The central objective of this interdisciplinary thesis is to articulate a theoretical, doctrinal and political justification for the reintroduction of corporate charter revocation as a remedy to enhance the accountability of corporations in modern society. Corporations were originally conceived of as public institutions granted charters to carry out specific activities in the interests of society. Where a corporation acted outside of its charter, the corporation's charter could be revoked. Over the past 150 years, corporate lawyers have silently amended corporate laws to provide corporations with rights, powers and privileges that exceed those of individuals. Internal institutional regulation through corporate charters has been replaced by external oversight through administrative regulatory mechanisms. Where incorporation was once considered a privilege, today it is a right. Despite these developments, this thesis argues that theory and doctrine still support the paramountcy of the public over the private, and the legal remedies of corporate charter revocation. The thesis contains six chapters including introduction and conclusion. Chapter one introduces the legal principle of corporate charter revocation and demonstrates why such a remedy is necessary in the context of modern corporate law. Chapter two considers the four accepted theories of the corporate structure and asserts that a revised "neo-concessionist" approach continues to inform our understanding of the corporation/state relationship. Chapter three reinforces this theoretical analysis through an historical and doctrinal account of the prerogative remedies of scire facias and quo warranto and the development of statutory charter revocation provisions. Chapter four focuses on the place of the state, specifically the Attorney General, in initiating revocation proceedings and some of the political barriers to reinstating the remedy. Through the exploration of these barriers and consideration of several recent American case studies, an effort is made to develop a strategy for the successful implementation of corporate charter revocation. The paper concludes with some thoughts about various outstanding barriers to the successful utilization of the remedy, the nature and application of corporate charter revocation generally, and calls for a continuation of a broader debate about the place of the corporation in modern society.

M.Com. (Business Management) / Corporate social investment (CSI) does not have a universal definition, but corporations tend to interpret it according to the extent of their activity in community social programmes of development. It is of particular importance in South Africa given the fact that South Africa is still a developing country that struggles with high unemployment and inequality. This dissertation explores this concept of CSI in research that was conducted in the community of Letswaleng (Embalenhle), in Mpumalanga, in order to establish whether there is a relationship between the mining company that operates in the community and the community within which it operates. Mining corporations continue to assume little responsibility for the health, education or housing of the families of their black employees while operating in monopolistic conditions and making exorbitant profits. A wide variety of these mining opportunities have attracted multinational enterprises and local firms to invest in the region of Mpumalanga. The purpose of the research was to explore the relationship between the community and the mining company in terms of CSI initiatives. It was also to establish if there are any community structures to ensure that the mining company does consult with the community in making sure that they are kept informed concerning the plans of the mining house within the community. The nature of this research was exploratory, qualitative research and, for this reason, structured interviews were conducted and these were face-to-face. Corporate social investment is an issue that the government needs to take seriously by setting up audit committees to monitor the implementation of these ventures. Government structures such as the Department of Trade and Industry need to fund community structures in order for them to be more effective.

