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Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-141). Also available in electronic version.

Lee Ka Wai Sharon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 227-260). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.I / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.III / ABSTRACT --- p.VI / 摘要 --- p.XI / CONFERENCE PUBLICATIONS --- p.XVII / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.XVIII / Chapter Part I - --- General Introduction / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- The Search of Immunomodulatory Agents --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Cordyceps sinensis (Dong Cong Xia Cao) as an Immunomodulatory Agent --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- General Aspects --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Evidence from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Concepts --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Evidence from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Classics --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Evidence from the Modern Research Literature --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4.1. --- lmmunomodulation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4.2. --- Anti-tumor Effects --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.4.3. --- Other Activities Related to the Immune System --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4.4. --- Potential Active Ingredients: Cordycepin and Polysaccharides --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.5. --- Prescription and Usage: Single Vs Concocted --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5.1. --- Single Form as an Immunoactivating Agent --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5.2. --- Concocted as an Anti-asthmatic Agent --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3. --- Our Hypothesis and Rationale --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Experimental Design --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1. --- General Aspects of the Human Immune System --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2. --- Designing the In vitro Study on Cell-mediated Immunity --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- T Cells --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Macrophages --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3. --- Designing the In vitro and In vivo Study of Anti-tumor Activities --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Tumor Biology --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Tumor and Immunity --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.1. --- T-Cell-Mediated Cytolysis (Tc Cells) --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.2. --- Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (TDth Cells) --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.3. --- Natural Killer (NK) Cells --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.4. --- Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cells --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2.5. --- Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic (ADCC) Cells --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2.6. --- Activated Macrophages (AMΦ) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Mechanism of Tumor Engulfment --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- The Experimental Plan --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4. --- Designing the In vitro Study and Clinical Trials on Anti-asthmatic Activities --- p.36 / Chapter Part II - --- Methodology / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.1. --- List of Materials and Their Origin --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Cells for In vitro Experiments --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Mice for In vivo Experiments --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- "Medium, Buffer, Supplements and Reagents for Cell Culture" --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- Dye for Cellular Staining --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.6. --- Cell Mitogens and Activator --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.7. --- Reagents for Flow Cytometric Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.8. --- Reagent Kits --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.9. --- ELISA Kits --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.10. --- Antibodies --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.11. --- Reagents for RNA Extraction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.12. --- Reagents for Gel Electrophoresis --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.13. --- Reagents for cDNA Expression Array --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.14. --- Other Reagents --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.15. --- Special Equipment and Apparatus --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2. --- Details of Materials --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1.1. --- Natural Cordyceps sinensis --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1.2. --- HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.1.3. --- Wheeze-Relief Formula --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- "Media, Supplements and Reagents for Cell Culture" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Cell Culture Media --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Serum Supplements --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- Anti-CD16 Magnetic Microbeads --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2.4. --- Fico´HёØ-Paque Plus Solution --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2.5. --- PercolĺёØ Solution --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2.6. --- Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2.7. --- Water --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Dye for Cellular Staining --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3.1. --- HemacoloŕёØ for Microscopy --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.3.2. --- Trypan Blue Dye --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Reagents for Flow Cytometry --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4.1. --- FACS Flow Sheath Fluid --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4.2. --- FACS Wash Medium --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.4.3. --- Paraformaldehyde --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.5. --- Special Equipments and Apparatus --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2.5.1. --- Magnetic Cell Sorting System (MACS) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3. --- Human Subjects --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Inclusion Criteria --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Exclusion