La presente investigación se realizó en el destino turístico Cordillera Blanca, en la región Ancash. Tuvo como objetivo conocer y analizar el nivel de colaboración existente entre los actores públicos y privados del sector turismo y las características de sus relaciones para lograr la competitividad del destino. La metodología de la investigación estuvo enmarcada en el diseño de un modelo explicativo, basada en la Teoría Fundamentada, se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a 22 actores públicos y privados del sector turismo, formalizados en instituciones, grupos, gremios y/o asociaciones con influencia dentro del destino, teniendo en cuenta los casos de personas con liderazgo y capacidad para generar opinión respecto a la actividad turística. Se estudiaron las entrevistas transcritas, se usaron códigos para el análisis de los textos, se establecieron categorías mediante palabras o frases que resumen los códigos y finalmente se interpretaron los resultados triangulando la información entre los grupos estudiados, reforzando con los datos cuantitativos obtenidos mediante los cuestionarios. Los resultados muestran una escasa colaboración entre los actores públicos y privados del sector turismo, siendo las principales características: La desorganización, la informalidad y la desconfianza; esta condición limita la participación de los actores e impide crear mecanismos y estrategias de desarrollo, influyendo en la baja competitividad del destino Cordillera Blanca. En tal sentido, existe una evidente correlación entre el nivel de desarrollo turístico de un territorio y las características de las relaciones de sus actores, por tanto se debe impulsar una gestión basada en la colaboración y cooperación público - privada, como parte fundamental de la competitividad de un destino turístico. / This research was conducted at the Cordillera Blanca Tourist Destination in Ancash region. It aimed to know and analyze the level of collaboration between public and private stakeholders in the tourism sector and the characteristics of their relationships to achieve competitiveness of the destination. The research methodology was focused in the design of an explanatory model based on Grounded Theory, in-depth interviews were conducted at 22 public and private stakeholders in the tourism sector, formalized in institutions, groups, guilds and / or associations with influence within the destination, taking into account the cases of people with leadership and ability to generate opinion regarding tourism. Transcribed interviews were studied, codes were used for the analysis of texts, categories were established by words or phrases that summarize the codes and finally the results were interpreted comparing information among studied groups, reinforcing the information with quantitative data obtained by the questionnaires. The results show a lack of cooperation between public and private stakeholders in the tourism sector and the main features of their relationships are disorganization, informality and mistrust; this condition limits the participation of stakeholders and prevents to create mechanisms and strategies of development, influencing the low competitiveness of the Cordillera Blanca destination. In this regard, there is a clear correlation between the level of tourism development of a territory and the characteristics of the relations of the stakeholders, therefore management based on public - private collaboration and cooperation should be prompted as a fundamental part of competitiveness of a tourist destination. Keywords: Tourist Destination, competitiveness, stakeholders, Cordillera Blanca.

En la actualidad, el cambio climático ha alterado la temperatura, precipitación, humedad y otros indicadores océano atmosféricos globales, lo que incide en el equilibrio de los sistemas glaciares de todo el mundo, pero con mayor sensibilidad en los glaciares tropicales y cuya consecuencia más visible es su derretimiento acelerado. En las últimas décadas los glaciares han experimentado un retroceso acelerado sin precedentes desde la máxima extensión de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo (LIA). En la Cordillera Blanca, se calcula que desde la LIA hasta la actualidad, la superficie glaciar se redujo de los 900-850 km² (Georges, 2004) a 484km² (la presente investigación). Esto ha permitido el desarrollo de numerosas lagunas, las cuales son conocidas por su belleza como por las amenazas relacionadas a ellas, una de ellas son las Avenidas Repentinas por Desbordamiento de Lagunas Glaciares (GLOF). En este trabajo, por medio de modelos basados en los índices de cocientes NDSI (Normalized Difference Snow Index) y NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) se identifican y analizan los cambios en los glaciares y lagunas glaciares ocurridos en la Cordillera Blanca durante los años 2004-2014, obteniendo como resultados el incremento en 5.36 km2 de la superficie lagunar, lo que representa 10% de ganancia, y la disminución de 31 km2 de la superficie glaciar, que representa una pérdida de 6%. Además, en esta investigación se identificaron 24 lagunas nuevas, de las cuales 17 son de origen glaciar y 7 de origen antrópico (actividad minera). Así mismo, según criterios descritos en el presente trabajo, se evalúa y plantea la posibilidad de identificar lagunas que podrían representar una potencial amenaza de GLOF (Avenidas Repentinas Ocasionadas por Lagunas Glaciares, por sus siglas en ingles), de manera que, de las 812 lagunas identificadas en el área de estudio, 99 podrían ser consideradas una potencial amenaza, esto es un poco más del 12% de las lagunas identificadas, información que puede servir de insumo a futuros trabajos e investigaciones que profundicen más los temas relacionados a la Gestión del Riesgo de Desastres (GRD) y particularmente los riesgos relacionados a GLOFs. / Tesis