The central objective of this interdisciplinary thesis is to articulate a theoretical, doctrinal and political justification for the reintroduction of corporate charter revocation as a remedy to enhance the accountability of corporations in modern society. Corporations were originally conceived of as public institutions granted charters to carry out specific activities in the interests of society. Where a corporation acted outside of its charter, the corporation's charter could be revoked. Over the past 150 years, corporate lawyers have silently amended corporate laws to provide corporations with rights, powers and privileges that exceed those of individuals. Internal institutional regulation through corporate charters has been replaced by external oversight through administrative regulatory mechanisms. Where incorporation was once considered a privilege, today it is a right. Despite these developments, this thesis argues that theory and doctrine still support the paramountcy of the public over the private, and the legal remedies of corporate charter revocation. The thesis contains six chapters including introduction and conclusion. Chapter one introduces the legal principle of corporate charter revocation and demonstrates why such a remedy is necessary in the context of modern corporate law. Chapter two considers the four accepted theories of the corporate structure and asserts that a revised "neo-concessionist" approach continues to inform our understanding of the corporation/state relationship. Chapter three reinforces this theoretical analysis through an historical and doctrinal account of the prerogative remedies of scire facias and quo warranto and the development of statutory charter revocation provisions. Chapter four focuses on the place of the state, specifically the Attorney General, in initiating revocation proceedings and some of the political barriers to reinstating the remedy. Through the exploration of these barriers and consideration of several recent American case studies, an effort is made to develop a strategy for the successful implementation of corporate charter revocation. The paper concludes with some thoughts about various outstanding barriers to the successful utilization of the remedy, the nature and application of corporate charter revocation generally, and calls for a continuation of a broader debate about the place of the corporation in modern society. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

by Jeremy Chung-lai Pong, Brenda Margaret Wai-ming Ko. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 45). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Definition --- p.1 / Classical View --- p.2 / Contemporary View --- p.3 / Practical View --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT --- p.7 / Background of Hong Kong Companies --- p.7 / Empirical Studies of CSR --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- RESEARCH PLANNING --- p.9 / Chapter IV. --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.12 / Questionnaire Design --- p.12 / Pilot Run --- p.14 / Distribution of Questionnaire --- p.14 / Chapter V. --- RESULTS --- p.16 / Company Profile --- p.16 / Interpretation of CSR --- p.17 / Introduction of CSR --- p.19 / Extent of CSR Knowledge --- p.20 / CSR Awareness and Activities Undertaken --- p.21 / Analysis under the Pyramid Model --- p.24 / Perceived Customers Support on CSR --- p.28 / Comparison of Responses between Top Management and Middle Management --- p.29 / Comparison of Ideals and Actions --- p.35 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.36 / APPENDIX --- p.40 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.45

Thesis (MBA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new South African government, following the 1994 first free democratic election, inherited a country torn apart by apartheid, with large portions of the population suffering from social and economic deprivation. A society divided along racial lines with many of these divides supported by State policies. Ten years into South Africa's democracy, apartheid's social and economic legacies remain. The majority of the nearly 45 million South Africans still live in conditions closely resembling those of more than a decade ago. In September 2000 at the United Nations Millennium Summit 150 heads of states committed to a set of objectives, if successfully implemented, would see by 2015 a reduction in poverty, improve lives of the less fortunate and protect environmental resources. These set of objectives, summarized into eight goals, became known as the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The Eight Millennium Development Goals' fundamental objective is to provide guidelines for the cooperation between rich and poor countries to reach equitable global human development, the eradication of hunger and extreme poverty and the agreed access to healthcare and education for all men, women and children. The eight goals are: • Goal one: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Goal two: Achieve universal primary education • Goal three: Promote gender equality and empower women • Goal four: Reduce child mortality • Goal five: Improve maternal health • Goal