The effects of added potassium, K, magnesium, Mg and sulfur, S on corn grain and silage yields were investigated in the field for two years. / Due to high nutrient soil, K, Mg and S had no effects on corn grain and silage yields. However, there were trends observed in the treatment effects that were significant. Added K at 240 kg K$ sb2$O/ha increased grain yield over zero kg K$ sb2$O/ha in 1983 and Mg at 60 kg/ha increased grain yield over 30 kg/ha in 1984. In silage, 240 kg K$ sb2$O/ha increased yield over 120 and zero kg K$ sb2$O/ha in 1984. Although there was no K by Mg interaction, there was a need for added Mg to achieve higher yields. / The cumulative effect of fertilizer S at 50 kg/ha significantly reduced silage yield in 1984 over zero S treatment indicating that fertilizer S was unnecessary for corn growth by reason of high levels of soil S and sufficient S provided from precipitation and air dry deposition. S had no interaction with K and Mg because there was no need for fertilizer S to increase yields. / The antagonistic association between K and Mg was seen at the seedling, tasseling and silking stages. / There was an indication of a K by S interaction which was expressed at different stages of growth, but this effect was not evident for dry matter yields.

Fertilizer P fixation and fertilizer N losses in soils may be reduced through additions of polyphenolic compounds. The influence of ammonium lignosulfonate (NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS) on triple superphosphate (TSP) efficiency was investigated in a soil incubation study using three Quebec soils and in a growth bench study using one soil. For the incubation study, soils were analyzed for pH and P extractability, as a function of NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS rate and time. In the growth bench study, TSP and NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS were applied at varying rates and corn (Zea mays L.) dry matter yields and nutrient compositions analyzed. Similar studies were conducted in subsequent growth bench studies, to evaluate combinations of NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS, diammonium phosphate (DAP), and urea on two soils. / Ammonium LS increased soluble P levels when applied with TSP. The effect was most significant in fine textured soils, and increased with time. This improved P availability to plants, without affecting growth. The optimum NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS:P$ sb2$O$ sb5$ application ratio was approximately 2.8:1. Ammonium LS did not improve availability of DAP-P in either of the subsequent experiments, nor did it improve urea fertilizer efficiency. Some NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS-urea-DAP formulations did, however, improve corn growth beyond that obtained when only urea and DAP were applied in combination. In nutrient amended soils, applying NH$ sb4 sp+$-LS DAP was detrimental to growth and, for some application rates, reduced nutrient uptake.

One must consider the effects of both soil N and fertilizer N, if rates of N-fertilizer application are to be optimized and NO$ sb3 sp-$ leaching into groundwater be controlled. Objectives were (1) to determine soil $ rm NO sb3 sp-$-N and NH$ sb4 sp+$-N, soil total N, and N fertilizer levels and corn and wheat yields; and, (2) to determine soil sampling times and depths for N analyses that correlated with yields and fertilizer N response. Soil samples taken at seeding and postseeding were analyzed for NH$ sb4 sp+$-N and NO$ sb3 sp-$-N, and for total N in 29 wheat sites and 44 corn sites fertilized with four rates of N. N-Trak (quick test) and laboratory methods were employed to measure soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. A significant correlation was found between N-Trak and laboratory methods (R$ sp2$ = 0.61$ sp{**}$ for corn and 0.89$ sp{**}$ for wheat). Compared to the laboratory method, N-Trak overestimated soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels increased upon drying. In some cases soils showed an increase in soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N from seeding to postseeding. Wheat yields and wheat grain N uptake were better correlated with soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N at seeding than at postseeding. For corn, yields and grain uptake showed a higher correlation with soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N at postseeding. Corn regression models predicted 180 to 240 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ of N fertilizer to obtain optimum economic yields and 0 to 40 kg ha$ sp{-1}$ N for wheat. Soil total N was not correlated with corn yields as highly as soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N. Soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N can be used as an indicator of fertilizer N requirements for corn and wheat in Quebec.

No description available.

The effect of serial (multiple-year) organic matter (OM) amendment on soil properties has been described in some cropping systems, although less is known about the effect of serially amended field soils on soil-borne plant diseases. The objectives of this study were to describe the effects of the third and fourth years of annual, serial amendment with dairy manure solids on 1) soil physical and biological properties and 2) severity of sweet corn root rot. Plots were amended with five rates of separated dairy manure solids annually for three years. In the fourth year, plots were split and only half of each plot was re-amended. Soil physical properties [bulk density, free and occluded particulate organic matter (POM), soil water retention, total porosity, gravimetric moisture content] and biological properties [microbial activity (as hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate; FDA) and microbial biomass-C] were assessed each year in all treatments. Root rot severity was assessed in situ and in the greenhouse with multiple sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv Golden Jubilee) bioassays conducted in the amended field soils. Necrosis of the radicle and nodal roots was assessed when plants reached the 6- leaf stage. Amendment rate was positively associated with increases in soil properties that serve as indicators of soil quality, such as POM content, total porosity, microbial biomass, and FDA activity. In the third year after amendment, weak root rot suppression was observed in-field and was associated with FDA activity. By the fourth year of serial amendment this trend was no longer evident, however evidence from the high-rate treatment that was not re-amended (3HNRA) pointed to an emerging suppressive mechanism that persisted up to 13 months after the third amendment. Factors that may be interacting over time to generate observed disease suppression in these serially amended soils include: short-term post-amendment microbiostasis, soil moisture retention, inoculum potential, and a novel suppressive mechanism. / Graduation date: 2006

Com o objetivo de avaliar a necessidade de adubação nitrogenada para a produção de grãos e silagem e um modelo matemático de estimação da produtividade potencial e deplecionada na cultura do milho, foi conduzido um experimento utilizando quatro híbridos de milho (AG30A86, AGN20A55, CD308 e AG30A91)avaliados em oito níveis de adubação nitrogenada. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – PR e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as doses de N (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 e 420 kg ha-1) aplicadas nas parcelas principais e os genótipos semeados nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas no experimento a foram: o índice de área foliar, as características fitotécnicas, os componentes do rendimento, a exportação de nutrientes e os caracteres bromatológicos dos genótipos de milho destinados a produção de grãos e silagem. Em relação ao modelo matemático, as estimativas de produtividade potencial e deplecionada de grãos e silagem de milho, basearam-se nos valores diários de temperatura, insolação, radiação solar, pressão atmosférica e precipitação, para o município de Dois Vizinhos – Paraná. As simulações foram realizadas inicialmente utilizando-se um modelo matemático baseado em modelos e informações da literatura (1) e em seguida, propôs-se um modelo alternativo (2), por meio da alteração dos parâmetros de índice de área foliar, graus dia para o florescimento e número de plantas por metro linear, obtidos no experimento realizado. Os dados simulados foram avaliados por intermédio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, índice de concordância de Willmott, desvio padrão, quadrado médio do erro e índice de desempenho de Camargo. Em função dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: a adubação nitrogenada altera as características agronômicas e romatológicas avaliadas nos diferentes cultivares. A produtividade de matéria seca da silagem não foi influenciada pelas doses de nitrogênio, porém a produção de grãos foi alterada, sendo a máxima eficiência técnica para a produtividade de grãos (13.059 kg ha-1) obtida com a dose de 146 kg de N ha-1. O modelo alternativo, calibrado com dados experimentais, pode ser utilizado na simulação das produtividades de grãos e silagem da cultura do milho, assim como para estimar as exigências em nitrogênio para a produção de grãos, apresentando maior eficiência e precisão, em relação ao modelo da literatura. No entanto, as estimativas de requerimento de nitrogênio devem sofrer ajustes para adequar o modelo aos dados verificados. / In order to assess the need for nitrogen fertilizer to produce grain and silage and a mathematical model for estimating potential productivity and depleted in the corn crop, an experiment was conducted using four corn hybrids (AG30A86, AGN20A55, CD308 and AG30A91 ) evaluated at eight levels of nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - PR and the experimental design used was randomized blocks with split plots and N levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 kg ha-1) applied in main plots and subplots seeded genotypes. The variables analyzed in the field experiment were: leaf area index,the characteristics of agronomic parameters, yield components, the export of nutrients and bromatological characters of maize genotypes for grain yield and silage. Regarding the mathematical model, estimates of potential productivity and depleted grain and corn silage, were based on the daily values of temperature, solar radiation, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure and precipitation for the city of Dois Vizinhos - Paraná. The simulations were performed initially using a mathematical model based on models and literature information and then it was proposed an alternative model, by changing the parameters of leaf area index, degree days to flowering and number of plants per meter, obtained in the experiment. The simulated data were evaluated by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient, index by agreement of Willmott, standard deviation, mean square error performance index and Camargo. According on the results obtained it can be concluded that: nitrogen fertilization alter the agronomic characteristics and bromatological evaluated in different cultivars. The dry matter yield of silage was not affected by nitrogen levels, but grain production was influenced, and the maximum technical efficiency for grain yield (13059.30 kg ha-1) was obtained with a dose of 146.12 kg N ha-1. The alternative model, calibrated with experimental data can be used in the simulation of grain and silage yields of maize, as well as to estimate the nitrogen requirements for the production of grains, with greater efficiency and accuracy, compared to the usual model of the literature. However, estimates of nitrogen application should be adjusted to fit the model to actual data.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a necessidade de adubação nitrogenada para a produção de grãos e silagem e um modelo matemático de estimação da produtividade potencial e deplecionada na cultura do milho, foi conduzido um experimento utilizando quatro híbridos de milho (AG30A86, AGN20A55, CD308 e AG30A91)avaliados em oito níveis de adubação nitrogenada. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná – PR e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as doses de N (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 e 420 kg ha-1) aplicadas nas parcelas principais e os genótipos semeados nas subparcelas. As variáveis analisadas no experimento a foram: o índice de área foliar, as características fitotécnicas, os componentes do rendimento, a exportação de nutrientes e os caracteres bromatológicos dos genótipos de milho destinados a produção de grãos e silagem. Em relação ao modelo matemático, as estimativas de produtividade potencial e deplecionada de grãos e silagem de milho, basearam-se nos valores diários de temperatura, insolação, radiação solar, pressão atmosférica e precipitação, para o município de Dois Vizinhos – Paraná. As simulações foram realizadas inicialmente utilizando-se um modelo matemático baseado em modelos e informações da literatura (1) e em seguida, propôs-se um modelo alternativo (2), por meio da alteração dos parâmetros de índice de área foliar, graus dia para o florescimento e número de plantas por metro linear, obtidos no experimento realizado. Os dados simulados foram avaliados por intermédio do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, índice de concordância de Willmott, desvio padrão, quadrado médio do erro e índice de desempenho de Camargo. Em função dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: a adubação nitrogenada altera as características agronômicas e romatológicas avaliadas nos diferentes cultivares. A produtividade de matéria seca da silagem não foi influenciada pelas doses de nitrogênio, porém a produção de grãos foi alterada, sendo a máxima eficiência técnica para a produtividade de grãos (13.059 kg ha-1) obtida com a dose de 146 kg de N ha-1. O modelo alternativo, calibrado com dados experimentais, pode ser utilizado na simulação das produtividades de grãos e silagem da cultura do milho, assim como para estimar as exigências em nitrogênio para a produção de grãos, apresentando maior eficiência e precisão, em relação ao modelo da literatura. No entanto, as estimativas de requerimento de nitrogênio devem sofrer ajustes para adequar o modelo aos dados verificados. / In order to assess the need for nitrogen fertilizer to produce grain and silage and a mathematical model for estimating potential productivity and depleted in the corn crop, an experiment was conducted using four corn hybrids (AG30A86, AGN20A55, CD308 and AG30A91 ) evaluated at eight levels of nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - PR and the experimental design used was randomized blocks with split plots and N levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 kg ha-1) applied in main plots and subplots seeded genotypes. The variables analyzed in the field experiment were: leaf area index,the characteristics of agronomic parameters, yield components, the export of nutrients and bromatological characters of maize genotypes for grain yield and silage. Regarding the mathematical model, estimates of potential productivity and depleted grain and corn silage, were based on the daily values of temperature, solar radiation, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure and precipitation for the city of Dois Vizinhos - Paraná. The simulations were performed initially using a mathematical model based on models and literature information and then it was proposed an alternative model, by changing the parameters of leaf area index, degree days to flowering and number of plants per meter, obtained in the experiment. The simulated data were evaluated by means of the Pearson correlation coefficient, index by agreement of Willmott, standard deviation, mean square error performance index and Camargo. According on the results obtained it can be concluded that: nitrogen fertilization alter the agronomic characteristics and bromatological evaluated in different cultivars. The dry matter yield of silage was not affected by nitrogen levels, but grain production was influenced, and the maximum technical efficiency for grain yield (13059.30 kg ha-1) was obtained with a dose of 146.12 kg N ha-1. The alternative model, calibrated with experimental data can be used in the simulation of grain and silage yields of maize, as well as to estimate the nitrogen requirements for the production of grains, with greater efficiency and accuracy, compared to the usual model of the literature. However, estimates of nitrogen application should be adjusted to fit the model to actual data.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.