Crtieria --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Medication --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.4. --- Informed Consent and Patient Information --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4. --- Animals --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Maintenance --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Survival Experiment Using Erhlich Ascites Tumor Bearing ICR Mice --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Experiments of Immunomodulatory activity in Sarcoma 180 Bearing BALB/c Mice --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5. --- Methodology --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Preparation of the Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1.1. --- Hot Water Extraction of Water Soluble Fraction of Natural Cordyceps sinensis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1.2. --- Hot Water Extraction of Water Soluble Fraction of HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Corydceps and the Wheeze-relief Formula for In vitro Experiments --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5.1.3. --- HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Corydceps for the In Vivo Experiments --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.1.4. --- Extraction Efficiency of the Hot Water Extracts --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Limulus Ameobocyte Lysate Test --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Cell Preparation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.3.1. --- "Isolation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Lymphocytes and Monocytes" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.3.2. --- Isolation of Eosinophils --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5.3.3. --- Isolation of Spleen Cells from BALB/c Mice --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5.3.4. --- "Murine Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT), PU5-18, and Sarcoma 180 (SC-180) Cell Lines" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5.3.5. --- Human Eosinophilic Leukemic Cell Line (EoL-1) --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5.3.6. --- Human Hepatocarcinoma Hep-3B Cell Line --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5.3.7. --- Human Leukemic Cell Line (HL-60) --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5.3.8. --- Human Mast Cell Line (HMC-1) --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.4. --- Collection of Mouse Serum and Human Plasma --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.5. --- Collection of Culture Supernatant --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5.6. --- The Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.7. --- Colorimetric 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) Cell Proliferation Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.8. --- Immunophenotyping --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.9. --- The Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Kits --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5.10. --- Intracellular Florescence Staining for Reactive Oxygen Species --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.11. --- The Intracellular Zymosan Florescence Assay --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.12. --- Total Cellular RNA Extraction --- p.64 / Chapter 3.5.13. --- Gel Electrophoresis of RNA Integrity --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.14. --- cDNA Expression Array --- p.65 / Chapter 3.5.15. --- Cell Staining Using Cytospin --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.16. --- Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Detection --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5.17. --- Weighing the Spleen and Tumor --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.18. --- Preparing Samples for the Eosinophilic Cationic Protein Fluoroenzymeimmunoassay --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5.19. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.67 / Chapter Part III - --- Results: Pre-functional Assays / Chapter Chapter 4: --- "Extraction, Endotoxin Measurement, In vitro Cytotoxicity Testing, and the Selection of Optimal Concentration" / Chapter 4.1. --- Extraction efficiency --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2. --- Endotoxin Level --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Results and Interpretation --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3. --- Cytotoxicity --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Introduction --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Results and Interpretation --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.2.1. --- Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3.2.2. --- Eosinophils --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4. --- The Optimal Concentration (OC) --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Introduction --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Results and Interpretation --- p.76 / Chapter Part IV- --- Results: Immunomodulatory Activities of Cordyceps sinensis as a Single Herb / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Mitogenic Activity --- p.80 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2. --- Results --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3. --- Discussion --- p.81 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors --- p.84 / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 6.2. --- Results --- p.84 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Effects of Natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Induction of Cytokines from Lymphocytes --- p.84 / Chapter 6.2.1.1. --- TNFa --- p.84 / Chapter 6.2.1.2. --- IL-6 --- p.85 / Chapter 6.2.1.3. --- IL-10 --- p.85 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Effects of Natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Induction of Cytokines from Monocytes --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2.2.1. --- IL-1β --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2.2.2. --- IL-6 --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2.2.3. --- IL-10 --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2.2.4. --- TNFα --- p.97 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Effects of Natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Expression of Cytokine Receptor --- p.102 / Chapter 6.2.4. --- Effects of Natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Gene Expression of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3. --- Discussion --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 7: --- Macrophage Functions: Phagocytosis and Release of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) --- p.116 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.116 / Chapter 7.2. --- Results --- p.117 / Chapter 7.2.1. --- Phagocytosis --- p.117 / Chapter 7.2.2. --- Release of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) --- p.117 / Chapter 7.3. --- Discussion --- p.124 / Chapter Chapter 8: --- Apoptosis of Selected Cancer Cell Lines --- p.126 / Chapter 8.1. --- Introduction --- p.126 / Chapter 8.2. --- Results --- p.127 / Chapter 8.2.1. --- Differential Cytotoxic Effects of natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on Various Cancer Cell Lines In vitro --- p.127 / Chapter 8.2.2. --- Differential Anti-Proliferative Effects of natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on Various Cancer Cell Lines In vitro --- p.129 / Chapter 8.2.3. --- Differential Apoptotic Effects of Natural Cordyceps sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on Various Cancer Cell Lines In vitro --- p.131 / Chapter 8.2.3.1. --- Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells --- p.131 / Chapter 8.2.3.2. --- Hepatocarcinoma Hep-3B --- p.131 / Chapter 8.2.3.3. --- Human Eosinophilic Leukemic Cell Line --- p.134 / Chapter 8.2.3.4. --- Human Mast Cell Line --- p.134 / Chapter 8.2.3.5. --- Human Leukemic Cell Line (HL-60) --- p.138 / Chapter 8.2.3.6. --- Murine Macrophages/Monocytes Cell Line PU5-18 --- p.138 / Chapter 8.2.3.7. --- Murine Erhlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) --- p.142 / Chapter 8.2.3.8. --- Murine Sarcoma 180 (SC-180) --- p.142 / Chapter 8.3. --- Discussion --- p.145 / Chapter Part V- --- Results: Immunomodulatory Activities of Cordyceps sinensis in Concoction / Chapter Chapter 9: --- The In vivo Animal Model --- p.147 / Chapter 9.1. --- introduction --- p.147 / Chapter 9.2. --- Results --- p.148 / Chapter 9.2.1. --- The ICR Mice Model --- p.148 / Chapter 9.2.1.1. --- In vivo Effects of Natural C. sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Ascitic Fluid Production of ICR Mice --- p.148 / Chapter 9.2.1.2. --- Effects of Natural C. sinensis and HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Survival of Tumor-bearing ICR Mice --- p.149 / Chapter 9.3. --- The BALB/c Mice Model --- p.153 / Chapter 9.3.1. --- In vivo Effects of HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on Spleen and Tumor Weight --- p.153 / Chapter 9.3.2. --- Effects of HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Mitogenic Activities of Spleen Cells --- p.154 / Chapter 9.3.3. --- "In vivo Effects of HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Cell Surface Expression of CD3, CD4, and CD8" --- p.157 / Chapter 9.3.4. --- Effects of HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Cytokine Release from Cultured Spleen Cells --- p.161 / Chapter 9.3.4.1. --- TNFα --- p.161 / Chapter 9.3.4.2. --- IFNγ --- p.163 / Chapter 9.3.4.3. --- IL-2 --- p.163 / Chapter 9.3.4.4. --- IL-4 --- p.163 / Chapter 9.3.4.5. --- IL-6 --- p.167 / Chapter 9.3.4.6. --- IL-10 --- p.167 / Chapter 9.3.4.7. --- IL-12p70 --- p.167 / Chapter 9.3.4.8. --- Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein(MCP)-1 --- p.167 / Chapter 9.3.5. --- In vivo Effects of HERBSnSENSEŚёØ Cordyceps on the Cytokine Synthesis --- p.172 / Chapter 9.4. --- Discussion --- p.174 / Chapter Chapter 10: --- In vitro Studies on Eosinophils and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells --- p.178 / Chapter 10.1. --- Introduction --- p.178 / Chapter 10.2. --- Results --- p.180 / Chapter 10.2.1. --- In vitro Effects of Wheeze-Relief Formula on the Survival of IL-5 Enhanced Eosinophils --- p.180 / Chapter 10.2.2. --- In vitro Effects of Wheeze-Relief Formula on the Degranulation of Eosinophils --- p.180 / Chapter 10.2.3. --- In vitro Effects of Wheeze-Relief Formula on the Surface Expression of Adhesion Molecules and Chemokine Receptors on Eosinophils --- p.183 / Chapter 10.2.4. --- In vitro Effects of Wheeze-Relief Formula on the Surface Expression of Adhesion Molecules on Eosinophils --- p.183 / Chapter 10.2.5. --- In vitro Effects of Wheeze-Relief Formula on the Cytokine Release from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells --- p.187 / Chapter 10.2.6. --- In vitro Effects of Wheeze-Relief Formula on the Gene Expression Profile of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells --- p.187 / Chapter 10.3. --- Discussion --- p.196 / Chapter Chapter 11: --- The Clinical Trial: Analysis of Serological Markers --- p.200 / Chapter 11.1. --- Introduction --- p.200 / Chapter 11.2. --- Results --- p.202 / Chapter 11.2.1. --- Demographic Data and Drop-out Cases --- p.202 / Chapter 11.2.2. --- Lung Function Test --- p.202 / Chapter 11.2.3. --- Steroid Dosage --- p.202 / Chapter 11.2.4. --- Serological Markers --- p.205 / Chapter 11.3. --- Discussion --- p.215 / Chapter Part VI - --- Conclusion / Chapter Chapter 12: --- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives --- p.217 / Chapter Part VII- --- Appendix / Parent Information Sheet --- p.222 / 家長資訊 --- p.223 / Consent Form --- p.224 / Licence to Conduct Animal Experiments --- p.225 / Bibliography --- p.227

Liang, Yaqian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-176). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Chan Ching-Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis committee --- p.i / Statement --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.vii / Table of contents --- p.xi / List of figures --- p.xiv / List of tables --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Literature review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- History --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- The living environment and life cycles of Cordyccps --- p.3 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chemical constituents of Cordyceps --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Determintaion of active ingredients in Cordyceps --- p.6 / Chapter 2.4 --- Therapeutic Functions --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Cardiovascular and circulatory functions --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Effects on Cholesterol and lipid metabolism --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Dilation of vasculature and cerebolature --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Respiratory functions --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Renai functions --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Effccts on chronic renal failure patients --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Protective effects on kidney toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Hepatic functions --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- Effect on hepatitis B patients --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Energy state of liver --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Aging and senescence: Longevity enhancement --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Senescence --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- Antioxidant effects --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Immune