Penology / (M.A. (Penology)

Private prisons in South Africa are still premature but it will be increased because negotiations are on the track. The government should take a more serious look at private prisons as an alternative to public production of correctional service due to its efficiency. It is clear that the privatization of correctional facilities is a viable option for the future of correctional facilities. The expansion of privatization in this country will depend upon public and political confidence that private prisons will as effectively and accountable as public prisons. Private prisons have also demonstrated to have other advantages such as continuous audits on site. The aim of this study is to provide some insight into the privatization of prisons. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

Stressors stemming from tactical policing such as social isolation and increased work responsibilities often spill over into the home and affect personal relationships. Using attachment theory as the guiding framework, this mixed methods study aimed to obtain a better understanding of the factors involved in maintaining long-term relationships between tactical officers and their romantic partners. Phase I consisted of surveys administered to tactical officers in Kentucky and measured romantic partner attachment, organizational and operational police stressors. Research questions examined how operational and organizational stress correlated with attachment while controlling for demographics. Analysis indicated that holding a rank above an officer has a significant relationship to both operational and organizational stress. Influenced by the findings from phase I, phase II consisted of 30 qualitative interviews with both tactical officers and their romantic partners. Using elements of attachment theory, symbolic interactionism, and components comprising the spirit of grounded theory, four primary themes with supporting subthemes were discovered: (1) communication, a key component of successful relationships; (2) isolation, particularly from socializing with those outside policing or tactical policing; (3) job related stress, where participants indicated more stress with tactical duties; and (4) tactical team as family and trust where participants indicated that personal support among team members was essential to building the mutual trust needed for the dangers of tactical policing. These themes indicated important findings including better communication between couples who had a romantic partner working in a criminal justice related field and discovery of stressors unique to tactical policing including increased job-related stress pertaining to the higher physical, moral and intellectual standards needed for tactical policing. Participant-based advice and recommendations for more tailored support services for tactical officers and their families were also developed from the findings of phase II and included a need for family notification systems and creation of family-oriented trainings. Relationships between the phases highlighted unique aspects of police subculture within tactical policing and its effects on the personal and occupational lives of tactical officers.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study explores how affirmative action took place in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS)from 1995to 1999 in the Western Cape. There are many impediments that must still be bridged. This study is not guided by a specific research hypothesis but focuses on the process of affirmative action from 1995 to 1999. A systematic outline of the development of the affirmative action process in the public sector are given. Firstly, guidelines as set out for a transformation process in the white paper : transformation of the public sector are highlighted, secondly guidelines for Department Affirmative Action programmes and lastly Affirmative Action in the Department of Correctional Services with specific referral to Linda Human's Blueprint for AA in above mentioned Department. The core focus is to gain perspective with regard to affirmative action in the South African context, the aspects that led to the process of affirmative action, identification of current policy and legislation which encourages affirmative action, the timeframe set aside for this process in the public sector with a specific focus on the Department of Correctional Services. In order to detect how affirmative action took place on grassroots level within the DCS, a case study was conducted, focussing on a specific management area Drakenstein. Generalisation to other management areas cannot occur, since each area is unique with regard to affirmative action needs although application of the process is based on broader national and provincial objectives. The st~dy can precede a more in depth study of programme evaluation of affirmative action over the past five years since 1995. Methodological problems and challenges of the research goal are highlighted and explained. Recommendation for an affirmative action plan en further research on the subject of affirmative action,will be given. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is verkennend van aard en stel vas hoe regstellende aksie binne die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste vanaf 1995tot 1999 in die Wes-Kaap plaasgevind het. Regstellende aksie is 'n nuwe proses, wat deurlopend plaasvind. Vir praktiese redes word daar slegs vasgestel hoe die proses binne een Staatsdepartement aangepak is in die genoemde vyfjaar tydperk. Daar is nog baie hindernisse en foute wat oorbrug moet word. Die studie word dus nie deur 'n spesifieke navorsingshiptotese gelei nie, maar fokus slegs op die verloop van die proses vanaf 1995- 1999. 'n Sistematiese uiteensetting van die verloop van die regstellende aksie proses in die openbare sektor word gegee. Eerstens word daar gekyk na riglyne vir die transformasieproses soos uiteengesit in die Witskrif: Transformasie van die Openbare Sektor, tweedens na riglyne vir Departementele Regstellende Aksie programme en laastens na regstellende aksie in die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste met spesifieke verwysing na Linda Human se blouskrif vir Regstellende Aksie binne genoemde departement. Die volgende doelwitte is dus met die studie beoog :- Om perspektief te verkry met betrekking tot regstellende aksie binne die Suid Afrikaanse konteks - watter aspekte aanleiding gegee het tot die proses van regstellende aksie, die identifisering van huidige beleid en wetgewing wat regstellende aksie aanmoedig, die verloop van die proses van regstellende aksie in die openbare sektor met spesifieke fokus op die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste. Ook om te fokus op 'n spesifieke Bestuursarea binne die DKD, naamlik Drakenstein om vas te stel of regstellende aksie wel op grondvlak plaasvind en hoe ingelig lede met betrekking tot die proses is, alhoewel daar nie veralgemeen kan word na ander Bestuurareas nie aangesien elke Bestuursarea sy eie unieke regstellende aksie behoeftes gei'dentifiseer en toegepas het op grond van bree Nasionale en Provinsiale doelwitte. Die studie kan 'n meer indiepte studie van program evaluasie van regstellende aksie voorafgaan, waarin die program van regstellende aksie binne die DKD oor die afgelope vyf jaar sedert 1995 krities geevalueer word, Die metodologiese problematiek en uitdagings wat deur bogenoemde navorsingsdoelwit gestel word, word verklaar en in perspektief gestel. Die tesis word afgesluit met aanbevelings vir 'n regstellende aksieplan en verdere navorsing.

La réalisation de nouveaux instruments de télédétection à très haute résolution spatiale offre la possibilité d'étudier plus précisément les villes. Pour ces études, la connaissance de l'atmosphère et plus particulièrement des aérosols peut s'avérer essentielle. Le but de cette thèse est donc de développer une méthode de caractérisation des aérosols adaptée aux images de télédétection des milieux urbains à l'échelle métrique dans les domaines visible et proche-infrarouge. Dans un premier temps, les propriétés optiques de ces particules ont été étudiées en utilisant les données fournies par 68 stations urbaines du réseau AERONET. Ensuite, afin de pouvoir évaluer l'impact des aérosols présents dans les villes sur le signal, un code de transfert radiatif 3D a été réalisé : AMARTIS v2. L'utilisation de cet outil pour une scène urbaine typique a permis de quantifier l'impact des particules sur le signal, à l'ombre et au soleil, en fonction de leurs propriétés optiques. Enfin, une méthode de télédétection des aérosols a été définie, basée sur l'observation de transitions ombre/soleil. Afin de mettre en oeuvre cette méthode, un code d'inversion a été développé : OSIS. Une étude de sensibilité d'OSIS a alors été menée à partir d'images synthétiques générées avec AMARTIS v2 et une utilisation expérimentale a été effectuée sur des acquisitions PELICAN obtenues lors de la campagne aéroportée MUSARDE sur la ville de Toulouse. Ces études ont notamment permis de quantifier la précision intrinsèque d'OSIS, comparable aux précisions obtenues avec les produits satellitaires pour l'inversion des épaisseurs optiques, et de montrer que cette procédure est applicable à tout instrument à très haute résolution spatiale, multispectral ou hyperspectral, aéroporté ou satellitaire.