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Estima la variación del área y volumen glaciar del Nevado Champará, se emplean técnicas de teledetección, basadas en el procesamiento e interpretación de imágenes de los sensores MSS, TM y ETM+ a bordo de los satélites LANDSAT 4, LANDSAT 5 y LANDSAT 7, respectivamente, y del sensor ASTER a bordo del satélite TERRA. En esta Tesis, se analiza dos periodos. El primer período comprende los años 1962-2000. Se utiliza una fotografía aérea de 1962 e imágenes provenientes de sensores MSS (1975), TM (1984, 1987, 1989, 1991,1992, 1996), ETM+ (2000, 2001). Esta investigación permite estimar la tasa de variación del área total (sector A, B y C) del Nevado Champará para los años de 1975-2000 de −0.2658 km2/año con disminución del 64.3% en área glaciar respecto a 1975 y tasa de variación en volumen glaciar de −0.0203 km3/año. Mientras para los años de 1962-2000 que comprende el sector B (parte principal del glaciar) de −0.2690 km2/año, con disminución en 72.4% en área glaciar respecto a 1962 y con tasa de variación de volumen glaciar de −0.0233 km3/año. El segundo periodo comprende los años 2000-2010 que corresponde al comportamiento episódico de descarga de nieve y hielo glaciar post-Niña (1999-00). Se utiliza imágenes ASTER, que corresponden a los años 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009 y 2010, observándose una reducción aproximada del 50% del área glaciar desde el 2000. Los cambios de volumen del Nevado Champará para el periodo correspondiente, se determina a partir de los modelos de elevación digital generados de imágenes ASTER (bandas 3N y 3B), estimándose para los años 2003-2010, con tasa de variación de volumen glaciar de −0.085 km3/año al considerar todos pixeles involucrados, mientras si se considera 73,035 pixeles del total (74,568), permite estimar, tasa de cambio de volumen de −0.0159 km3/año. En términos generales, la ocurrencia de eventos extremos del ENSO influye en el comportamiento espacial de nieve y hielo glaciar del Nevado Champará con disminución para los años 1987-88 y 1997-98 “El Niño” y con aumento en área de nieve y hielo para los años 1988-89 y 1999-00 “La Niña”. / Tesis

Southwest base of Cordillera Blanca mts. in South American Ands belongs to the most tectonically active fault zones. The core of this thesis was making of a detailed geomorphological map based on remote sensing satellite images for the purpose of analysis of direct and indirect manifestations of neotectonics. The greatest emphasis was placed on morphological manifestations of tectonics movements which are fault scarps facets and vertical fault steps deforming other shapes of relief - e.g. lateral moraines, dejection cones. Vertical steps reach from a few meters to tens of meters (max. 60 m) according to the age of influenced landform. Evaluation of measurements from deformometr from locality Pitec shows main trends of movements - moderate rise of massif, slow opening of fault plane and negligible left-lateral slip. Calculation of mountain-front sinuosity index, whose values were found relatively low, confirms high tectonic activity of fault zone. Analysis of longitudinal stream profiles hasn't showed presence of knick-points in the place of crossing with fault zone. Non-continuous process of lifting movements, whose interval is estimated at 1ka to 3ka (while the very last 2ka has been in relative tectonic calm), could be a possible explanation. Deep erosion of water streams wiped the tectonics...

