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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Qualidade tecnológica e estabilidade oxidativa de farinha de trigo e fubá irradiados. / Technological parameters and oxidative stability of irradiated wheat and corn flour.

Roberta Claro da Silva 10 October 2003 (has links)
Os grãos de cereais são suscetíveis ao ataque de insetos e desenvolvimento de microorganismos durante o armazenamento. Pesquisas têm demonstrado a viabilidade da utilização da tecnologia de irradiação gama para a preservação conservação de grãos de cereais e seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses de radiação gama (0; 3; 4,5 e 6 kGy) em farinha de trigo e fubá sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e qualidade tecnológica. Foram avaliados os atributos sensoriais e físico-químicos, além de parâmetros tecnológicos da farinha de trigo como farinograma, alveograma, “falling number” e teste de panificação. As amostras já embaladas em fardos, foram irradiadas em um irradiador comercial e armazenadas em condições ambiente, a taxa de dose durante a irradiação foi de 7 kGy/h. A qualidade oxidativa das farinhas e do fubá não foi alterada em nenhum dos tratamentos, dentro do período de validade obedecido pelos fabricantes, para os mesmos produtos não irradiados. Contudo, a acidez das farinhas foi o índice analítico que mais prontamente refletiu a ação da irradiação. Os níveis de acidez iniciais mais altos corresponderam a maiores incrementos durante o armazenamento. Os tratamentos de 4,5 e 6 kGy tiveram efeito negativo sobre os parâmetros farinográficos, alveográficos e o “Falling number” da farinha de trigo alterando assim a sua qualidade tecnológica. A farinha de trigo e o fubá tiveram suas propriedades viscoelásticas afetadas em todos os tratamentos, sendo progressiva com o aumento da dose, enquanto que a qualidade sensorial não foi afetada por nenhum dos tratamentos, apesar de um odor metálico se fazer presente, sendo perceptível para alguns provadores. / Cereals are susceptible to the attack of insects and microorganisms development during storage. Researches have demonstrated the viability of the use of the irradiation technology for the preservation and reduction of these losses. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different irradiation doses (0; 3; 4,5 and 6 kGy) on wheat and corn flour oxidative stability and technological quality. Physicochemical and sensory analyses were performed on the flours. The technological parameters evaluated on the wheat flour were farinogram, alveogram, falling number, and a baking experiment. The packed samples were irradiated in a commercial irradiator and stored under ambient conditions. The oxidative quality of both flours was not affected in any of the treatments, within the commercial shelf life period guaranteed by the manufacturers for non irradiated products. However, flours acid value was the analytical parameter that reflected the irradiation effect. The higher flour initial acid values were the larger the increments with storage. The 4.5 and 6 kGy treatments ha a negative effect on the technological quality of the wheat flour. The irradiated flours had their viscoelastic properties affected the higher the irradiation dose, the stronger the effect. None of the treatments affected the sensorial quality of the samples, although a metallic odor was perceived by some tasters.
2

Qualidade tecnológica e estabilidade oxidativa de farinha de trigo e fubá irradiados. / Technological parameters and oxidative stability of irradiated wheat and corn flour.

Silva, Roberta Claro da 10 October 2003 (has links)
Os grãos de cereais são suscetíveis ao ataque de insetos e desenvolvimento de microorganismos durante o armazenamento. Pesquisas têm demonstrado a viabilidade da utilização da tecnologia de irradiação gama para a preservação conservação de grãos de cereais e seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de diferentes doses de radiação gama (0; 3; 4,5 e 6 kGy) em farinha de trigo e fubá sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e qualidade tecnológica. Foram avaliados os atributos sensoriais e físico-químicos, além de parâmetros tecnológicos da farinha de trigo como farinograma, alveograma, "falling number" e teste de panificação. As amostras já embaladas em fardos, foram irradiadas em um irradiador comercial e armazenadas em condições ambiente, a taxa de dose durante a irradiação foi de 7 kGy/h. A qualidade oxidativa das farinhas e do fubá não foi alterada em nenhum dos tratamentos, dentro do período de validade obedecido pelos fabricantes, para os mesmos produtos não irradiados. Contudo, a acidez das farinhas foi o índice analítico que mais prontamente refletiu a ação da irradiação. Os níveis de acidez iniciais mais altos corresponderam a maiores incrementos durante o armazenamento. Os tratamentos de 4,5 e 6 kGy tiveram efeito negativo sobre os parâmetros farinográficos, alveográficos e o "Falling number" da farinha de trigo alterando assim a sua qualidade tecnológica. A farinha de trigo e o fubá tiveram suas propriedades viscoelásticas afetadas em todos os tratamentos, sendo progressiva com o aumento da dose, enquanto que a qualidade sensorial não foi afetada por nenhum dos tratamentos, apesar de um odor metálico se fazer presente, sendo perceptível para alguns provadores. / Cereals are susceptible to the attack of insects and microorganisms development during storage. Researches have demonstrated the viability of the use of the irradiation technology for the preservation and reduction of these losses. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different irradiation doses (0; 3; 4,5 and 6 kGy) on wheat and corn flour oxidative stability and technological quality. Physicochemical and sensory analyses were performed on the flours. The technological parameters evaluated on the wheat flour were farinogram, alveogram, falling number, and a baking experiment. The packed samples were irradiated in a commercial irradiator and stored under ambient conditions. The oxidative quality of both flours was not affected in any of the treatments, within the commercial shelf life period guaranteed by the manufacturers for non irradiated products. However, flours acid value was the analytical parameter that reflected the irradiation effect. The higher flour initial acid values were the larger the increments with storage. The 4.5 and 6 kGy treatments ha a negative effect on the technological quality of the wheat flour. The irradiated flours had their viscoelastic properties affected the higher the irradiation dose, the stronger the effect. None of the treatments affected the sensorial quality of the samples, although a metallic odor was perceived by some tasters.
3

