Cordyceps cicadae, a parasitic fungus, has been used as a traditional Chinese herb for treatment of illnesses related to immune dysfunction. However, mechanistic actions are not entirely clear. The specific aim of the present study is to investigate the immunological mechanisms of C. cicadae on human T lymphocytes in vitro. The two main objectives carried out in the present study in order to achieve the aim are: i. to investigate the immunological effects of the water extract of C.cicadae on human resting and proliferating T lymphocytes; 2. to investigate the adjuvant property of C.cicadae with the immunosuppressant Cyclosporin A (CsA) on the control of human T cells proliferation, cell death and cytokines secretion. C. cicadae has demonstrated a dual effect of enhancing the activity of resting Tlymphocytes and inhibiting that of PHA-stimulated cells. In resting T cells, C. cicadae increased cell activity, cytokines secretion, expression of IL-2α receptor (CD25) and the population of Th17 as well as Treg cells without affecting the cell cycle progression. In the viability and cell death test, C. cicadae has been found not to exert toxicity on T cells. These results reveal the role of C. cicadae as an invigorant to improve the immunity as a whole in healthy individuals. In PHA-stimulated proliferating T-lymphocytes, C. cicadae inhibited the cell proliferation by arresting them at G0/G1 phase and decreasing both S and G2/M phase cell populations. The inhibitory effect was not through the induction of cell death as both PHA- and CsA-induced cell apoptosis and necrosis were reduced by C. cicadae treatment. It was believed that C. cicadae affects the progression of inflammatory responses by selectively suppressing the secretion of Th1 cytokines and enhancing that of Th2 cytokines, but it seemed unable to influence the CD25 expression in PHA- and CsA-treated T cells. An increased population of Treg cells by C. cicadae was also observed in PHA-stimulated T cells. C. cicadae adjuvant to CsA showed greater inhibition of cell proliferation and Th1 cytokines production. However, C. cicadae antagonized the effect of CsA in the secretion of IL-10, a Th2 and Treg cytokine. These results suggest a potential role of C. cicadae as an adjuvantive agent with CsA in the therapy of autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Furthermore, C. cicadae demonstrated superior immunomodulatory properties over CsA as it can act selectively between resting and proliferating T cells, and also protect them from apoptosis and necrosis, alleviating the toxic effect caused by CsA. In summary, this study showed the potential of C. cicadae as an immunomodulator from which both healthy individuals and inflammatory disease patients can benefit. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

Wong, Ngan Yuk. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-128). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.i / Declaration --- p.ii / Abstract (in English) --- p.iii / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.v / Acknowledgments --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xvi / Chapter 1. --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Introduction to Cordyceps --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Ingredients of Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- "Amino acids, peptides, proteins and polyamines" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1.1. --- Proteins --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Saccharides and sugar derivatives --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1. --- Polysaccharides --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Nucleosides --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3.1. --- Cordycepin --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3.2. --- Adenosine --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Fatty acids and sterols --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.5. --- Vitamins and inorganics --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3. --- Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Cordyceps sinensis --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4. --- Proteomic tools used to study the change in protein expression profiles --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Proteomic tools in studies of the change in protein expression --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- Mass spectrometry --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.4. --- Current challenges --- p.23 / Chapter 2. --- Methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1. --- Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2. --- Preparation of Cordyceps extracts for anti-proliferation assay on cell lines --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Types of the extracts of Cordyceps --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Preparation of the Cordyceps extracts --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3. --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines for extract screening --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Cell lines and culturing condition --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Viable cell count using trypan blue exclusion method --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines using MTT assay --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- Determination of the IC50 values --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.5. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4. --- Proteomic studies for HepG2 and Hs68 after the treatment of extracts --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Protein sample preparation of HepG2and Hs68 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Protein quantitation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.4. --- Image analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.5. --- In gel digestion and MALDI-ToF MS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.5. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Cell samples preparation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Popidium iodide staining --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.3. --- Flow cytometry --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.4. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6. --- Western blotting --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Protein sample preparation of HepG2 and Hs68 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- SDS-PAGE --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.3. --- Protein Transblotting --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.4. --- Membrane Blocking and Antibody Incubations --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.5. --- Detection of Proteins --- p.40 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1. --- Investigation of anti-proliferating effect of Cordyceps extracts on HepG2 and Hs68 using MTT assays --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Cordyceps militaris fruiting body extract - CMFB --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract - CMM --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Cordyceps sinensis fruiting body extract - CSFB --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Cordyceps sinensis mycelia extract - CSM --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.5. --- "Comparison of the anti-proliferation effects of the Cordyceps extracts CMFB, CMM, CSFB and CSM" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2. --- "Investigation of anti-proliferating effect of Cordyceps militaris extracts on H292, Neuro2a and WIL2-NS using MTT assays" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Cordyceps militaris fruiting body extract - CMFB --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Cordyceps militaris mycelia extract - CMM --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3. --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in cell lines --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Protein samples preparation --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- 2D gel electrophoresis analysis of protein from cell lines --- p.56 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- HepG2 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Hs68 --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Differentially expressed proteins identification --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.1. --- HepG2 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3.2. --- Hs68 --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Cell samples preparation --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- HepG2 --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Hs68 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.4. --- H292 --- p.77 / Chapter 3.5. --- Western blotting --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Protein samples preparation --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Detection of actin for protein loading normalization --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Detection of procaspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.4. --- Detection of procaspase-7 and cleaved caspase-7 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5.5. --- Detection of procaspase-9 and cleaved caspase-9 --- p.84 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1. --- Anti-tumor proliferating effect of Cordyceps extracts --- p.86 / Chapter 4.2. --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in cell lines --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 treated with fruiting body extract --- p.88 / Chapter 4.2.1.1. --- Heat shock 90kDa protein 1 beta (HSP90(β) --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2.1.2. --- Far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP-1) --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1.3. --- RuvB-like 1 (RuvbLl) --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1.4. --- Acidic protein rich in leucine (APRIL) --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1.5. --- SET protein --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2.1.6. --- Enolase 1 (α-enolase) --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.7. --- Aldolase A --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1.8. --- DNA-binding protein B --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1.9. --- Peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx 1) --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.1.10. --- Proteasome activator subunit 1 iso form 1 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.1.11. --- Dehydrogenase/ reductase member 2 isoform 2 --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.1.12. --- Protein disulfide isomerase- related protein 5 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1.13. --- Annexin IV --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1.14. --- Enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Differentially expressed proteins in HepG2 treated with mycelia extract --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Alpha actinin 4 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- SET translocation isoform 1 --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.3. --- Acidic (leucine-rich) nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member B (ANP32b) --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.4. --- Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 isoform 1 precursor (ERp29) --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.5. --- Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H3 isoform b (hnRNP 2H9A) --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Differentially expressed proteins in Hs68 treated with fruiting body extract --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.1. --- Lamin A/C isoform 2 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3.2. --- Vimentin --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.3.3. --- Tropomyosin 1 alpha chain isoform 4 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.3.4. --- Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) alpha (RhoGDIα) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.3.5. --- Dihydropyrimidinase-like 2 (DRP-2) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.3.6. --- Keratin 7 (K7) --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Differentially expressed proteins in Hs68 treated with mycelia extract --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3. --- Cell cycle analysis --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4. --- Western blotting --- p.113 / Chapter 5. --- References --- p.114

Lai, Sze Tsai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-104). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis Committees --- p.i / Statement --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / 摘要 --- p.v / Acknowledgments --- p.vi / List of Abbreviations --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Figures --- p.xiv / Chapter 1 --- Literature review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction to Cordyceps --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Fungal proteomics --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Extraction method --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Proteomic study of Cordyceps --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Ingredients of Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Polysaccharides --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Nucleosides --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Cordycepin --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Adenosine --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Cordyceps and their related biological activities --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Cordyceps sinensis --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Proteomic analysis of proteome change --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Proteomic tools used to study the change in protein expression --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objective --- p.16 / Chapter 2 --- Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- Proteomic study on Cordyceps militaris --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction of proteins from Cordyceps militaris --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Protein quantification --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Image analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- In gel digestion and MALDI-ToF MS --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Preparation of Cordyceps extracts for anti-proliferation assay on cell lines --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Types of the extracts of Cordyceps --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Preparation of the extracts of Cordyceps --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- Anti-proliferation assay on cell lines for extract screening --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Cell lines and culturing condition --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Viable cell count using trypan blue exclusion method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Anti-proliferation assay on SV7 tert using MTT assay --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Determination of the IC5o values --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Anti-proliferation assay on other cell lines using the two screened extracts --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Cell lines and culturing condition --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- "Anti-proliferation assay on on HepG2, H292, Neuro2a，WIL2-NS cells using MTT assay" --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6 --- Proteomic studies for SV7tert and Hs68 after the treatment of extracts --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Protein sample preparation of SV7tert and Hs68 --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Protein quantification --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Image analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7 --- Western Immunoblotting --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Protein sample preparation of SV7tert and Hs68 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- SDS-PAGE --- p.27 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Protein Blotting --- p.27 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Membrane Blocking and Antibody Incubations --- p.28 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Detection of Proteins --- p.28 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Proteins identification in Cordyceps militaris --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 2D gel electrophoresis analysis and resolution --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Identification and categorization of proteins of mycelia and fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Investigation of anti-proliferating activity of extracts using MTT assays on SV7tert and Hs68 