No / The COVID-19 virus pandemic has again demonstrated the devastating impact that a microbial pathogen can have on our health, society and economic systems. It necessitates a fundamental rethink of how the security of our societies can be better sustained. This rethinking will require many aspects of our security systems to be re-examined, but we concentrate here on the consequences of the rapid advances being made in the life and associated sciences. In this chapter, we will describe and analyse one of the most likely means by which the BTWC could be strengthened at the 9th Review Conference, namely: agreement of an International Aspirational Code of Conduct supported by mandatory biological security education for life and associated scientists. We conclude that a vigorous effort by civil society will be needed to assist the achievement of an agreement on this issue at the 9th Review Conference.

Yes / This chapter explores the issue of the enforcement of annulled awards under the regime of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, New York 1958 (New York Convention) through an analysis of recent decisions from the courts of the United States, England and France, to suggest the attitude courts in African States should adopt when required to enforce an annulled award. These three jurisdictions have robustly engaged with this question and their courts have proffered different reasons for the positions they take on the issue, which may be instructive to the courts in Africa. The issue is set out in 14.01; and the theoretical and practical effects of annulled awards are briefly discussed in 14.02. The approach adopted by the English courts is briefly examined in 14.03; the US courts in 14.04; and the French courts in 14.05; and a conclusion.

Yes / A party to arbitration has the right to challenge an award if the party so chooses. A challenge may seek to vacate (annul or set aside), suspend, or remit the award to the arbitrator due to an error on the face of the award or due to an injustice in its rendering. The scheme for challenging an award is a vital aspect of the arbitration process and serves as a safeguard against corruption, arbitrariness, and bias, while also providing a mechanism for balancing the arbitral process. What is more critical in the annulment scheme, however, is the courts’ attitude toward a challenge to an award.This article discussesthe policy issuesthat English courts weigh when considering whether to annul an award. Additionally, it examines the question of annulment of awards on legal grounds, using English case law to indicate the approach Nigerian courts may take when asked to annul an award on the basis that the arbitrator’s ruling on a legal point is clearly erroneous. It contends and concludes that Nigerian courts’ pragmatic attitude to annulment claims based on arbitrator’s misconduct and/or improper ordering of arbitral procedures or awards will increase the efficacy of international arbitration in Nigeria, just as it does in England.

This thesis investigates a constructive technique, within the materials and methods of conventional practice, which allows for a common building material such as concrete block to carry form and beauty. Furthermore, this project seeks to demonstrate the role human ingenuity, patience, attention, and perception can continue to play in architecture and construction. The project focuses on an experimental wall type consisting of regular eight inch concrete half-block masonry units, stack-bonded in elevation and subtly transformed in plan to reveal a gradual shift of the exposed faces of the units. A wall was constructed at the Building Research and Demonstration Facility to investigate one example of this wall type. / Master of Architecture

No description available.