Etude des facteurs contrôlant le comportement mécanique des matériaux à base de farine de maïs / Study of factors controlling the mechanical behavior of materials based on corn flour

Ayadi, Farouk 16 June 2011 (has links)
Cette étude porte sur la relation entre la composition et les propriétés de matériaux à base de farine de maïs. Les lipides et les résidus cellulosiques jouent le rôle de défauts ; l’amidon contrôle principalement le comportement mécanique des farines plastifiées, notamment en ce qui concerne la variation des propriétés en fonction des conditions d’ambiance. Les interactions entre l’amidon, l’eau, et les plastifiants ont été explicitées par un diagramme de phase qui comporte deux transitions. Les différents phénomènes discutés dans la littérature (anti plastification – plastification – sursaturation) ont été mis en relation avec ce diagramme de phase. Les interactions entre l’amidon et les plastifiants, ont été interprétées par un concept de stœchiométrie de sorption, qui a été appliqué à trois plastifiants : le glycérol, l’éthylène glycol et le 1,3-propanediole. Un polycondensat amphiphile original, obtenu à partir d’acide itaconique, a été étudié, pour améliorer la compatibilité de systèmes hétérophasés amidon plastifié / polybutylène succinate. Son utilisation favorise la formation d’une morphologie co-continue. / This present stydy investigates the composition-property of corn flour based materials. Lipids and cellulosic residue act like defects in these materials, starch controls the mechanical properties of corn flour based material and their variations with temperature and humidity. The interactions between starch, water and plasticizers have been highlighted in a phase diagram, in which we distinguished two transitions. The different phenomenons discussed in the literature (antiplasticization – plasticization – phase separation) were correlated with the phase diagram. The characterization of interactions between starch and plasticizers, by water sorption, was interpreted in terms of interaction stoichiometry. This method was applied for three plasticizers: glycerol, ethylene glycol and 1,3-propandiol; Amphiphilic polycondensates, obtained from itaconic acid, were used to improve the compatibilization of poly(butylene succinate) and glycerol-plasticized thermoplastic starch blends. Comptabilized blends presented a co-continuous phase.
4

Élaboration de matériaux à base de farine de maïs : évaluation et compréhension des relations entre structure et cinétique de biodégradation / Development of materials base on corn flour : evaluation and understanding of the relationships between structures and biodegradation kinetics

