As Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs) desde sua criação evoluíram sensivelmente, entretanto poucas foram as modificações estruturais observadas. Hoje, para fabricantes de máquinas destacarem-se no mercado, são necessários grandes investimentos na busca de novos materiais estruturais e no desenvolvimento de programas computacionais cada vez mais versáteis. O sistema eletrônico e os programas computacionais utilizados durante as medições são inacessíveis e rígidos. Estes aplicativos normalmente não podem ser analisados nem modificados pelo usuário. São exemplos clássicos desta rigidez as características préestabelecidas pelo programa, ou métodos de ajustes utilizados na definição das grandezas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo exibir a interface eletrônica e computacional que quebra essa rigidez e permite a aquisição dos sinais das escalas da MM3C, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novos aplicativos computacionais. O sistema foi aplicado em uma MM3C do tipo Ponte Móvel. Foi desenvolvido um programa computacional, MaqMed 2000, que utiliza os valores dos pontos coordenadas capturados no volume de trabalho da MM3C, e faz a compensação das coordenadas dos pontos utilizados, através das equações do Modelo Reduzido de Sintetização de Erros (MRSE). A avaliação da compatibilidade do dispositivo construído foi feita através do MaqMed 2000 em situações práticas. Foram tomados pontos no perfil de artefatos-padrão e os pontos ajustados através de duas rotinas, uma com e outra sem compensação dos erros. Os artefatos foram medidos em várias posições no volume da MM3C e averiguada a proximidade entre os resultados compensados e os não compensados, ao valor calibrado do artefato. O sistema desenvolvido permitiu compensar os erros em até 98% para compensação bidimensional e 87% para tridimensional. / Since the advent Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have improved substantially. However, only a small number of structural modifications were observed. Nowadays, considerable capital expenditure is needed to keep CMM builders competitive. Most important research fields concern structural material and production of more flexible and versatile software. The electronic system and the software used during measurement with CMM are rigid and inaccessible and no user modification is permitted. Typical examples are the predetermined software features and curve fitting methods used on the magnitudes definition process. This research aims to exhibit an interface that copes with the system stiffness and enables signal acquisition from the scales of the CMM, allowing the development of new types softwares. The proposed system was implemented on a moving bridge type CMM. A program that uses the values of the coordinate points obtained from the CMM work volume was created. The software MaqMed 2000 performs the compensation of the coordinates of the used points by means of synthesized errors equations. Evaluation of the performance of the built device was carried out using MaqMed 2000 in practical situations. Data sets were collected along the profile of artefacts and fitted by means of two routines, one with error compensation and the other not compensated. Artefacts were measured in several locations in the whole volume of the CMM. The proximity between the compensated and noncompensated results with respect to the calibrated artefact value was examined. The developed system allowed for error compensation of 98% for bi-dimensional compensation and 87% for tri-dimensional compensation.

As Máquinas de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3Cs) desde sua criação evoluíram sensivelmente, entretanto poucas foram as modificações estruturais observadas. Hoje, para fabricantes de máquinas destacarem-se no mercado, são necessários grandes investimentos na busca de novos materiais estruturais e no desenvolvimento de programas computacionais cada vez mais versáteis. O sistema eletrônico e os programas computacionais utilizados durante as medições são inacessíveis e rígidos. Estes aplicativos normalmente não podem ser analisados nem modificados pelo usuário. São exemplos clássicos desta rigidez as características préestabelecidas pelo programa, ou métodos de ajustes utilizados na definição das grandezas. Este trabalho tem por objetivo exibir a interface eletrônica e computacional que quebra essa rigidez e permite a aquisição dos sinais das escalas da MM3C, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novos aplicativos computacionais. O sistema foi aplicado em uma MM3C do tipo Ponte Móvel. Foi desenvolvido um programa computacional, MaqMed 2000, que utiliza os valores dos pontos coordenadas capturados no volume de trabalho da MM3C, e faz a compensação das coordenadas dos pontos utilizados, através das equações do Modelo Reduzido de Sintetização de Erros (MRSE). A avaliação da compatibilidade do dispositivo construído foi feita através do MaqMed 2000 em situações práticas. Foram tomados pontos no perfil de artefatos-padrão e os pontos ajustados através de duas rotinas, uma com e outra sem compensação dos erros. Os artefatos foram medidos em várias posições no volume da MM3C e averiguada a proximidade entre os resultados compensados e os não compensados, ao valor calibrado do artefato. O sistema desenvolvido permitiu compensar os erros em até 98% para compensação bidimensional e 87% para tridimensional. / Since the advent Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) have improved substantially. However, only a small number of structural modifications were observed. Nowadays, considerable capital expenditure is needed to keep CMM builders competitive. Most important research fields concern structural material and production of more flexible and versatile software. The electronic system and the software used during measurement with CMM are rigid and inaccessible and no user modification is permitted. Typical examples are the predetermined software features and curve fitting methods used on the magnitudes definition process. This research aims to exhibit an interface that copes with the system stiffness and enables signal acquisition from the scales of the CMM, allowing the development of new types softwares. The proposed system was implemented on a moving bridge type CMM. A program that uses the values of the coordinate points obtained from the CMM work volume was created. The software MaqMed 2000 performs the compensation of the coordinates of the used points by means of synthesized errors equations. Evaluation of the performance of the built device was carried out using MaqMed 2000 in practical situations. Data sets were collected along the profile of artefacts and fitted by means of two routines, one with error compensation and the other not compensated. Artefacts were measured in several locations in the whole volume of the CMM. The proximity between the compensated and noncompensated results with respect to the calibrated artefact value was examined. The developed system allowed for error compensation of 98% for bi-dimensional compensation and 87% for tri-dimensional compensation.