Les travaux effectués durant cette thèse portent sur l'étude et l'utilisation d'une méthode de mesure passive pour la télédétection de la fluorescence chlorophyllienne induite par le rayonnement solaire à l'échelle du couvert végétal. Cette méthode est basée sur la mesure de la déformation des bandes d'absorption du spectre solaire dans le spectre d'irradiance, après interaction avec la végétation. Dans ce cadre, un nouvel algorithme permettant de mesurer la fluorescence a été élaboré. Il s'applique à des mesures faites dans quelques canaux autour des bandes d'absorption de l'oxygène atmosphérique. Son originalité est qu'il permet de tenir compte des variations de réflectance de la végétation qui perturbent l'estimation de la fluorescence. Dans le cadre de mesures à grande distance, une modélisation à l'aide du code de transfert radiatif MODTRAN a permis l'étude des effets atmosphériques affectant la mesure de la fluorescence. Nous avons établi que MODTRAN pouvait être utilisé pour corriger ces effets. Il a par ailleurs été montré qu'en plus de la connaissance des conditions atmosphériques, il était essentiel de pouvoir caractériser l'environnement de la cible. En effet, sa contribution, qui peut être supérieure au signal de fluorescence, est fortement variable spatialement. Une méthode opérationnelle de corrections des effets atmosphériques a été définie à partir de cette étude et appliquée à des mesures avionnées effectuées pendant la campagne ESA-CEFLES2. Les résultats de cette campagne mettent en évidence la grande variabilité spatiale et temporelle du signal de fluorescence. Une plateforme de mesure de la fluorescence à l'échelle du couvert a été mise en place et un nouveau capteur développé. Cette plateforme a permis de conduire des mesures établissant que la fluorescence mesurée dans le proche infrarouge pouvait être utilisée comme indicateur de biomasse, et que le rapport des fluorescences rouge/proche infrarouge, était porteur d'informations sur la structure de la végétation.

Spectroscopic orbital elements and/or related parameters have been determined for eight binary systems, using radial-velocity measurements that have a typical precision of about 15 ms⁻¹. The orbital periods of these systems range from about 10 days to 26 years, with a median of about 6 years. Orbital solutions were determined for the seven systems with shorter periods. The measurement of the mass ratio of the longest-period system, HD217166, demonstrates that this important astrophysical quantity can be estimated in a model-free manner with less than 10% of the orbital cycle observed spectroscopically.\\ Single-lined orbital solutions have been derived for five of the binaries. Two of these systems are astrometric binaries: β Ret and ν Oct. The other SB1 systems were 94 Aqr A, θ Ant, and the 10-day system, HD159656. The preliminary spectroscopic solution for θ Ant (P~18 years), is the first one derived for this system. The improvement to the precision achieved for the elements of the other four systems was typically between 1--2 orders of magnitude. The very high precision with which the spectroscopic solution for HD159656 has been measured should allow an investigation into possible apsidal motion in the near future. In addition to the variable radial velocity owing to its orbital motion, the K-giant, ν Oct, has been found to have an additional long-term irregular periodicity, attributed, for the time being, to the rotation of a large surface feature.\\ Double-lined solutions were obtained for HD206804 (K7V+K7V), which previously had two competing astrometric solutions but no spectroscopic solution, and a newly discovered seventh-magnitude system, HD181958 (F6V+F7V). This latter system has the distinction of having components and orbital characteristics whose study should be possible with present ground-based interferometers. All eight of the binary systems have had their mass ratio and the masses of their components estimated.\\ The following comments summarize the motivation for getting these results, and the manner in which the research was carried out. \\ The majority of stars exist in binary systems rather than singly as does the Sun. These systems provide astronomers with the most reliable and proven means to determine many of the fundamental properties of stars. One of these properties is the stellar mass, which is regarded as being the most important of all, since most other stellar characteristics are very sensitive to the mass. Therefore, empirical masses, combined with measurements of other stellar properties, such as radii and luminosities, are an excellent test for competing models of stellar structure and evolution.\\ Binary stars also provide opportunities to observe and investigate many extraordinary astrophysical processes that do not occur in isolated stars. These processes often arise as a result of direct and indirect interactions between the components, when they are sufficiently close to each other. Some of the interactions are relatively passive, such as the circularization of the mutual orbits, whilst others result from much more active processes, such as mass exchange leading to intense radiation emissions. \\ A complete understanding of a binary system's orbital characteristics, as well as the measurement of the all-important stellar masses, is almost always only achieved after the binary system has been studied using two or more complementary observing techniques. Two of the suitable techniques are astrometry and spectroscopy. In favourable circumstances, astrometry can deduce the angular dimensions of the orbit, the total mass of the system, and sometimes, its distance from us. Spectroscopy, on the other hand, can determine the linear scale of the orbit and the ratio of the stellar masses, based on the changing radial velocities of both stars. When a resolved astrometric orbital solution is also available, the velocities of both stars can allow the binary system's parallax to be determined, and the velocities of one star can provide a measure of the system mass ratio.\\ Unfortunately, relatively few binary systems are suited to these complementary studies. Underlying this difficulty are the facts that, typically, astrometrically-determined orbits favour those with periods of years or decades, whereas spectroscopic orbital solutions are more often measured for systems with periods of days to months. With the development of high-resolution astrometric and spectroscopic techniques in recent years, it is hoped that many more binary systems will be amenable to these complementary strategies.\\ Several months after this thesis began, a high-resolution spectrograph, HERCULES, commenced operations at the Mt John University Observatory, to be used in conjuction with the 1-metre McLellan telescope. For late-type stars, the anticipated velocity precision was ≲10 ms⁻¹. The primary goals of this thesis were: 1.~to assess the performance of HERCULES and the related reduction software that subsequently followed, 2.~to carry out an observational programme of 20 or so binary systems, and 3.~to determine the orbital and stellar parameters which characterize some of these systems. The particular focus was on those binaries that have resolved or unresolved astrometric orbital solutions, which therefore may be suited to complementary investigations.\\ HERCULES was used to acquire spectra of the programme stars, usually every few weeks, over a timespan of about three years. High-resolution spectra were acquired for the purpose of measuring precise radial velocities of the stars. When possible, orbital solutions were derived from these velocities, using the method of differential corrections.

No description available.

受刑人假釋出獄，係從機構內（監獄）矯正移轉至機構外（社區）矯正，其關係著矯政體系「危險的轉移」，更關係著社會「治安的良窳」。雖然人道主義、行刑社會化與受刑人基本人權之保障是現代法治國家所共識，亦為執行刑罰的指導原則。但是，和諧社會的穩定，必須兼顧犯罪人、被害人及社會三方面利益的維護。當社區矯正制度之法制與社會客觀環境無法完全契合，勢必衝擊社會和諧。因此，面對急遽變化的社會環境，社區矯正工作應講求其務實可行，而不是倡導犯罪人人道主義或完整復健的高調。社區矯正制度為維護社會穩定的重要關鍵，面對急遽變化的社會，兩岸皆應檢討現行社區矯正相關法規制度，以建構本土化的社區矯正制度。 臺灣地區假釋中付保護管束之社區矯正制度已行之有年，法律制度雖具基礎，但因在法律適用之爭議中，人權論者間有力主保障犯罪人人權，而輕忽社會安全。而政府有關部門或有忙於政治盤算、各自為政，而因應無力，加以少數基層執法人員怠於執行（處分）公務之態度，社會公安怎能令人滿意。因而培養執法人員之專業知識、敬業精神及樂業態度，強化對假釋受刑人之風險管理與危機管理，修法簡化假釋程序並完善法律，以建構完整之司法權與假釋制度，係維護社會治安之重要關鍵。 大陸地區，深知和諧的社會，有賴法律制度的支撐與執政者的態度，假釋之社區矯正制度即為社會和諧穩定的基礎。大陸地區目前猶無社區矯正專法，社區矯正制度起步較晚，有關社區矯正工作，主要依據為最高人民法院、最高人民檢察院、公安部、司法部聯合發布之「關於開展社區矯正試點工作的通知」，其通知係屬規章性質，雖為權宜措施與政策之宣示，但其為求事權統一，中央令示統合相關部門，全力推動社區矯正工作。目前各試點地區仍在摸索中前進，且限於經濟發展與教育文化較高之東部、中部及西部等地區，而城市及農村之客觀環境、條件不同，對大陸地區整體而言，在深化試點、總結經驗的同時，社區矯正制度的落實，除制定「社區矯正法」，以作為執行社區矯正工作之依據外，仍有待執政當局持續努力與時間的檢驗。 關鍵詞：假釋、保護管束、保安處分、社區矯正、施行區域 / How well the parole returns to his/her community relates to both the danger transiting from prison to community and the public security. The humanitarianism, socializing penalty and guarantee of the inmates’ basic human rights are recognized by the modern society, and also guiding principle for executing penalty. However, a stable and harmonious society, must take care of maintaining benefits of the criminals, the victims and the society at the same time. A community correctional system unable to match the social environment will definitely affect the social harmony. Therefore, facing rapid changing social environment, the community correctional system has to be as practical as it is focusing on criminal humanity and the complete recovery. The community correctional system is the key issue for social stability, facing the rapid changing society, both China and Taiwan should review their regulations carefully in order to establish a localizing community correctional system. In Taiwan, community-based correctional system for adult probation has been implemented for decades, with legal system. However, discussion still arises on how human rights of prisoners are guaranteed without ignoring social security. People are not so satisfied with the public security partly caused by the government’s hesitation to respond or ineffective bureaucracy or some basic personnel performing their jobs with a unprofessional manner. Thus, the key to maintain public security is assisting the personnel to enhance specialized knowledge, respect for and willing to work, strengthening risk management and crisis management regarding the parolee, and simplifying procedures and constructing a integrated parole system. China fully realizes the harmonious society depending on the legal system and Authorities’ manners. Community-based correctional system for adult probation is the cornerstone for a harmonious and stable society. Unlike Taiwan, China still has no special regulations on community correctional system. The main basis is "A notice for developing the experimental site regarding community correction ", jointly issued by the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Justice. This notice serves as an expedient strategy, but also as a national order for unification and cooperation from the relevant departments. At present these experimental sites, mostly restricted in the economically, educationally and culturally developed areas, are still moving forward. Even though differences exist between city and the suburb, speaking of China as a whole, the authorities have to compile and utilize the experiences of the experimental sites, so that “the law for community–based correctional system for adult probation” will be established and carried out with continual examination. Key：Parole、protection controls、measures of safety、community–based corrections、implementing area

American policing is shaped by an array of challenges. Police are expected to address crime and engage the community, yet police are held to higher expectations of accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency than ever before. Police legitimacy is the ability of the police to exercise their authority in the course of maintaining order, resolving conflicts, and solving problems (PERF, 2014). The procedural justice and police legitimacy literature suggest that by exhibiting procedurally just behaviors within police-citizen encounters, officers are considered legitimate by the public (PERF, 2014; Tyler, 2004, Tyler & Jackson, 2012). This study examines procedural justice through systematic observations of police-citizen encounters recorded by body worn cameras in one mid-Atlantic police agency. The four elements of procedural justice (participation, neutrality, dignity and respect, and trustworthiness) are assessed to examine police behavior and its outcomes. The research questions concern how police acting in procedurally just ways may influence citizen behaviors. Descriptive statistics indicate high levels of procedural justice. Regression analyses suggest that procedural justice may predict positive citizen behaviors within police-citizen encounters. This study highlights the significance of procedural justice as an antecedent to police legitimacy and offers a new mode of observation: body worn camera footage.