Jbilou, Fouzia 29 April 2011 (has links)
Dans le but de développer des matériaux à partir d’une ressource renouvelable de moindre coût que l’amidon, des matériaux à base de farine de maïs ont été élaborés par extrusion-injection. La caractérisation des propriétés physico-chimiques de ces matériaux a révélé que le taux de glycérol (ajouté à la farine de maïs en tant que plastifiant) et le profil des zones de cisaillement employé lors de l’extrusion influencent significativement le taux de déstructuration de l’amidon et des protéines de la farine de maïs. Ceci a pu être établi en croisant notamment les résultats de l’analyse par diffraction aux rayons X, par spectroscopie infra-rouge à transformée de Fourier, de l’analyse calorimétrique différentielle à balayage à des observations par microscopie confocale à balayage laser des matériaux. De plus, le suivi des cinétiques d’hydrolyse en sucres réducteurs de l’amidon par des enzymes amylolytiques en présence et en absence d’enzymes protéolytiques a pu être relié à la déstructuration des protéines. Les matériaux obtenus présentent cependant des inconvénients rédhibitoires pour certaines applications comme l’hygroscopie élevée et le vieillissement rapide dans le temps. L’ajout de polybutylène succinate (PBS) au mélange farine-glycérol a cependant permis de conduire à une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques et à une réduction de l’hygroscopie de ces matériaux. Les observations de la morphologie de ces matériaux par microscopie électronique à balayage ont montré que la farine de maïs et le PBS sont incompatibles et présentent une morphologie qui varie selon le taux de PBS dans le mélange (30, 50 ou 70%). L’étude de la cinétique d’hydrolyse de l’amidon de la farine de maïs par des enzymes amylolytiques a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de plusieurs facteurs : (i) la cristallinité de l’amidon, (ii) l’aire spécifique, (iii) la porosité et (iv) la morphologie des matériaux. De plus, l’évaluation de la biodégradation par voie microbienne en milieu liquide et solide par voie aérobie ou anaérobie a montré les mêmes tendances globales que les résultats obtenus par voie enzymatique. Ainsi, les matériaux élaborés à partir des formulations présentant des proportions de PBS excédant 50 % ne sont pas biodégradables au sens de la norme ISO 14855/1999 et sont également faiblement hydrolysés par les enzymes amylolytiques. / In order to develop materials from a cheaper renewable resource than starch, materials based on corn flour were prepared by extrusion and injection. The physicochemical characterization of these materials revealed that the glycerol content (used as plasticizer) and the profiles of shear zones used during extrusion significantly influence the destructuration intensity of starch and proteins of that composed corn flour. This could be established by combining the results of X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and laser scanning confocal microscopy observations. In addition, the kinetics of the hydrolysis of starch into reducing sugars by amylolytic enzymes in the presence and absence of proteolytic enzymes significantly differed only when the initial structuration of proteins in corn flour was preserved. The materials obtained presented limitations for some applications namely due to their high hygroscopicity and rapid aging over time. The addition of polybutylene succinate (PBS) to flour-glycerol mixture improved mechanical properties and reduced hygroscopicity of the materials. The observation of these materials by scanning electron microscopy showed that corn flour and PBS are incompatible and have a morphology that varies according to the PBS content in the mixture (30, 50 or 70%). The study of the hydrolysis kinetics of starch corn flour by amylolytic enzymes contributed to highlight the influence of several parameters : (i) starch crystallinity, (ii) specific area, (iii) porosity, and (iv) material morphology. In addition, the evaluation of the microbial biodegradation in liquid and solid media aerobically or anaerobically showed the same overall trends as the results obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, materials produced from formulations having PBS ratios exceeding 50% are not biodegradable according to the ISO 14855/1999 and are weakly hydrolyzed by amylolytic enzymes.
5

Apport de la farine de maïs plastifiée dans les mélanges à matrice polyester pour des applications films / Contribution of plasticized corn flour in polymer blends made from a polyester matrix for thin films applications

Samuel, Cédric 26 October 2011 (has links)
Ces travaux menés à l’IMP@UJM ont pour objectifs la réalisation de films minces alimentaires 100% compostables par extrusion gonflage, thermoformage et biétirage. Des mélanges à base de farine plastifiée et de polyesters compostables ont été étudiés. La farine peut être déstructurée par extrusion bivis en présence de glycérol de manière similaire à l’amidon. La farine thermoplastique, ainsi obtenue, présente toutefois des différences notables avec l’amidon mais ne répond toujours pas aux applications visées. Son mélange avec des matrices polyester (PBAT et PLA) dans un procédé d’extrusion bivis a été réalisé et les morphologies caractérisées. La dispersion de la farine thermoplastique dans le PBAT, de type goutte / matrice, a été mise en étroite relation avec leur comportement rhéologique. Les propriétés mécaniques à l’état solide résultantes de ces mélanges ont été discutées en terme de microstructures, déformabilité de la phase dispersée et de l’adhésion à l’interface. Avec des charges modèles mélangées dans le PBAT et des analyses microscopiques sous déformation, le comportement mécanique de la phase dispersée a été clarifié. A l’état fondu, ces mélanges proposent des propriétés intéressantes mais limitées par les modifications de la matrice lors de son mélange avec la farine. Des défauts inhérents à la farine plastifiée et aux mélanges de polymères non compatibilisés ont été identifiés et une chimie adaptée a été développée. La polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du triméthylène carbonate à partir de fonctions hydroxyle en présence de catalyseurs organiques ou amorceurs organométalliques montre des cinétiques de réaction intéressantes pour un procédé d’extrusion réactive. Des fonctions hydroxyle modèle d’environnement chimique et stérique proche de l’amidon ont été utilisées pour l’amorçage de la polymérisation et les résultats ont été transposés aux fonctions hydroxyle de l’amidon, en présence ou non de glycérol. Une modification chimique de la farine thermoplastique, par greffage d’un polycarbonate, a donc été réalisée en extrusion réactive couplée au mélange avec le PBAT. Les effets compatibilisants ont ensuite été discutés en terme de microstructures, de réactions chimiques à l’interface farine plastifiée / PBAT et de modifications de la matrice PBAT. Les propriétés mécaniques de ces mélanges à l’état solide et fondu montrent des effets liés à la modification de l’interface / Thin compostable films for extrusion blowing, thermoforming and biaxial stretching are in the scope of these works. Blend of thermoplastic flour and compostable polyesters are proposed and studied. Corn flour can be processed in a twin-screw extruder with glycerol in a similar way than starch. Thermoplastic flour shows some differences with starch but still cannot be used in thin film applications. Thermoplastic flour was blended in a melt state with a compostable polyester matrix, PBAT. Matrix / particle morphologies were achieved and linked with individual rheological behaviour. Good global mechanical properties results from these morphologies were discussed in terms of microstructures, dispersed phase deformation under stress and interface properties. Model particles blends with PBAT and microscopical investigations confirmed the mechanical behavior of the dispersed phase. These blends still suffer from inherent problems concerning thermoplastic flour and uncompatibilized blends. A suitable chemistry was developed to overcome these defects based on monomer polymerization from starch. Ring opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate in presence of hydroxyl functions and organic catalyst or organometallic initiators displays interesting reaction rates for a reactive extrusion process. Model co-initiators with chemical and sterical environments close to starch were used and transposed. Thermoplastic flour modification by polycarbonate grafting was achieved in a reactive extrusion process coupled with his blending in a melt state with PBAT matrix. Compatibilization effects were discussed in terms of microstructures, interface reactions and matrix modifications. Interface modifications were evidenced on mechanical properties of these blends
6

Formulations et modifications par extrusion réactive d'un mélange de polymères biodégradable et partiellement biosourcé / Formulations and modifications by reactive extrusion of partially biosourced blend of biodegradable polymers

Deleage, Fanny 19 July 2016 (has links)
Dans le domaine des plastiques biodégradables, les produits se doivent d’être de plus en plus compétitifs. Ces travaux, menés entre le laboratoire IMP@UJM et la société LCI ont eu pour objectif principal l’augmentation de la part en matières d’origines renouvelables dans le mélange de polymères biodégradable poly(butylène adipate-co-téréphtalate) (PBAT)/TPF (farine thermoplastique), sans diminuer ses propriétés mécaniques. Ce mélange est obtenu par extrusion en une seule étape, comprenant la plastification de la farine et le mélange avec le polyester. L’enjeu scientifique était donc en premier lieu de comprendre les relations entre la mise en oeuvre, l’établissement de la morphologie du mélange, la concentration en chacun des polymères et les propriétés mécaniques. Dans un second temps, ces résultats ont été exploités en vue de l’augmentation des propriétés mécaniques du mélange. L’influence de la concentration en TPF et du rapport de viscosité entre les phases a donc été mise en évidence sur toute la gamme de concentration, mettant en lumière l’importance de contrôler la tension interfaciale du mélange. Des mécanismes d’établissement de la morphologie et des interprétations quant à son effet sur les propriétés mécaniques du mélange sont proposés. L’étude d’une modification par extrusion réactive du PBAT est ensuite présentée. L’évolution de la structure du polyester est caractérisée par chromatographie d’exclusion stérique en fonction de différents paramètres, dont le temps de mélange. Enfin, différentes modifications du mélange PBAT/TPF sont testées. L’influence de la modification du PBAT, de la modification de la phase TPF ou de la modification de l’interface via des agents compatibilisants est étudiée sur les propriétés rhéologiques, morphologiques et mécaniques du mélange / Biodegradable plastics need to be more and more competitive. This work, conducted between IMP@UJM laboratory and LCI company had the main objective of increasing the content of renewable materials in the biodegradable blend of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/ thermoplastic flour (TPF), without decreasing its mechanical properties. The blend was obtained by a single step extrusion, including flour thermoplastification and blending with the polyester. The scientific challenge was to understand the relationship between processing parameters, the morphology establishment, the concentration of each phase of the blend and its mechanical properties. Then, these results were exploited in order to increase the mechanical properties of the mixture. The influence of the concentration of TPF and the viscosity ratio between the phases was highlighted over the entire concentration range. This highlighted the importance of controlling the interfacial tension of the blend. Mechanisms of the morphology establishment were proposed, as well as interpretations about its effect on the mechanical properties of the blend. Then, a study of the PBAT modification by reactive extrusion was proposed. The evolution of the polyester structure was characterized by size exclusion chromatography, according to various parameters including the mixing time. Finally, various modifications of PBAT/TPF mixture were tested. Modifying the PBAT, the TPF phase or the interface via the compatibilizers were studied in order to tailor the rheological, morphological and mechanical properties

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