The advent of the industrial revolution has brought a great number of changes in the functioning of various processes in manufacturing industries. The ways and means of working have evolved exponentially with the implementation of advanced technology. Moreover, with the increasing technology, the customer demands have also been varying dynamically due to changes in customer requirements focusing on individual customization. To cope with the dynamic demand, manufacturing industries had to make sure their products are manufactured with higher quality and shorter lead times. Implementation and efficient usage of technology has provided industries with the necessary tools to achieve market demand and stay competitive by growing continuously. The transformation aims to reach the level of zero-defect manufacturing and ensure higher first-time right yield capability with minimum utilization of available resources. However, technological advancements have not developed the quality inspection process of the manufacturing industry at the same level as other processes. Due to this, the quality inspection processes are still human dependent which requires a highly skilled human operator to perform inspection procedures using sensory abilities to detect deviations. Research suggests that human quality inspection is prone to errors due to fatigue as the process is continuous, strenuous, and tedious work. The efficiency of human inspection is around 80% which becomes a chronic problem in safety-critical and high-value manufacturing environments. Moreover, with the increasing level of customization and technology, the products are becoming more complex with intricate shapes and only human inspection is not enough to meet the customer requirements. Especially in the case of automotive industry in Body in White applications, human inspection of outer body panels, engine parts with tighter tolerances alone does not make the cut. Advancements in the field of metrology have led to the introduction of Coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which are classified as contact and non-contact measuring machines. The measurements are performed offline away from the production line, using the sampling method. The contact measuring machines are equipped with touch trigger probe devices that travel all over the part to make a virtual image of the product which is time-consuming but accurate. Whereas the noncontact measuring machines are equipped with laser scanners or optical devices which scan the part and develop a virtual model which is fast but has accuracy and repeatability issues due to external factors. But coordinate measuring machines have proven to be bottlenecks as they were not able to synchronize with the production pace and could not perform aninspection on all the produced parts, which would help in collecting data. The gathered data can be used to analyse root causes and generate trends in defect detection. With the advancements in non-contact measuring systems, automotive industries have also realized the potential of implementing inline measurement techniques to perform quality inspection. The non-contact measuring system consists of a robotic arm or setup which is equipped with a camera, sensors, and a complex algorithm to identify defects. This provides the robotic arm with machine vision which is works by taking a series of images of the product from various and process these images to detect deviations using digital image processing techniques. The inline measurement has proven to be accurate, fast, and repeatable to be implemented in synchronization with the production line. Further, the automotive industries are moving towards hybrid inspection systems which capitalize on the measuring speed of the robot and the fast decision-making ability of human senses.

O desempenho metrológico de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3C) está relacionado com a sua capacidade de medir peças com a precisão requerida ou desejada. No entanto, como todo instrumento de medição, essas máquinas possuem erros que afetam as medições gerando o que se convencionou chamar de erros volumétricos. Tais erros podem ser obtidos através de modelos matemáticos que descrevem como os erros individuais de todos os componentes da MM3C se combinam por todo o volume de trabalho. Atualmente, no modelamento dos erros, adota-se a independência entre os erros individuais, entretanto, se analisada a geometria estrutural da máquina, verifica-se que existe dependência entre os erros de retilineidade e os erros angulares. O objetivo deste trabalho é expressar o erro angular em função do erro de retilineidade, possibilitando assim minimizar o número de calibrações necessárias e, consequentemente, o tempo de máquina parada requerido para o levantamento do seu comportamento metrológico. Para que se pudesse atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados os erros de retilineidade e os angulares de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas da marca Brown & Sharp do tipo Ponte Móvel. Com esses dados e o conhecimento da geometria da máquina, os erros angulares foram equacionados, calculados e comparados com os obtidos experimentalmente. / The metrological performance of a Three Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is related to the capacity of measuring workpieces with a required precision. As every measurement instrument, these machines undergo the effects of internal and external factors that affect the measurement, generating what has been denominated as volumetric errors. Such errors can be obtained through a mathematical model that simulates how the individual errors of the CMM are combined and propagated to any point within the machine working volume. Usually, the independence among the individual errors is adopted when the machine error model is built. However, if the machine geometry is analyzed, the dependence between the straightness error and the angular error can be noted. The objective of this work is to express the angular error as a function of the straightness error. The formulation proposed in this work to express this correlation minimizes the number of calibrations necessary to evaluate the machine behavior. A Brown & Sharp Moving Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine was used for the experimental evaluation. With this data set and knowing the machine geometry, a mathematical expression relating straightness and angular error was obtained. The calculated error values were then compared with the errors experimentally measured.

O desempenho metrológico de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas (MM3C) está relacionado com a sua capacidade de medir peças com a precisão requerida ou desejada. No entanto, como todo instrumento de medição, essas máquinas possuem erros que afetam as medições gerando o que se convencionou chamar de erros volumétricos. Tais erros podem ser obtidos através de modelos matemáticos que descrevem como os erros individuais de todos os componentes da MM3C se combinam por todo o volume de trabalho. Atualmente, no modelamento dos erros, adota-se a independência entre os erros individuais, entretanto, se analisada a geometria estrutural da máquina, verifica-se que existe dependência entre os erros de retilineidade e os erros angulares. O objetivo deste trabalho é expressar o erro angular em função do erro de retilineidade, possibilitando assim minimizar o número de calibrações necessárias e, consequentemente, o tempo de máquina parada requerido para o levantamento do seu comportamento metrológico. Para que se pudesse atingir o objetivo proposto, foram levantados os erros de retilineidade e os angulares de uma Máquina de Medir a Três Coordenadas da marca Brown & Sharp do tipo Ponte Móvel. Com esses dados e o conhecimento da geometria da máquina, os erros angulares foram equacionados, calculados e comparados com os obtidos experimentalmente. / The metrological performance of a Three Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM) is related to the capacity of measuring workpieces with a required precision. As every measurement instrument, these machines undergo the effects of internal and external factors that affect the measurement, generating what has been denominated as volumetric errors. Such errors can be obtained through a mathematical model that simulates how the individual errors of the CMM are combined and propagated to any point within the machine working volume. Usually, the independence among the individual errors is adopted when the machine error model is built. However, if the machine geometry is analyzed, the dependence between the straightness error and the angular error can be noted. The objective of this work is to express the angular error as a function of the straightness error. The formulation proposed in this work to express this correlation minimizes the number of calibrations necessary to evaluate the machine behavior. A Brown & Sharp Moving Bridge Coordinate Measuring Machine was used for the experimental evaluation. With this data set and knowing the machine geometry, a mathematical expression relating straightness and angular error was obtained. The calculated error values were then compared with the errors experimentally measured.

This diploma thesis deals with the proposal of internal methodology for measurement of products and parts on CMM UPMC Zeiss at CMI Brno. The first part of this work analyzes the current state of knowledge in the field of accurate measurement on coordinate measuring machines (CMM), which includes the definition of basic metrological concepts, methodology for determining and expressing uncertainties of measurement and a general description of CMM. The diploma thesis also contains a detailed description of the UPMC 850 CARAT S-ACC device from the company Zeiss and summarizes the requirements for the testing laboratory in accordance with the standard ČSN EN 17 025: 2018. The next part of the work is focused on defining and determining the measurement uncertainties for this CMM and on developing a testing procedure for measurements on this machine. The final part of this thesis summarizes the achieved results and recommendations for practice.