Adam Emmer: Potential hazardousness of selected moraine-dammed lakes in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru ABSTRACT: This work is devided into the two parts. Firs part reviews contemporary methods of assessment of potential hazardousness for moraine-dammed lakes (eight qualitative methods and three quantitative methods). Second part has two main aims: 1) Assessment of potential hazardousness of seven selected moraine-dammed lakes in the Cordillera Blanca, and 2) Analysis of suitability of these methods for use in this region. Required input data for potential hazardousness assessment were gained from analysis of remotely sensed photographs, research papers of INRENA/ANA institute (Huaráz), and from fieldwork realized in 2012. Ten methods of potential hazardousness assessment were applied on seven studied moraine-dammed lakes. There are no significant differences in results obtained in each method. These results showed, that potentially most hazardous lake is that of Arhueycocha, followed by Palcacocha. On the other hand potentially less hazardous lake is that of Rajucolta. Based on analysis of regional specific of causes and mechanisms of glacial lake outburst floods from moraine-dammed lakes in Cordillera Blanca, five groups of characteristics which reflect these regional specifics were merged: A) possibility of...

The master thesis is focused on analysis of the zone of recent deglaciation in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Geomorphological mapping that had been realized based on interpretation of the satellite data and field reconnaissance was used for interpretation of main geomorphological features and processes of the selected glacial valleys. Glaciofluvial processes and mass movements are the main processes that affected the relief in the recent period. Major differences in landforms presence and distribution have been found between the studied valleys. The main differences are between valleys located on the western side and eastern side of the mountains. Number of different sediments of different types have been identified on the western side, whereas no evidence of such sediments was found on the eastern side. These differences are probably caused by differences in geology and climatic conditions. Finally, a general sediment flux model on the information gained from the geomorfologic analysis has been created and shows space distribution of geomorphological features and processes. The analyses of the satellite data show different visual characteristics of the rocks, which has been confirmed during field works using Schmidt Hammer method. The results suggest that the rocks that have been exposed for longer time due...

The aim of this diploma thesis is to monitor glacier change in the Cordillera Blanca in the period from 1987 to 2014. This diploma thesis focuses on three mountains and eleven glaciers in the northern part of the Cordillera Blanca. The input data consist of 29 Landsat scenes (Landsat 4,5,7 and 8) and the ASTER global digital elevation model version 2. Semi-automatic classification algorithm is created based on threshold values detected by spectral analyses of selected land cover types in the Cordillera Blanca. Additionally, the mean snowline (equilibrium line) altitude change is computed for all of the three mountains and eleven glaciers. Besides, glacier change depending on slope and aspect is evaluated. The results of this diploma thesis are presented in maps, tables and charts. The results of the classification are compared with the GLIMS Glacier Database and the field measurements provided by Adam Emmer, MSc. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the new Landsat 8 satellite sensor are discussed. Key words: Remote sensing, Landsat, classification, ice and snow detection, ELA, Cordillera Blanca

Adam Emmer: Dynamic of evolution and hazardousness of lakes in the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) Abstract: High mountain environment of the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) is undergoing prespicious (goe)environmantal changes such as glacier retreat and associated formation and evolution of lakes. Glacial lakes may represent a threat for the society in case of sudden release of (part of) retained water ("glacial lake outburst flood"; GLOF). Reliable identification of hazardous lakes is a key persumption of effective GLOF risk management. The fundamental part of this thesis lies in creation of new method for assessing susceptibility of lakes to outburst floods, reflecting regional specifics of these events in the study area (preconditions, causes and mechanisms) and unsuitability of existing approaches revealed in previous research. Newly created method take into account five scenarios of GLOFs, which are assessed separately, using the combination of decision trees allowing integration of qualitative and quantitative characteristics (an overall number of 17 characteristics of the dam, lake and lake surrounding enter the assessment procedure). Thus, identification of specific causes and mechanisms is enabled. The method was verified by assessing susceptibility of 20 lakes, of which 10 produced GLOFs in past (pre-flood...

