Prevention of iron deficiency rather than treatment is preferred by most nutritionists. The presence of a maximal iron supply is not advised because an excessive or unnecessary iron supplement may have biologically adverse effects, such as impaired immune resistance or negative interaction with other trace elements. All cereals and most vegetables contain phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) which can bind iron and zinc and reduce their biological availability. The amount of iron available for absorption in any given diet depends to a large extent on the composition of the diet, e.g., the presence of vitamin C and haem iron, and the absence of phytate. Rice is one of the most important staples in the Iranian diet and, in fact, rice, for most Iranians, is not a side dish but a main dish to which other foods or ingredients are added. An awareness of the effects of cooking method on nutrient content is important because cooking techniques influence the overall quality of a group's diet. The goal of this study is to determine the bioavailability of iron and zinc in traditional Iranian rice dishes and to assess the effect of traditional methods of cooking rice upon iron and zinc bioavailability. Iranian migrants residing in Sydney were surveyed in order to determine their food habits and traditional cooking methods, for the assessment of their effects upon the bioavailability of iron and zinc in Iranian rice dishes. Rice contains phytate, which is a potent inhibitor of iron absorption. The amount of phytate in rice depends on whether the rice is polished or not. The pre-cooking treatment such as soaking can also influence the phytate content of the rice. Soaking prior to cooking also reduced the amount of ion and zinc. The inhibitory effect of phytate is also overcome by adding different herbs, vegetables and legumes used traditionally in rice dishes cooked by Iranians. Herbs or vegetables such as coriander, parsley and cauliflower, used in Iranian rice dishes, increased the bioavailability iron and zinc. Results obtained from this research show that method of cooking, as well as the food mixture, is very important for the absorption of iron and zinc from the diet / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Michael E. Dikeman / The CVap steam generation oven was compared to a Blodgett forced-air, convection oven to examine effects of cooking method on yields, cooked color, tenderness, and sensory traits of beef Longissimus lumborum (LL), Deep pectoralis (DP), and Biceps femoris (BF) muscles cooked to three endpoint temperatures (65.6, 71.1, and 76.7°C). For each cooking treatment, four roasts were cooked in the CVap oven for a pre-determined, average amount of time, and two roasts were cooked in the Blodgett oven until they reached desired internal endpoint temperature. Cooking yields were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for BF and LL roasts cooked in the CVap. Slice shear force (SSF) for BF roasts cooked in the CVap were lower (P ≤ 0.05), whereas, SSF values for DP roasts cooked in the Blodgett were lower (P ≤ 0.05). No oven difference (P > 0.05) was found for LL roasts. Sensory tenderness scores for BF roasts cooked in the CVap were slightly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than roasts cooked in the Blodgett. Sensory scores for LL roasts cooked in the CVap were slightly higher but were also drier (both P ≤ 0.05). The CVap oven offers tenderization and cooking yield advantages for certain muscles.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T14:08:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese-versao final_31_03.pdf: 1465705 bytes, checksum: 6bdab3574c99a765714c6fe1098adb64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T18:32:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese-versao final_31_03.pdf: 1465705 bytes, checksum: 6bdab3574c99a765714c6fe1098adb64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T18:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese-versao final_31_03.pdf: 1465705 bytes, checksum: 6bdab3574c99a765714c6fe1098adb64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-13 / Sem bolsa / O feijão é um alimento de excelente qualidade nutricional e fonte de compostos bioativos que auxiliam na prevenção de doenças. No Brasil, o consumo de feijão deve ser mantido por fazer parte da tradição culinária brasileira, porém estudos demonstram crescente redução no seu consumo em decorrência de alimentos prontos e refeições fora do lar. Ademais, não existe um consenso sobre efeitos de diferentes processamentos na cocção de feijão sobre compostos bioativos e atributos sensoriais de feijão. Diante disso, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar hábitos de consumo de feijão em restaurante e em casa, relacionando características sócio demográficas com motivos que influenciam no consumo de feijão, além de avaliar o efeito de diferentes processamentos na cocção de feijão sobre o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas, capacidade antioxidante e atributos sensoriais. Os resultados mostraram que: (1) o consumo de feijão em casa ainda é um hábito nas refeições e que os motivos nutricionais, sensoriais e culturais influenciam na escolha em consumir feijão; (2) a forma de processamento para a cocção está diretamente relacionada com a capacidade antioxidante e afeta a disponibilidade de compostos fenólicos, antocianinas e interfere nos atributos sensoriais do feijão. / Beans are food with excellent nutritional quality and source of bioactive compounds which help preventing diseases. In Brazil, beans consumption must be maintained because they are part of Brazilian culinary tradition. However, studies demonstrate the increasing reduction in beans consumption due to ready-to-eat food and meals eaten outside the household. Moreover, there is no consensus on the different processing effects of cooking over bioactive compounds and sensory attributes of beans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate consumption habits for beans in restaurants and households, relating socio-demographic characteristics to reasons that influence consumption of beans, besides evaluating the effect different processes have on beans cooking in relation to phenolic compounds content, anthocyanins, antioxidant capacity and sensory attributes. The results showed that: (1) consumption of beans at home is still a habit for meals and that nutritional, sensory and cultural reasons influence the choice to consume beans; (2) the kind of processing for cooking is directly related to the antioxidant capacity and affects the availability of phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and interferes in the sensory attributes of beans.