six: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Goal seven: Ensure environmental sustainability • Goal eight: Develop a global partnership for development. The South African Government, being a signatory to these eight goals was not only faced with addressing the social and economic imbalances it inherited. The Government was faced with the challenge of put processes and polices in place that would address its internal issues and find ways of improving the lives of the less fortunate in accordance with the eight millennium development goals. The South African government, through becoming a signatory to the goals, has given its commitment to achieving these eight goals within the designated timeframes. The underlying assumption in this research project is that Government alone cannot succeed in achieving these eight goals within the required timeframes. Former president Nelson Mandela, when commenting on corporate social responsibility, stated that if the Government's Reconstruction and Development program was to be successful. South African business was needed to realize this goal. The main purpose of this research project is to get an overview of the Corporate Social Investment strategies implemented by the top 100 listed companies in South Africa and to determine if these strategies to will place South Africa in a position to successfully meet the United Nations Millennium Development Goals by 2015. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse regering wat aan bewind gekom het na die eerste vrye demokratiese verkiesing in 1994 het 'n land geerf wat deur apartheid uitmekaar geskeur is en waarin groot gedeeltes van die bevolking onder 'n sasiale en ekonomiese agterstand gebuk gegaan het. Die samelewing was op rassegrondslag verdeel en baie van die verdelings is deur regeringsbeleid ondersteun. Na tien jaar van demokrasie in Suid-Afrika bly die sasiale en ekonomiese erfenis van apartheid steeds staan. Die meerderheid van die byna 45 miljoen Suid-Afrikaners leef steeds in omstandighede wat baie dieselfde is as die van meer as 'n dekade gelede. Tydens die Verenigde Nasies sa Millenniumspitsberaad in September 2000 het 150 staatshoofde hulself verbind tot 'n stel doelwitle. As hierdie doelwitte suksesvol ge'r'mplementeer sou word, sou dit teen 2015 'n afname in armoede teweegbring, die lewens van minderbevoorregtes verbeter en omgewingshulpbronne beskerm. Hierdie stel doelwitte, opgesom as agt punte, staan bekend as die Verenigde Nasies se Millenniumontwikkelingsdoelwitte. Die basiese uitgangspunt van die agt Millenniumontwikkelingsdoelwitte is om riglyne daar te stel vir die samewerking tussen ryk en arm lande met die oog op die bereiking van gelyke menslike ontwikkeling wereldwyd, die uitwissing van honger en die uiterste armoede, en die ooreengekome toegang tot gesondheidsorg en opvoeding vir aile mans, vroue en kinders. Die agt doelwitte is: • Doelwit een: Uitwissing van uiterste armoede en honger • DoeJwit twee: Daarstelling van universele primere onderwys • Doelwit drie: Bevordering van geslagsgelykheid en bemagtiging van vroue • Doelwit vier: Vermindering van kindersterftes • Doelwit vyf: Verbetering van moedergesondheid • Doelwit ses: Bestryding van MIVNIGS, malaria en ander siektes • Doelwit sewe: Versekering van omgewingsvolhoubaarheid • Doelwit agt: Ontwikkeling van 'n wereldwye vennootskap vir ontwikkeling. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, as ondertekenaar van hierdie agt doelwitte, moes nie aileen die sasiale en ekonomiese wanbalanse wat hulle geerf het, uit die weg ruim nie. Die regering het oak te staan gekom voar die uitdaging om prosesse en beleid daar te stel wat interne probleme sou oplos en om maniere te vind om die [ewens van die minderbevoorregtes te verbeter ooreenkomstig die agt Millennium-ontwikkelingsdoelwitte. As ondertekenaar van hierdie doelwitte het die Suid-Afrikaanse regering homself verbind tot die bereiking van hierdie agt doelwilte binne die ooreengekome tyd. Die onderliggende aanname in hierdie navorsingsprojek is dat die regering aileen nie binne die vereiste tyd hierdie a9t doelwitte suksesvol kan bereik nie. Voormalige president Nelson Mandela het in kommentaar op korporatiewe maatskaplike verantwoordelikheid daarop gewys dat die Suid-Afrikaanse sakesektor noodsaaklik is vir die suksesvolle bereiking van die doelwitte in die regering se program van Heropbou en Ontwikkeling. Die hoofdoel van hierdie navorsingsprojek is am 'n oorsig te kry oar die korporatiewe maatskaplike beleggingstrategiee van die boonste 100 genoteerde maatskappye in SuidAfrika en om te bepaal of hierdie strategiee Suid-Afrika in 'n posisie sal plaas am die Verenigde Nasies se Millenniumontwikkelingsdoelwitte teen 2015 suksesvol te bereik.