Hot spring geochemistry from the Peruvian Andes provide insight on how faults, or fractures in the Earth's crust, are capable of influencing fluid circulation. Faults can either promote or inhibit fluid flow and the goal of this study is test the role of a major fault, such as the Cordillera Blanca detachment, as a channel for transporting deep fluids to the surface. Hot springs are abundant in the Cordillera Blanca and Huayhuash ranges in Peru, and several springs issue along the Cordillera Blanca detachment, making this region an ideal setting for our study. To test the role of the Cordillera Blanca detachment, hot springs were sampled along the trace of the fault (Group 1), the western edge of the Cordillera Blanca (Group 2), the eastern side of the Cordillera Blanca (Group 3), and in the Cordillera Huayhuash (Group 4). Water and dissolved gas samples were collected from a total of 25 springs and then analyzed for an array of geochemical parameters. Distinct fluid chemistries from Groups 1 and 2 suggest that the Cordillera Blanca detachment and adjacent minor faults to the west intersect at depth and provide a preferential flow path for deep fluid circulation. Understanding the influence of faults on fluid flow is essential for many disciplines (e.g. oil exploration, hydrology), and this work demonstrates that fluid geochemistry is an excellent tool for assessing the role of faults on fluid distribution.

This thesis investigates the origin, sedimentological characteristics, and paleoglacial significance of large latero-frontal moraines and moraine-dammed glacial lakes and their potential to generate glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) events in the Cordillera Blanca, Perú and Iceland. This topic is particularly important as the potential for GLOF events in high altitude regions is increasing as ongoing global climate warming causes rapid glacier recession and the growth of lakes impounded by unstable moraines. The first chapter of this thesis introduces the characteristics of moraine dammed lakes and GLOFs and provides details of the study areas in Perú and Iceland that were selected for this work (Chapter 1). Chapter 2 investigates the glacial history of the Cordillera Blanca, Perú through the compilation, mapping, and analysis of dated moraines in the region. The formation of moraines by different glaciers in the same region at approximately the same time is interpreted to indicate a period of regional climate conditions that were favourable for glacier expansion and/or equilibrium. Six stages of glacial activity are identified from this analysis, ranging in age from older than 35 thousand years (Stage 1) to modern (Stage 6). The third chapter of this thesis identifies the geomorphic and sedimentologic characteristics of a moraine-dammed supraglacial lake (Llaca Lake) in the Cordillera Blanca, Perú. The combined use of imagery collected with an uncrewed-aerial vehicle (UAV), field sedimentological observations and geomorphological mapping allowed the creation of a landsystem model that summarizes the current geomorphic and sedimentologic environment of Llaca Lake (Chapter 3). This is the first study to describe the landform-sediment assemblages in a tropical moraine-dammed supraglacial lake and provides a framework for further landsystem analysis of growing supraglacial lakes that are at risk of GLOF events. The fourth chapter of this thesis describes the sedimentary architecture of the eastern lateral moraine of Gígjökull in southern Iceland. An uncrewed-aerial vehicle was used to acquire high resolution photographs of an exposure through the lateral moraine that allowed the identification of seven lithofacies types and three lithofacies associations. Documentation of the sedimentary architecture of the eastern lateral moraine of Gígjökull enhances understanding of moraine development and the identification of areas of hydrogeological weakness that can reduce the structural integrity of the moraine. The research findings presented in this thesis utilize a glacial sedimentological and geomorphological approach to investigating the relationship between current and past glacial processes in the study areas, and the role that these processes play in determining the characteristics and stability of large ice marginal moraines that impound glacial lakes. This work also furthers our understanding of the dynamic surface processes at work in high altitude regions such as the Cordillera Blanca. Identifying and determining the relationships between current and past processes, sediments and landforms will enhance understanding of the role of large moraines damming glacial lakes in other high-altitude regions such as the Himalayas, British Columbia, Patagonia, and New Zealand and the associated risk of GLOF events. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD)