOI) by combining APP/PER system with 1-2wt% of SBA-15. The surface modification of SBA-15 by grafting a different organic functions (CTAB, amine, thiol, phenol, phosphonate, benzoic acid and diphenylphosphate), inorganic species (aluminum, phosphoric acid and tungstophosphoric acid) or metals (copper, nickel) have been the subject of an advanced characterizations in order to assess the amount and the thermal stability of the grafted species, well as the nature of the surface bonds. Other types of synthetic nanooxides (aluminophosphates, zirconium phosphate and titanate nanotubes) or commercial (CeO2, ZrO2, CeZr and CePr) have been also studied. Most of these particles in combination with APP/PER system have shown a slightly positive effect on the thermal stability and fire behavior of polymers. In mechanistic terms, the nanooxides have mainly an effect on enhancing the barrier effect. The analyses carried out by Py/GC/MS showed that the grafted oxides by acidic species catalyze the conversion of alkenes and dienes (resulting from the decomposition of PE) to aromatics. In the presence of SBA-15, the analysis of char (by XRD and FTIR) shows the formation of new crystalline phases which enhance the protective layer.

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