Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dimitri Nascimento Sales.pdf: 865790 bytes, checksum: aa26e2c30ec85a357c9041f65571739c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Body, sexuality and Law are elements that conform the subject. In society, body and sexuality are submitted to external means of control, that intends to control individuals. Law is the instrument through which behavioral patterns are imposed, limiting the fruition of corporal and sexual experimentations. To acknowledge sexual differences, whether centered in sexual orientation or gender identity, is to deny lesbians, gays, bisexuals, travesties and transsexuals the fulfillment of fundamental rights. This thesis analyses social interactions concerning sexuality, from a perspective that considers the relationship among body, sexuality and Law, stressing the means of control over the individual. Moreover, it will be studied the constitutional norms that protects the rights of sexual diversity. At the end, we scrutinize how the conventionality review has reshaped Brazilian constitutionalism and has impacted on the protection of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, travesties and transsexuals rights. The result of such study rests in the assurance that the rights of sexual diversity are inserted in the constitutional dimension, entailing the obligation to be enforced whether through the interpretation of the Constitution or through the interaction between constitutional law and international human rights, due to the conventionality review / Corpo, sexualidade e direito constituem elementos que formam o sujeito. Inseridos num espaço social determinado, corpo e sexualidade são submetidos a controles externos, objetivando o governo dos indivíduos. O direito é o instrumento utilizado para impor padrões comportamentais, delimitando o pleno gozo das experiências corporais e sexuais. O reconhecimento das diferenças sexuais, sejam centradas na orientação sexual ou identidade de gênero, é tomado como prerrogativa para negar a lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais o exercício dos direitos fundamentais. Este trabalho abordará as interações sociais em torno das sexualidades, partindo da análise da relação entre corpo, sexualidade e direito, assinalando as formas de controle exercidas sobre o indivíduo. Em seguida, serão estudados os elementos da Constituição que asseguram a expansão da proteção constitucional aos direitos da diversidade sexual. Por fim, será analisado o redesenho institucional proporcionado pelo Controle de Convencionalidade para o constitucionalismo brasileiro, bem como seu impacto na proteção dos direitos de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e transexuais. O resultado alcançado permite assegurar que os direitos da diversidade sexual estão inseridos no âmbito constitucional, devendo ser concretizados por força da atuação interpretativa da Constituição Federal ou pela interação entre direito constitucional e direito internacional dos direitos humanos, proporcionada pelo Controle de Convencionalidade

L'article 111-4 du Code pénal prévoit, par une formule laconique, que « la loi pénale est d'interprétation stricte ». Corollaire de la légalité criminelle, ce principe a vocation à protéger les individus des risques d'une répression arbitraire en soumettant toute atteinte à leur liberté au strict domaine de la loi, expression de la volonté générale. À dépasser les désaccords entourant les théories de l'interprétation, analysée comme un procédé de révélation ou de construction de sens, cet impératif intervient a minima comme une limite à la liberté de l'interprète. Or le principe de légalité dans lequel l'exigence tire son fondement a subi d'importantes mutations. L'admission de la représentation, l'inflation législative, et l'instrumentalisation de la fonction intimidatrice de la norme pénale, ont en effet entraîné une certaine déliquescence de la loi. L'instauration de contrôles de constitutionnalité et de conventionnalité de la loi participent à ce mouvement. Par un effet de balancier, le recul de la loi s'est traduit par une recrudescence du pouvoir judiciaire. Chargée de contrôler la conventionnalité de la loi et les conditions de renvoi d'une question prioritaire de constitutionnalité, la chambre criminelle a vu son office profondément modifié. La protection effective de la liberté individuelle est dorénavant réputée être mieux assurée par le contrôle judiciaire des normes pénales que par le recours à la loi : la légalité formelle se mue en une légalité matérielle. Or, en qualité de corollaire de la légalité criminelle, le principe d'interprétation stricte est nécessairement atteint par cette mutation. Bien que demeurant pareillement formulé, il voit en effet son fondement substantiellement modifié. L'exigence d'une stricte interprétation étant originellement justifiée par déférence à l'égard de la volonté générale exprimée par la loi, la reconnaissance de l'incapacité de cette dernière à la saisir entraîne une certaine souplesse dans l'application du principe. Dès lors qu'il est compétent pour contrôler la loi, le juge est par ailleurs davantage enclin à se libérer de son emprise. Il convient alors de s'interroger sur la manière dont la chambre criminelle applique le principe d'interprétation stricte de la loi pénale à l'aune des mutations de la légalité. Il apparaît que, sans suivre une ligne de conduite précise, la chambre criminelle tend à influer sur la politique pénale en usant de son pouvoir d'interprétation pour réajuster, de manière conjoncturelle et par touches d'ajustements ponctuels, le seuil de la répression fixé par le législateur. Dans un système de hiérarchie des normes se transformant en réseau normatif, l'interprétation devient outil de construction de la norme pénale. / Article 111-4 of the Penal Code succinctly provides that “criminal law is to be interpreted strictly”. Deriving from the principle of legality, the principle of strict construction intends to protect individuals from arbitrary repression by submitting any infringement on their freedom to the strict scope of the law, which is the expression of the general will. Setting aside the disagreements regarding the theory of interpretation – analyzed as a method of either revealing or constructing meaning – this imperative, at least, limits the interpreter's freedom. However, the principle of legality, on which the imperative of strict construction is based, has undergone significant changes. The adoption of a representative system, legislative inflation, along with authorities taking advantage of the deterrence provided by criminal norms has, to a degree, led to a decline of the law. The establishment of constitutionality and conventionality reviews of the law has also contributed to it. As a result of a seesaw effect, the decline of the law resulted in an increase in the role of the judiciary. The Criminal Division of the French Supreme Court of Appeal (Court de Cassation) is responsible for reviewing the conventionality of the law and the referral procedure of preliminary rulings on constitutionality. Consequently, the Criminal Division's function has undergone major changes. Protecting individual freedom is now deemed more effective when carried out by the judicial review of criminal norms rather than by resorting to the law. Procedural legality turns into substantive legality. Therefore, as a result of the principle of legality, the principle of strict construction is affected by this transformation. Even though the principle of strict construction remains formulated in the same way, its founding principle has substantially changed. The requirement of a strict construction was originally justified out of deference for the general will, which is expressed by the law. Thus, the acknowledgement of the law's incapacity to grasp the general will leads to some flexibility in the implementation of the principle. Since the judge has the authority to review the law, he is more inclined to interpret it freely. How the Criminal Division implements the principle of strict construction of criminal law in light of changes in legality needs then to be examined: The Criminal Division tends to influence criminal policies, even though it does not seem to be following a particular course of action, by exercising its power of interpretation to adjust, as circumstances dictate, the threshold for punishment set by the legislator. In a normative hierarchy system that turns into a normative network, interpretation becomes a tool to construct criminal norms.