Biopeptides are synthesised as large pro-protein precursors that have to undergo proteolytic cleavage at positively charged amino acids (Lys and Arg) in order to become active. This cleavage is mediated by a family of subtilin/kexin related calcium dependent serine endoproteinases named prohormone convertases. The present thesis focuses on the endocrine member of the family named PC1/3. PC1/3 is expressed in the regulated secretory pathway of endocrine and neuroendocrine cells, where it was shown to activate various peptide hormones such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC), pro-insulin and pro-glucagon. PC1/3 is synthesized as a large precursor containing a signal peptide, a propeptide, a catalytic domain, a P domain and a C-terminal domain. The activation of the enzyme requires the sequential removal of the signal peptide, the propeptide and ultimately the C-terminal domain. / The structural characterisation of the enzyme is compromised by the difficulty in producing a sufficient amount of recombinant PC1/3. In this thesis it is clearly demonstrated that the production of PC1/3 using Baculovirus technology can be greatly improved by modifying the expression vector in insect cells (Spodoptera frugiperda). In addition, the intracoelemic injection of insect larvae (Tricoplusia ni) with the Baculovirus encoding the recombinant PC1/3 is shown to be a very efficient method for the production of a large amount of prohormone convertases. / It was previously demonstrated that the propeptide is essential for the folding of the enzyme and act as a tight binding inhibitor of the enzyme until the latter reaches the appropriate compartment for substrate cleavage. To assess the role of certain residues within the propeptide in the inhibition of the cognate enzyme, a mutational analysis by alanine scan was conducted. The results demonstrate that the substitution of a single amino acid can affect markedly the inhibition behavior, potency and selectivity of the propeptide towards the enzyme. Moreover, this mutational analysis allowed the first experimental mapping of the sequence involved in propeptide degradation once its function is achieved. / However, PC1/3 also possesses a C-terminal domain which must also be cleaved to allow the full activation of the enzyme. Previous studies showed that this domain is implicated in the sorting of the enzyme to secretory granules. In addition, over expression experiments showed that the C-terminal domain can inhibit the cleavage of certain substrates by PC1/3. The results, presented here, suggest that the CT-peptide acts as a non-essential activator of PC1/3, in vitro, which adds a supplementary level of complexity to the activation process of the enzyme. / Finally, based upon our results, it can be proposed that PC1/3 is a very complex enzyme capable of controlling its enzymatic activity through the coordinate action of its various domains. This exceptional mode of self-regulation is unique among all protease families.

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Dans cette étude on décrit une méthode reproductible et efficace pour isoler des cellules microgliales et leurs exosomes. Les résultats montrent qu'il n'y a pas de différences morphologiques entre les cellules microgliales issues d'origines tissulaires différentes e.g. cortex et moelle épinière. D'autre part, en utilisant une plateforme de protéomique à grande échelle, nous démontrons que les microglies dérivées du cortex et de la moelle épinière des rats expriment des phénotypes différents tant dans les conditions physiologiques normales ou inflammatoires. Cette différence a été confirmée également au niveau des exosomes qu’elles sécrètent.Des essais biologiques in vitro démontrent que les exosomes dérivées de microglies testées sur des sphéroïdes 3D de gliomes de rat étaient capables d'inhiber l'invasion tumorale. Ces résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence que des exosomes dérivées de la microglie pouvaient être utilisés comme agents nano thérapeutiques vis-à-vis des gliomes. Sur la base des études précédentes conduites au laboratoire, nous avons montré que les EVs isolées à partir de macrophage KD PC1/3 traitées avec Paclitaxel inhibaient la croissance de la lignée C6 de gliome de rat. Nous avons isolé les exosomes et nos résultats mettent en valeur le potentiel d'une stratégie thérapeutique combinant Paclitaxel et inhibition de PC1/3 et utilisation des exosomes produits par ces cellules comme agents thérapeutiques. / In present study, we present a reproducible and an efficient method for isolating microglial cells and their exosomes. The results show that there are no morphological differences between microglial cells from different tissue origins e.g. cortex and spinal cord. On the other hand, using a large-scale proteomic platform, we demonstrate that microglia derived from the cortex and spinal cord of rats express different phenotypes under both normal and inflammatory physiological conditions. This difference has also been confirmed at the level of the exosomes they secrete.In vitro bioassays demonstrate that microglia-derived exosomes tested on 3D spheroids of rat gliomas were able to inhibit tumor invasion. These results made it possible to demonstrate that exosomes derived from microglia could be used as nano-therapeutic agents vis-à-vis gliomas.Based on previous studies conducted in the laboratory, we have shown that EVs isolated from KD PC1/3 macrophage treated with Paclitaxel inhibited the growth of the rat glioma C6 line. We isolated the exosomes and our results highlight the potential of a therapeutic strategy combining Paclitaxel and PC1/3 inhibition and use of the exosomes produced by these cells as therapeutic agents.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.