functions --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.6.1 --- Enhancing immune system --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.6.2 --- Anti-tumor effects --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Reproductive effects --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Hyperglycemic effects --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Cultivation --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Carbon and nitrogen sources --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Initial pH and temperature --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Bioelements --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Agitation intensity --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Aeration rate --- p.18 / Chapter 2.6 --- Fungal genetics --- p.19 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- EST approach --- p.19 / Chapter 2.7 --- Proteomic studies --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- 2D gel electrophoresis --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.22 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Limitations and improvements --- p.22 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Multiple spots for the same proteins --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Fungal proteomics --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7.5.1 --- Extraction method --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7.5.2 --- Combined uses of EST sequences and amino acid sequences --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.5.3 --- Glycosylation --- p.26 / Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Genomic Studies --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Strains and growth conditions --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Total RNA Extraction --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Isolation of mRNA --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- cDNA Library Construction --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- PCR Screening --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- EST sequencing --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- EST assembling and annotation --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Proteomic Studies --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sample Preparation --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Quantitation --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- 2-D PAGE --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- In-gel digestion and peptide extraction --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- MALDI-TOF MS Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Determination of adenosine using RP-HPLC --- p.38 / Chapter 4. --- Result --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1 --- Genomic studies --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- cDNA library --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- cDNA sequence analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Functional annotation and analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Proteomic --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 2D analysis and resolution --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Protein identification and annotation --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Image analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- Presence of adenosine (HPLC) --- p.84 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion and conclusion --- p.91 / Chapter 5.1 --- Genomic studies --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2 --- Presence of adenosine --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3 --- Proteomic --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Protein with increasing expression level --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- MEI5 (Spot1084) --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Hsp70 and hsp60 (Spot 894 & 903) --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- GRP 78 (Spot 1085) --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.1.4 --- Ubiquitin (Spot1071) --- p.98 / Chapter 5.3.1.5 --- "Serine-tRNA ligase, glutaminyl-tRNA synthase (Spot 1037, 924)" --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.1.6 --- 2-isopropylmalate synthase (Spot 862) --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.1.7 --- Acyl-CoA oxidase 3 (Spot 882) --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.1.8 --- ATP synthase beta chain (Spot 937) --- p.100 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Proteins with decreasing expression --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- 14-3-3 protein (spot 1080) --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Actin (Spot 945) --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- GTP binding protein SPI1 (Spot1031) --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.2.4 --- Hoclp (Spot 972) --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3.2.5 --- Rchl8p (Spot 983) --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2.6 --- Formaldehyde dehydrogenase (Spot 958) --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2.7 --- V-type ATPase (Spot 961) --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.2.8 --- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Spot 987) --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3.2.9 --- Idp3p (Spot 929) --- p.105 / References

Cordyceps cicadae, a parasitic fungus, has been used as a traditional Chinese herb for treatment of illnesses related to immune dysfunction. However, mechanistic actions are not entirely clear. The specific aim of the present study is to investigate the immunological mechanisms of C. cicadae on human T lymphocytes in vitro. The two main objectives carried out in the present study in order to achieve the aim are: i. to investigate the immunological effects of the water extract of C.cicadae on human resting and proliferating T lymphocytes; 2. to investigate the adjuvant property of C.cicadae with the immunosuppressant Cyclosporin A (CsA) on the control of human T cells proliferation, cell death and cytokines secretion. C. cicadae has demonstrated a dual effect of enhancing the activity of resting Tlymphocytes and inhibiting that of PHA-stimulated cells. In resting T cells, C. cicadae increased cell activity, cytokines secretion, expression of IL-2α receptor (CD25) and the population of Th17 as well as Treg cells without affecting the cell cycle progression. In the viability and cell death test, C. cicadae has been found not to exert toxicity on T cells. These results reveal the role of C. cicadae as an invigorant to improve the immunity as a whole in healthy individuals. In PHA-stimulated proliferating T-lymphocytes, C. cicadae inhibited the cell proliferation by arresting them at G0/G1 