A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Psychology by Coursework and Research Report in the field of Organisational Psychology in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 15 March 2017. / Organisations are increasingly moving towards the integration of “social, environmental and economic considerations into their business practices and structures” (Asemah Okpanachi, & Edegoh, 2013, p.45). This is due to the fact that organisations have been put under immense pressure by various stakeholders to assume ethical identities and improve the quality of life of both employees and the broader community through incorporating some form of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities within their organisations (Peterson, 2004). Equally important is the retention of high quality and experienced employees in organisations, as this not only saves production time and costs but also saves the organisation costs associated with the hiring and training of replacement staff ((Bothma & Roodt, 2013). It is well established in the literature that employees infer judgments about certain activities that their organisations partake in and these judgments consequently influence employee behavior (Rupp, Ganapathi, Aguilera, & Williams, 2006). Considering the importance of both CSR and the prevention of voluntary turnover intentions, it seemed essential to explore how these constructs relate in the organisational context. As such, this study aimed to explore the nature of the relationships between the three dimensions of CSR (philanthropic, environmental, and internal) and voluntary turnover intentions in a sample of South African employees. Moreover it has been suggested that other mechanisms might have an influence on this relationship (Dawley, Houghton, & Bucklew, 2010). Subsequently, this study also sought to explore whether perceived organisational support and organisational commitment mediated the relationships between the different forms of corporate social responsibility and voluntary turnover intentions. A quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational research design was used in the present study. The total sample consisted of 106 employees from various South African organisations and positions. Participants who volunteered and consented to be part of the study were asked to complete a self-constructed demographic questionnaire, Pitt and Siemer’s (2012) External and Internal Corporate Social Responsibility Scales, Eisenberger et al.’s (1986) Perceived Organisational Support Scale, Mowday and Steers’ (1979) Organisational Commitment Questionnaire, and Kantor’s (2013) Voluntary Turnover Intention Scale. / XL2018

M. Tech. Business Administration / Mining is an economic activity that has the potential to develop areas that are impacted by its operations. However, mining operations may also negatively affect the surrounding communities as a consequence of certain undesired practices which either may damage the environment or disturb existing social structures such as tampering with graves. Despite this destabilisation, mining companies may offer either disproportionately low compensation, or, in some cases, engage in unequal distribution of corporate social benefits. If not planned in a sustainable way, mining activities can damage the landscape resulting in diminishing returns to the communities. Thus the research question is, what benefits accrue to the communities in the Sekhukhune District Municipality as a result of profitable mining operations? The objective of this study was to evaluate community programs driven by mining companies as well as obstacles inherent in the development of sustainable Local Economic Development (LED) projects in areas dominated by mining operations. In completing this research a qualitative method was followed. A case study of the Sekhukhune District Municipality in the Limpopo Province was conducted in order to ascertain the role of mining in contributing towards development of sustainable business ventures. Face to face interviews were conducted with all relevant stakeholders in the district in completing the work. The research revealed discrepancies in as far as mining contribution to the area is concerned. The respondents painted different pictures of the matter. Mining companies believe that they are contributing substantially to the communities in terms of sustainable business development and so forth, whereas the opposite is correct. The local municipalities do not have the capacity to deal with issues relating to community development and negotiating with mining companies. It is recommended that joint participation in the development of programs as well as LED projects by all stakeholders in the area be adequately appreciated and enhanced.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this study is to develop, from an ethical perspective, a justification for corporate social responsibility. The research methodology used is that of a critical study of relevant literature. The history of corporate social responsibility is discussed and definitions of key concepts are analyzed. Attention is paid to the controversies surrounding corporate social responsibility, and the views of critics as well as advocates of corporate social responsibility are examined. From the literature study it is concluded that since corporations are part of larger social systems, they are not only accountable to their shareholders but their success and long-term survival depends on fulfilling their responsibilities to a range of stakeholders. Stakeholders are defined as those groups or individuals with whom an organization interacts or has a relationship of interdependence, and who are affected by its actions, decisions, policies, practices or goals. The study focuses on the stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility and aims to show how such an approach underpins the idea of corporate social responsibility. It is argued that corporations have moral as well as social responsibilities to stakeholders who are affected by their operations. Emphasis is placed on business ethics as providing the framework for a set of principles or a code according to which a company should make its business decisions and on which it should base its relationships with stakeholders. The research indicates