The laws of war ha e existed e er since warfare began. The sources of these laws are much more diverse and complex than national laws. They include conventions such as the Hague & the Gene a Con entions to war crime special courts such as the Nuremberg War Trials. The laws of war have brought the international community together to limit the barbaric fighting that was practiced during armed conflicts. Today, however the post 9/11 world is dealing with a different kind of war. The war on terrorism that was lunched after the terrorist attacks of 9/11 certainly requires different rules and procedures and my study attempts to develop a new legislation that would effectively deal with the new challenges of the War on Terror. My thesis examines the different international documents that deal with issues arising during armed conflicts such as the treatment and prosecution of detainees. In addition, my study also considers the approach of the United States government to the war on terror. The Supreme Court case of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 548 U.S. _ (2006) was the most important case as it deemed that many practices of the Bush Administration were unconstitutional and therefore a new approach was needed. I finally end with some recommendations that I strongly believe would strength our war on terrorism while respecting basic principles of justice and fairness.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / Notre mémoire s'intéresse à la façon dont les parties à la convention collective, l'employeur et le syndicat, intègrent les principes d'égalité en milieu de travail tels que prescrits par la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne du Québec et développés dans la jurisprudence et la doctrine associées. Nous nous proposons de mesurer l'importance du phénomène d'insertion dans les conventions collectives de clauses interdisant la discrimination et le harcèlement, permettant ou limitant la défense d'exigence professionnelle justifiée, stipulant l'obligation d'accommodement, assurant la promotion de l'accès à l'égalité et spécifiant les procédures de griefs et d'arbitrage adaptées aux cas de discrimination. Nous nous proposons aussi d'examiner certains facteurs objectifs associés à la présence de telles clauses dans les conventions collectives. Enfin, nous analyserons le contenu de ces clauses afin de comprendre comment les parties les aménagent. Nous serons en mesure de saisir l'importance du phénomène d'insertion de ce type de clauses et les conditions dans lesquelles elles se présentent afin d'orienter les recherches futures et de mieux informer les employeurs et les syndicats à ce sujet. Le peu de recherches effectué dans ce domaine ne nous permet pas de formuler d'hypothèse spécifique quant à la fréquence des clauses interdisant la discrimination ni sur la forme que celles-ci prennent. Nous nous attendons toutefois à observer une plus grande présence de clauses interdisant la discrimination lorsque de grandes centrales syndicales et de grandes entreprises sont impliquées de même que dans les conventions collectives d'entreprises situées dans les centres urbains. De plus, les secteurs d'activités tels l'administration publique et les secteurs autres devraient être plus sensibles à ce type de clauses que les entreprises manufacturières. Au niveau de la méthodologie adoptée, nous avons constitué un échantillon de 335 conventions collectives pour une population de 8503 conventions collectives. Nous avons examiné ces 335 conventions, une à une, pour y déceler la présence des diverses clauses étudiées. Lorsque les clauses recherchées étaient présentes, nous en avons noté la forme. De plus, afin de recueillir les données concernant les variables descriptives, nous nous sommes référés aux données existantes au Centre de recherche et de statistique sur le marché du travail (CRSMT) qui possède l'information concernant le secteur d'activités, le nombre d'employés visés par la convention collective, l'affiliation syndicale et la région géographique. Nous avons constaté la présence de clauses interdisant la discrimination dans environ 71% des conventions collectives. Ces clauses prennent diverses formes. En effet, 47,8% de ces conventions collectives énumèrent des motifs interdits de discrimination, 14,0% interdisent la discrimination de manière générale, 5,4% renvoient à la Charte des droits et libertés et 3,6% énumèrent à la fois les motifs interdits et renvoient à la Charte. Les motifs les plus fréquemment mentionnés sont la race, la couleur, le sexe, l'origine ethnique ou nationale, la religion et les convictions politiques. De plus, on retrouve un plus grand nombre de motifs interdits énumérés dans les conventions collectives dont les syndicats sont affiliés à la CSN et à la FTQ. Les clauses interdisant la discrimination sont davantage présentes dans les conventions collectives des autres secteurs d'activités et dans l'industrie manufacturière que dans l'administration publique. Elles sont aussi plus fréquentes dans les conventions collectives du Montréal métropolitain qu'en région et dans celles dont les syndicats sont affiliés à la CSD, à la FTQ et à la CSN. Les clauses admettant la défense d'exigence professionnelle justifiée sont présentes dans 12,8% des conventions collectives et on les retrouve en plus grand nombre dans les secteurs d'activités autres que dans l'administration publique et que dans le secteur manufacturier. De plus, les clauses d'obligation d'accommodement sont retrouvées dans 8,1% des conventions collectives. Ce type de clause est plus fréquent dans l'administration publique et dans l'industrie manufacturière que dans les autres secteurs d'activités et leur fréquence est plus grande dans les conventions du Montréal métropolitain et dans celles de syndicats affiliés à des syndicats autres, à la CSD et à la FTQ. À certains égards, ces taux de présence nous indiquent une certaine sensibilité de la part de l'employeur et du syndicat en ce qui a trait aux principes d'égalité en emploi. En effet, malgré les avantages d'inclure ce type de clause à la convention collective, les parties ont l'obligation de se conformer à la Charte, qu'elles y référent ou non dans leur contrat de travail. Toutefois, même si plus de 70% des conventions collectives incluent une clause d'interdiction de discriminer, il reste néanmoins légèrement moins de 30% des conventions collectives qui n'en traitent pas. Les recherches futures devraient se concentrer sur les raisons pour lesquelles les parties incluent ou n'incluent pas ce type de clause à la convention collective. De plus, nous constatons, en observant la forme que prennent ces clauses, que les parties innovent peu en la matière et suivent à peine la loi. Ce qui confirme l'importance des politiques publiques à ce sujet.