phase and decreasing both S and G2/M phase cell populations. The inhibitory effect was not through the induction of cell death as both PHA- and CsA-induced cell apoptosis and necrosis were reduced by C. cicadae treatment. It was believed that C. cicadae affects the progression of inflammatory responses by selectively suppressing the secretion of Th1 cytokines and enhancing that of Th2 cytokines, but it seemed unable to influence the CD25 expression in PHA- and CsA-treated T cells. An increased population of Treg cells by C. cicadae was also observed in PHA-stimulated T cells. C. cicadae adjuvant to CsA showed greater inhibition of cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines production. However, C. cicadae antagonized the effect of CsA in the secretion of IL-10, a Th2 and Treg cytokine. These results suggest a potential role of C. cicadae as an adjuvantive agent with CsA in the therapy of autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Furthermore, C. cicadae demonstrated superior immunomodulatory properties over CsA as it can act selectively between resting and proliferating T cells, and also protect them from apoptosis and necrosis, alleviating the toxic effect caused by CsA. In summary, this study showed the potential of C. cicadae as an immunomodulator from which both healthy individuals and inflammatory disease patients can benefit. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (M.Ag.Sci., 1980) from the Department of Entomology, University of Adelaide.

Ganoderma lucidum and Cordyceps sinensis are medicinal fungi commonly used in Chinese medicine. The allied species of G. lucidum, G. sinense and G. tsugae as well as the allied species of C. sinensis, C. militaris are also commercially available as health supplements. The present study aimed at evaluating and comparing the biological activities of the different parts of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma species (whole fruiting body, pileus, stipe, spores and spore oil) and Cordyceps species (whole fruiting body, stroma and larva/pupa). / The extracts of C. sinensis and C. mililaris could stimulate secretion in human airway epithelial cell Calu-3, implying the potentials of these extracts to modulate the mucociliary clearance. The potencies of the stimulatory effects of the stroma of fruiting bodies showed stronger effects than the larva/pupa. All parts of C. sinensis and the stroma of C. mililaris could modulate the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the different potencies of immunomodulatory effects were also observed. / The results demonstrated that the hot water extracts of G. lucidum, G. sinense and G. tsugae possessed antiproliferative effects on human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The extracts from the stipes showed stronger inhibitory activities on cancer cell proliferation than those from pilei. Furthermore, the extracts from the whole fruiting body and stipe of G. lucidum possessed strong antitumor effects on the nude mice bearing MCF-7 xenografts and the BALB/c mice bearing sarcoma S-180 allografts as well as strong immunomodulatory effects in terms of stimulating splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses. The oral administrations of spores and spore oil did not show significant inhibition on MCF-7 xenografts growth but they inhibited sarcoma allografts growth effectively. / The strong biological effects of the stipe of Ganoderma and the stroma of Cordyceps were showed for the first-time. This study sheds light on how the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma or Cordyceps should be used to achieve the most out of their pharmacological properties. This study also demonstrated the novel application of Cordyceps in promoting secretion in human airway submucosal glands, which reinforces the rationale of using this fungus for treating respiratory diseases. / Yue Gar Lee Grace. / "August 2006." / Advisers: Leung Ping Chung; Kwok Pui Fung; Bik San Clara Lau. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-03, Section: B, page: 1584. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 318-340). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on July 9, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Wong, Ngan Yuk. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.i / Declaration --- p.ii / Abstract (in English) --- p.iii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.v / Acknowledgments --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xvi / Chapter 1. --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction to Cordyceps --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Ingredients of Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- "Amino acids, peptides, proteins and polyamines" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1.1. --- Proteins --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Saccharides and sugar derivatives --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1. --- Polysaccharides --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Nucleosides --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3.1. --- Cordycepin --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3.2. --- Adenosine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Fatty acids and sterols --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.5. --- Vitamins and inorganics --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3. --- Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Cordyceps sinensis --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4. --- Proteomic tools used to study the change in protein expression profiles --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Proteomic tools in studies of the change in protein expression --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- Mass spectrometry --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.4. --- Current challenges --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1. --- Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2. --- Preparation of Cordyceps extracts for anti-proliferation assay on cell lines --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Types of the extracts of Cordyceps --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Preparation of the Cordyceps extracts --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3. --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines for extract screening --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Cell lines and culturing condition --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Viable cell count using trypan blue exclusion method --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines using MTT assay --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Determination of the IC50 values --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4. --- Proteomic studies for HepG2 and Hs68 after the treatment of extracts --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Protein sample preparation of HepG2and Hs68 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Protein quantitation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.4. --- Image analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.5. --- In gel digestion and MALDI-ToF MS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Cell samples preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Popidium iodide staining --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.3. --- Flow cytometry --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.4. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6. --- Western blotting --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Protein sample preparation of HepG2 and Hs68 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- SDS-PAGE --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.3. --- Protein Transblotting --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.4. --- Membrane Blocking and Antibody Incubations --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.5. --- Detection of Proteins --- p.40 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1. --- Investigation of anti-proliferating effect of Cordyceps extracts on HepG2 and Hs68 using MTT assays --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Cordyceps militaris fruiting body extract - CMFB --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract - CMM --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Cordyceps sinensis fruiting body extract - CSFB --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Cordyceps sinensis mycelia extract - CSM --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- "Comparison of the anti-proliferation effects of the Cordyceps extracts CMFB, CMM, CSFB and CSM" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2. --- "Investigation of anti-proliferating effect of Cordyceps militaris extracts on H292, Neuro2a and WIL2-NS using MTT assays" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Cordyceps militaris fruiting body extract - CMFB --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract - CMM --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3. --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in cell lines --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Protein samples preparation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- 2D gel electrophoresis analysis of protein from cell lines --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- HepG2 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Hs68 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Differentially expressed proteins identification --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- HepG2 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.2. --- Hs68 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Cell samples preparation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- HepG2 --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Hs68 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4. --- H292 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5. --- Western blotting --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Protein samples preparation --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Detection of actin for protein loading normalization --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Detection of procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.4. --- Detection of procaspase-7 and cleaved caspase-7 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.5. --- Detection of procaspase-9 and cleaved caspase-9 --- p.84 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1. --- Anti-tumor proliferating effect of Cordyceps extracts --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2. --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in cell lines --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 treated with fruiting body extract --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.1.1. --- Heat shock 90kDa protein 1 beta (HSP90(β) --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.1.2. --- Far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP-1) --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1.3. --- RuvB-like 1 (RuvbLl) --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1.4. --- Acidic protein rich in leucine (APRIL) --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1.5. --- SET protein --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.1.6. --- Enolase 1 (α-enolase) --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.7. --- Aldolase A --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1.8. --- DNA-binding protein B --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1.9. --- Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx 1) --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.1.10. --- Proteasome activator subunit 1 iso form 1 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.1.11. --- Dehydrogenase/ reductase member 2 isoform 2 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.1.12. --- Protein disulfide isomerase- related protein 5 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1.13. --- Annexin IV --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1.14. --- Enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 treated with mycelia extract --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Alpha actinin 4 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- SET translocation isoform 1 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.3. --- Acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B (ANP32b) --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.4. --- Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 isoform 1 precursor (ERp29) --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.5. --- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 isoform b (hnRNP 2H9A) --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Differentially expressed proteins in Hs68 treated with fruiting body extract --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.1. --- Lamin A/C isoform 2 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.2. --- Vimentin --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.3.3. --- Tropomyosin 1 alpha chain isoform 4 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.3.4. --- Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha (RhoGDIα) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.3.5. --- Dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 (DRP-2) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.3.6. --- Keratin 7 (K7) --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Differentially expressed proteins in Hs68 treated with mycelia extract --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4. --- Western blotting --- p.113 / Chapter 5. --- References --- p.114