cell lines --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Mycelia extract from Cordyceps militaris --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Fruiting body extract from Cordyceps militaris --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Mycelia extract from Cordyceps sinensis --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fruiting body extract from Cordyceps sinensis --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Screening of extracts --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Investigation of anti-proliferating activity of extracts using MTT assays on HepG2，H292, Neuro2a and WIL2-NS cell lines" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Mycelia extract from Cordyceps militaris --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Fruiting body extract from Cordyceps militaris --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- Changes in total protein expression profiles in SV7tert and Hs68 cell lines --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Corresponding extract treatment of cell lines --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- 2D gel electrophoresis analysis of protein from cells (SV7tert or Hs68) --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- SV7tert study --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Hs68 study --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Protein identification --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Changes in protein expressions in SV7tert after mycelia extract treatment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Changes in protein expressions in Hs68 after mycelia extract treatment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.3.3 --- Changes in protein expressions in SV7tert after fruiting body extract treatment --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.3.4 --- Changes in protein expressions in Hs68 after fruiting body extract treatment --- p.66 / Chapter 3.5 --- Western immunoblotting --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Corresponding extract treatment of cell lines --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Normalization of protein loading using anti-actin antibody --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Detection of caspase 3 by use of antibody --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Detection of cleaved caspase 3 by use of antibody --- p.74 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1 --- Identification of proteins in Cordyceps militaris --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Difficulties in identifying the proteins in Cordyceps militaris --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- Investigation of anti-proliferating activity of extracts --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4 --- Changes in cell total protein expression profiles in SV7tert and Hs68 cell lines --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Protein alterations in SV7tert treated with mycelia extract --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Protein alterations in Hs68 with mycelia extract treatment --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Chain B of triosephosphate isomerase - Triosephophate isomerase 1 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Glutathione transferase --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Protein alterations in SV7tert with fruiting body extract treatment --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Calreticulin precusor --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Nucleophosmin 1 isoform 2 (B23) --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.3.3 --- Heat shock 70kDa protein 8 isoform 1 - Heat shock 70kDa protein (Hsp70) --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3.4 --- Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 (VDAC2) --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.3.5 --- "Tumor protein, translationally controlled (TCTP)" --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.3.6 --- RAN binding protein 1 (RANBP1) --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Protein alteration in Hs68 with mycelia extract treatment --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.93 / References --- p.94

Fung, Chun Kit. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-135). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Declaration --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.ii / Abbreviations --- p.iii / Abstract in English --- p.v / Abstract in Chinese --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 - --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Genus Cordyceps --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Cordyceps militaris --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Biological Functions and Chemical Constituents of Cordyceps militaris --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- "Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line, 16HBE14o-" --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Ion Transport in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives of the Experiments --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2 - --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Solutions and Chemicals --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preparation of Hot Water Cordyceps militaris Extract --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Culture of Cells --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4 --- Short-Circuit Current (lsc) Measurement --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Short-Circuit Current (lsc) Measurement in Nystatin-Permeabilized Monolayer --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6 --- Measurements of [Ca2+]i --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of PKA Activity --- p.36 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 3 - --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by CM Water Extract --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dose-Dependent Relationship of CM Water Extract --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Involvement of CI"" Transport in CM-induced lsc Response" --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Involvement of K+ channels in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Involvement of Adenylate Cyclase/cAMP/Protein Kinase A Pathway in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Involvement of Ca2+-Dependent Pathway in CM-induced lsc Response --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Effect of CM Extract on Apical CI"" Current and Basolateral K+ Current in Nystatin-Permeabilized Epithelia" --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Effect of CM Extract on PKA Activity --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by Cordycepin --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dose-Dependent Relationship of Cordycepin --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Involvement of CI"" Transport in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response" --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Involvement of K+ channels in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Involvement of Adenylate Cyclase/cAMP/Protein Kinase A Pathway in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Involvement of Ca2+-Dependent Pathway in Cordycepin-induced lsc Response --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Effect of Cordycepin on Intracellular Ca2+ Concentrations --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- "Effect of Cordycepin on Apical CI"" Current and Basolateral K+ Current in Nystatin-Permeabilized Epithelia" --- p.98 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Effect of Cordycepin on PKA Activity --- p.104 / Chapter Chapter 4 - --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by CM Extract --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2 --- Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms behind CM-induced lsc Responses --- p.110 / Chapter 4.3 --- Regulation of Ion Transport in 16HBE14o- Cells by Cordycepin --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4 --- Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms behind Cordycepin-induced lsc Responses --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter 5 - --- Conclusion / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Directions --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 6 - --- References --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter 7 - --- Publications --- p.136