The thesis explores how social responsibility is addressed by firms importing certified organic food from developing countries to Sweden. The approaches to social responsibility of 13 Swedish firms were investigated, of which the majority were small or medium size (< 250 employees) and none belonged to the market-dominating group of grocery retailers. The results show that a majority of the firms consider social responsibility in relation with their suppliers but in view of scarce resources trust intermediary firms for follow up. Many mix ethical trading approaches focused on production conditions, and fair trade initiatives focused on community development. Companies experience uncertainty as to whether organic certification that includes requirements for social responsibility will render a higher price premium. The co-existence of multiple social schemes related to organic trade enables flexibility but in some cases resulted in a perception of subjectivity and differentiation of control measures, which risks to result in a loss of systemic trust. Working through intermediaries has benefits but at the same time leads to the loss of connection to the place and people that the social responsibility targets. Organic certification schemes need to be clearer about the scope and purpose of included social aspects. Further research is needed to understand and compare the social effects and differences at farm or factory level, in relation to the four identified approaches to social responsibility in organic trade. The four approaches were:  organic certification according to a standard with social requirements, combining organic certification according to minimum production standard either with a separate social label, or with a business supplier code of conduct, or finally the belief that conversion to organic farming will automatically bring about social benefits. / Uppsatsen undersöker hur företag som importerar certifierade ekologiska livsmedel från utvecklingsländer arbetar med socialt ansvar. 13 svenska firmor intervjuades om sina förhållningssätt, varav de flesta var små eller medelstora (<250 anställda) och ingen tillhörde de marknadsdominerade dagligvaruhandelskedjorna. Resultaten visar att en majoritet av företagen tar upp socialt ansvar med sina underleverantörer, men då resurserna är begränsade handlar de flesta via mellanhänder som också ansvarar för uppföljningen. Företagen upplever en osäkerhet kring om ekologisk certifiering som inkluderar socialt ansvar berättigar till ett högre pris på varan. Förekomsten av olika sociala program relaterat till ekologisk produktion möjliggör flexibilitet men uppfattas också av vissa som subjektivt och oklart i fråga om kontrollmekanismerna. Detta riskerar att minska tilliten till systemet. Det har fördelar att arbeta via mellanhänder men samtidigt förloras den direkta kopplingen till platsen för produktionen och till producenterna. Ytterligare forskning behövs för att förstå och jämföra vilka sociala effekter och olikheter på producentnivå som kan uppnås med de fyra identiferade förhållningssätten till socialt ansvar: Ekologisk certifiering enligt en standard som innehåller socialt ansvar, en kombination av minimistandard för ekologisk produktion och separat social certifiering eller kombinerad med företagets egen sociala uppförandekod, och slutligen synsättet att ekologisk produktion automatiskt resulterar i bättre sociala förutsättningar

Conservative theology was consistent with the advance of racial justice in the Southern Baptist Convention during the second half of the twentieth century. Historians have downplayed the role of conservative theology in the advancement of racial justice within the Southern Baptist Convention. Yet rank-and-file Southern Baptists went along with efforts to abolish segregation only when those efforts did not conflict with evangelical interpretations of Scripture. Between World War II and the Supreme Court's school desegregation decision, Southern Baptists from all theological camps advocated racial equality. They did not consider, however, that a belief in equality might conflict with segregation. The changing social climate between 1955 and 1970 drove Southern Baptists to reflect on segregation and subsequently to change their views based on their theology. Even within the theologically liberal Christian Life Commission, progressive thinkers appealed to evangelical theology to move their denomination on the race issue. Southern Baptist seminaries and colleges gradually integrated and appropriated conservative theology to gain support from the denomination. African Americans felt evangelical theology logically demanded racial inclusiveness and wondered why the Southern Baptist Convention failed to live up to the theology it professed to believe. By the 1980s, evangelical views had established denominational opinion in favor of racial equality and integration. Because of the widespread agreement on race, people on both sides of a denominational controversy agreed in their approach to race despite disagreeing on a host of other issues. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

This dissertation examines the contributions of Basil Manly Jr. to the congregational song of Southern Baptists. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the study, introduces the hymnals compiled by Basil Manly Jr., and identifies his contribution of original texts and tunes to the repertory of Southern Baptist hymnody. Chapter 2 focuses on the collaboration of Manly Jr. with Basil Manly Sr. in the compilation of The Baptist Psalmody (1850). The first Southern Baptist hymnal was developed in response to the dominance of The Psalmist (1843) in Northern states and the need for a comprehensive hymnal suited to congregational singing of Baptists in the South. The Psalmist's omission of popular hymns and the opposition to this hymnal are discussed in detail. "Standard hymns" among Southern Baptists of the mid-nineteenth century are identified through comparative analysis of the period's most significant Southern Baptist hymnals and tunebooks. The Manlys' editorial values are discussed and the contents of The Baptist Psalmody are contrasted with those of The Psalmist . Chapter 3 concerns Manly Jr.'s first musical compilation, Baptist Chorals (1859). It was intended to promote congregational singing among Baptists at large and designed to serve as a tune complement for both The Baptist Psalmody and The Psalmist . Notable aspects of Baptist Chorals include Manly Jr.'s philosophical preface on congregational song, the juxtaposition of old and new tunes with multiple texts at each opening of the hymnal, and a standardized musical format. Chapter 4 examines Manly's Choice (1891) and its musical edition, The Choice (1892), as compendiums of evangelical hymnody. Manly Jr.'s efforts to disseminate their repertories of historic texts and tunes among Southern Baptists of the late nineteenth century are discussed. Finally, the contents of The Choice are compared with Southern Baptists hymnals of the twentieth century. Chapter 5 draws conclusions on the significance of Basil Manly Jr. in the development of Southern Baptist hymnody. The twelve appendixes include first-line indexes and tune indexes to Manly Jr.'s hymnals, lists of "standard" hymns among nineteenth-century Southern Baptists, the complete prefaces to his hymnals, and a presentation of his original hymn texts and tunes. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.