that companies that aim to operate ethically also benefit in terms of profitability and social acceptance. With reference to several South African companies as examples, the study focuses on corporate social responsibility towards key stakeholders such as local communities, the environment, employees, and customers. In each case it is investigated what the specific responsibility requires of the corporation, and what practical measures can be used to meet the responsibility. It is argued that management's task is to treat stakeholders as equal, balance their sometimes conflicting claims, and promote good relationships among them Managers must consider the ethical and social as well as the economic implications of their decisions. The concluding chapter looks more closely at issues that need to be taken into account as far as corporate social responsibility in South Africa is concerned. As a result of the legacy of white rule and apartheid, active steps need to be taken to address economic imbalances between blacks and whites. Both the government and corporate structures have a role to play in creating mechanisms to meet the economic needs of the black community. It is recommended that the means through which this can be achieved are processes such as affirmative action, transformation, black economic empowerment, and poverty alleviation. The study concludes that social involvement by companies is not a favour extended to society or an optional "extra", but a business imperative and a moral obligation that is fundamental to being a company with legitimacy. The social goals of a company should be supportive of the goals of business and its social involvement strategy should be aligned with the overall business strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie is om korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid vanuit 'n etiese perspektief te regverdig. Die navorsingsmetodologie behels 'n kritiese ondersoek van tersaaklike literatuur. Die geskiedenis van korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid word bespreek en definisies van sleutelkonsepte word ontleed. Aandag word geskenk aan die debatte rondom korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid en die sienings van teenstanders sowel as voorstanders van korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid word ondersoek. Uit die literatuurstudie word afgelei dat aangesien korporasies deel van groter sosiale stelsels uitmaak, hulle nie slegs rekenpligtig teenoor hul aandeelhouers is nie, maar dat hul sukses en langtermyn-oorlewing afhang van die nakoming van hul verantwoordelikhede teenoor verskeie belangegroepe. Belangegroepe word omskryf as daardie groepe of individue met wie 'n organisasie in wisselwerking is of 'n interafhanklike verhouding het, en wat deur sy handelinge, besluite, beleide, praktyke en doelwitte geraak word. Die studie fokus op die belangegroep-benadering tot korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid en poog om te toon hoe so 'n benadering die idee van korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid ondersteun. Daar word aangevoer dat korporasies morele sowel as sosiale verpligtinge het teenoor belangegroepe wat deur hul bedrywighede geraak word. Klem word gelê op sake-etiek wat die raamwerk verskaf vir 'n stel beginsels of 'n kode waarvolgens 'n maatskappy sy sakebesluite behoort te neem en waarop hy sy verhoudings met belangegroepe moet baseer. Die navorsing toon dat maatskappye wat etiese optrede nastreef: ook voordeel trek wat winsgewendheid en sosiale aanvaarding betref Met verwysing na 'n aantal Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappye as voorbeelde, fokus die studie op korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid teenoor sleutelbelangegroepe soos plaaslike gemeenskappe, die omgewing, werknemers en kliënte. In elke geval word gekyk na wat die spesifieke verantwoordelikheid van die korporasie vereis, en watter praktiese stappe gedoen kan word om dit na te kom. Daar word aangevoer dat dit die bestuur se taak is om belangegroepe as gelyk te behandel, hul soms strydige eise te balanseer en goeie verhoudings onder hulle te bevorder. Bestuurders moet die etiese en sosiale sowel as die ekonomiese implikasies van hul besluite in aanmerking neem Die slothoofstuk kyk meer in besonderhede na kwessies wat in aanmerking geneem moet word wat korporatiewe sosiale verantwoordelikheid in Suid-Afrika betref Weens die nalatenskap van wit oorheersing en apartheid is aktiewe stappe nodig om die ekonomiese wanbalanse tussen swart en wit mense aan te spreek. Beide die regering en korporatiewe strukture het 'n rol te speel om meganismes te skep om aan die ekonomiese behoeftes van die swart gemeenskap te voldoen. Daar word aanbeveel dat dit bereik kan word deur prosesse soos regstellende aksie, transformasie, swart ekonomiese bemagtiging en armoedeverligting. Die studie kom tot die slotsom dat sosiale betrokkenheid deur maatskappye nie 'n guns aan die samelewing of 'n opsionele "ekstra" is nie, maar 'n sake-imperatief wat grondliggend is tot die legitimiteit van 'n maatskappy. Die sosiale doelwitte van 'n maatskappy behoort die sakedoelwitte te ondersteun en sy sosialebetrokkenheid-strategie moet in ooreenstemming met die oorhoofse sakestrategie wees.

Although recognized as an important stage of the merger and acquisition (M&A) process, little is understood about the processes that unfold during deal negotiations. In line with recent qualitative research highlighting the role of interorganizational trust, I examine the role of acquirer trust during M&A negotiations. Specifically, through two essays, I consider the effects of acquirer trust on two outcome variables: the acquisition premium and target executive retention. In Essay One, I integrate the social embeddedness theory and agency theory and find that acquirer trust leads to higher premiums. In Essay Two, I integrate the social embeddedness perspective with justice theory and find that the positive relationship between acquirer trust and target executive retention is mediated by justice. Boundary conditions are also considered in each essay. These two essay provide contributions to the nascent literature on M&A negotiations and the complex role of trust in M&A negotiations. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection