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Thesis (M.A.) in History--University of Maine, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-84).

Process water is used for cooling and for transporting material in all kinds of industries. To clean the water for reuse, various types of filters can be used. Many conventional process water treatment plants incorporate sand filters, which readily clean the water from suspended matters. However, at some circumstances the sand filters do not remove high enough concentrations of metals. This master thesis compares the water treatment abilities of activated cork, produced by Spikes & Cogs AB, to those of the sand filters used at steel making company Ovako Hofors AB in Hofors. As an on-site pilot study, the thesis investigates the cleaning capacity of three types of activated cork filters: Fats, Oils and Solvents (FOSS) filter, Fast Acting Digesting Enzymes (FADE) filter, and Metal Adsorption and Concentration (MAAC) filter. The cork filters were compared to the sand filters during normal operation and, because of previous problems with the stability of the sand filter performance, during stress tests. The results show that the cleaning capacity of the sand filters is higher than the cleaning capacity of the cork filters at normal operation. At the conditions of the stress tests, at which the sand filters do not function, the cleaning capacity of the cork filters was somewhat lowered but was still well within acceptable limits. An important result from the experiments is that the cork filters neutralize the pH. The sand filters are sensitive to changes in the pH, meaning that the cork filters could function as a buffering unit prior to the sand filters.

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The history of nineteenth-century Ireland has traditionally been understood in terms of resistance to state coercion imposed ‘at the point of a bayonet’. This thesis offers an alternative approach by shifting focus away from metropolitan centres of power (Westminster, Dublin Castle) and the state's formal apparatus, toward an understanding of power as environmentally constructed. Using the case of Cork, the thesis traces the emergence of a non-sectarian ethos of urban ‘politeness’ rooted in middle-class reactions to the violent upheavals of the 1790s. Here, I argue a range of new public spaces emerged to ‘moralise’ the masses, anticipating state legislation by decades. In chapters on the spread of time-keeping technology and the reform of market spaces, the thesis argues effective authority inhered as much in clocks and weights as ‘at the point of a bayonet’. The corresponding rise of the ‘private sphere’, materialising the ideology of ‘separate spheres’ in the city’s first suburbs, provided an alternative pole of moral reform. Here, the invisible agency of pipes and sewers helped to privatize the burden of ‘healthy living’, severing the link between poverty and disease long before ‘Famine fever’ ravaged the city. And when it hit, John Stuart Mill was not alone in dreaming of a ‘tabula rasa’; the ‘Father of Temperance’ Theobald Mathew and his allies expressed precisely this view, ‘feminizing’ the catastrophe as a moment to ‘cleanse’ the city of morally ‘diseased’ prostitutes. Free from such ‘contamination’, new spaces devoted to recreation – parks, theatres, and racecourses – were engineered as arenas ‘free’ from state oversight, with citizens instead positioned to survey one another. The thesis concludes with a call to reinterpret resistance to the state in terms of the ‘rule of freedom’ as much as that of force. The seven chapters and conclusion of the thesis are divided into three parts: ‘The Polite City’, ‘The Purified City’ and ‘The Liberal City’. These overarching themes provide a framework to the chronological and thematic development of the thesis as a whole. The first three chapters explore the rising ethos of ‘politeness’ as an ‘improving’ ideology which sought to engineer certain forms of conduct – domestic, social, and commercial – into the fabric of everyday urban life. Crucial to this was the notion of non-coercive governance aimed at securing ‘the right disposition of things, arranged ... to a convenient end’. ‘The Purified City’ explores ways in which the Famine helped to ‘naturalise’ the alienation of certain classes of deviant from the ‘social body’ of the urban community. ‘The Liberal City’ looks at how mid-Victorian city also invited the consent of the governed by creating spaces where citizenship could be performed in acts of leisure and recreation. It was in this sense that fin de siècle cultural nationalists saw the greatest threat to a revival of Irish popular culture as arising not from police stations or military barracks, but from the respectable world of suburban ‘politeness’.

Cork has traditionally been the preferred closure for wines. This is attributed to its unique physical properties, which include long lasting flexibility, hydrophobicity, and depending on the quality of the cork, low permeability. However, after bottling, taint compounds originating from the cork, migrate into the wine and cause an “off-musty” odour or taste, which is undesirable. The known taint compounds are geosmin; isoborneol; 1-octen-3-one; 1-octen-3-ol; tetrachloroanisole and finally trichloroanisole, which has been found to be the major cause. Only 7% of all cork-stoppered wines are affected by cork taint. Worldwide, it is estimated that $1 billion per year is lost due to contamination by taint compounds; this does not include other types of food and beverages. Current methods of processing and treating corks have failed to eliminate cork taint entirely. / Thesis (PhDAppliedScience)--University of South Australia, 2002.

Located in the Harbour of Cork, this work encourages the Harbour to turn back upon itself and re-establish the collective memory of transport by water. It was inspired by the Harbour Authority’s decision to introduce a passenger ferry network, servicing the City and the towns along the harbour. The meeting of the people and their harbour is to be finely nuanced through new installations, which facilitate the landing of these new vessels. Without these comprehensible points, which together create boundaries and act as threshold, the harbour is immense and continually shifting. These interventions intend to create a middle space between the landscape edge and the vast harbour: a type of ‘airlock’ which prepares the pedestrian for passage, using tools of sequencing and reframing to direct views. The project is investigated through mapping with an architecture that addresses the shifting scale along the harbour and a conversation begins between the macro and microcosm.

No / FP7

Le bouchon en liège aggloméré joue un rôle clé dans la conservation des vins effervescents car c’est de lui que dépendent les échanges de gaz (CO2 et O2) entre le vin et le milieu extérieur. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer les propriétés mécaniques et barrières des bouchons en liège aggloméré afin d’identifier les paramètres de formulation pouvant impacter ces propriétés et mettre en avant des points critiques, qu’il est nécessaire de contrôler au cours de la fabrication.La caractérisation de la structure du liège aggloméré a permis de mettre en évidence une porosité intergranulaire importante, qui est fortement réduite lorsque l’on utilise des granulés de liège de plus petite taille et lorsque le bouchon est comprimé dans le goulot.L’étude des propriétés mécaniques du liège aggloméré montre que l’élasticité du matériau augmente avec le taux d’hydratation du matériau, l’utilisation de granulés de liège de petites tailles et l’emploi d’un polymère adhésif dont la proportion de phase cristalline est faible. En revanche, la teneur en adhésif au sein du liège aggloméré semble ne pas avoir d’impact sur les propriétés mécaniques.Concernant les propriétés de transfert des bouchons pour vins effervescent de type A2R, les coefficients de diffusion du CO2 ont été mesurés, pour la première fois, dans les différents composants du bouchon (manche, film de colle, rondelle de liège). Le transfert est essentiellement régit par un mécanisme de diffusion de surface au travers du réseau d’adhésif. Plus le réseau d’adhésif est homogène au sein du corps aggloméré et entre les deux rondelles, plus les propriétés barrières seront élevées. La compression du bouchon dans le goulot augmente fortement les propriétés barrières.Enfin, il semblerait que les propriétés mécaniques et de transfert du liège aggloméré soient peu impactés par le vieillissement à condition toutefois que le réseau de colle polyuréthane ne soit pas en contact direct avec un milieu très concentré en éthanol car dans ce cas des phénomènes de solvolyse entrainent une forte dégradation des propriétés barrières et mécaniques du matériau.Mots clés : Liège naturel, liège aggloméré, structure, propriétés mécaniques, transfert de gaz, diffusion de surface, vieillissement. / The agglomerated cork stopper plays a key role in the preservation of sparkling wines because the gas exchanges (CO2 and O2) between the wine and the external environment depend on the stopper. The objective of this work is to determine the mechanical and barrier properties of agglomerated cork stoppers in order to identify the formulation parameters that can impact these properties, and highlight several critical points, which must be controlled during the process.The characterization of the agglomerated cork structure has revealed a large intergranular porosity, which is greatly reduced when smaller cork granules are used and when the cork is compressed in the bottleneck.The study of the mechanical properties of agglomerated cork shows that the elasticity of the material increases with the hydration of the material, the use of small cork granules and adhesive polymer with a low proportion of crystalline phase. On the other hand, the adhesive content within the agglomerated cork does not seem to have an impact on the mechanical properties.Concerning the transfer properties of agglomerated cork stoppers for sparkling wines, the CO2 diffusion coefficients were measured, for the first time, in the various parts of the stopper (agglomerated body, adhesive film, cork disc). The diffusion is essentially governed by a surface diffusion mechanism through the adhesive network. The more the adhesive network is homogeneous within the agglomerated body and between the two washers, the higher the barrier properties will be. Compression of the cork in the bottleneck greatly increases the barrier properties.Finally, it seems that the mechanical and transfer properties of agglomerated cork are slightly impacted by the aging provided that the network of polyurethane glue is not in contact with a highly concentrated ethanol medium, due to solvolysis phenomena that can occur and thus cause a strong degradation of the barrier and mechanical properties of the material.Keyword: Natural cork, agglomerated cork, structure, mechanical properties, gas transfer, surface diffusion, aging