O final do período gestacional é marcado por importantes processos que caracterizam a maturação pulmonar fetal, dentre os quais destacam-se alterações estruturais, como a expansão das áreas de troca gasosa; e funcionais, tais como o aumento na produção de surfactante, cuja principal função é reduzir a tensão superficial na interface ar-líquido alveolar, evitando o colapso dos alvéolos na fase final da expiração. Estudos realizados em diferentes espécies animais indicam a influência de fatores endócrinos, incluindo os glicocorticóides, no desenvolvimento pulmonar fetal e transição para a vida extra-uterina. Até o momento, não há estudos na espécie canina, com o objetivo primordial de avaliar a ação da corticoterapia materna na melhora da função pulmonar. Desta forma, são objetivos deste estudo identificar as alterações morfométricas e funcionais pulmonares de neonatos pré-termos e termos submetidos à corticoterapia materna pré-natal e correlacioná-las à melhora da função pulmonar no período neonatal. Para tanto, 25 neonatos da espécie canina, nascidos por cesariana programada, foram alocados aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: Grupo Controle (CONT) (sem corticoterapia materna; n=15) e Grupo Betametasona (BETA) (corticoterapia materna aos 55 dias de gestação; n=10), por aplicação de betametasona (Celestone Soluspan®) em dose única de 0,5 mg/Kg de peso materno, por via de administração intra muscular (IM). No grupo Controle, os neonatos foram avaliados aos 55, 57 e 63 dias de gestação, enquanto no Grupo Betametasona, aos 57 e 58 dias de gestação. Perfez-se a avaliação clínica por escore Apgar, hemogasometria e radiografia pulmonar. Ainda, as modificações pulmonares estruturais e funcionais foram verificadas por análise morfométrica e imunoistoquímica para detecção do número de pneumócitos tipo II produtores da proteína B do surfactante (SP-B) no parênquima pulmonar. Houve melhor evolução clínica nos neonatos pertencentes ao grupo BETA 57 já aos 60 minutos de vida. Os valores de freqüência cardíaca foram estatisticamente maiores nos grupos tratados e controle termo, em comparação ao grupo CONT 57. O escore de freqüência e padrão respiratórios foi estatisticamente superior nos grupos BETA 57 e CONT 63, seguido pelo grupo BETA 58. Valores estatisticamente semelhantes de irritabilidade reflexa foram observados entre os grupos tratados e termo. Do nascimento aos 60 minutos de vida não houve diferença estatística na avaliação do tônus muscular entre os grupos, com valores significativamente superiores aos 240 minutos de vida nos grupos tratados e controle termo. Os neonatos do grupo CONT 63 apresentaram escore de mucosas aparentes da avaliação Apgar estatisticamente superior em relação aos demais grupos ao nascimento, com valores estatisticamente iguais aos grupos tradados e CONT 57 aos 60 minutos de vida. Ao nascimento e após 2 horas de vida, todos os neonatos apresentaram acidemia, com melhor resposta compensatória ao desequilíbrio ácido-básico no grupo BETA 58. Houve maior septação nos grupos tratados e controle termo, em relação aos demais grupos. Um percentual estatisticamente superior de alveolização foi observado no grupo CONT 63, seguido pelo grupo BETA 58. Um menor percentual de sáculos foi identificado no grupo CONT 63 seguido pelos grupos BETA 57 e CONT 55. Não evidenciou-se diferença estatística quanto ao número de pneumócitos tipo II marcados para a proteína SP-B entre os grupos tratados e CONT 57. A avaliação radiográfica mostrou menor percentual de broncograma aéreo, bem como áreas de atelectasia, no grupo BETA 57, associado à melhor visualização do parênquima pulmonar. Em conclusão, a administração de betametasona materna no período pré-natal induz alterações estruturais do parênquima pulmonar, resultando em melhores valores de escore Apgar. Houve melhor resposta compensatória nos grupos tratados, reflexa ao aumento da capacidade de troca gasosa pulmonar. Não foi possível identificar aumento na síntese de surfactante pulmonar entre os grupos, em resposta à administração pré-natal de betametasona. / The final gestational period is marked by an important processes that characterize the lung fetal maturation, like structural changes such as expansion of the areas of gas exchange, and functional changes, such as increased production of surfactant, whose main function is to reduce the surface tension in the air-liquid interface alveolar, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during late expiration. Studies in different species indicate the influence of endocrine factors, including glucocorticoids in fetal lung development and transition to extrauterine life. Up till now, there is not studies in dogs, with the primary objective to evaluate the action of maternal corticosteroid therapy in improving lung function. Thus, the objectives of this study was to identify morphological changes in lung function in preterm and terms neonates submitted to prenatal maternal corticosteroids and correlate them to the improvement in lung function during the neonatal period. For it 25 canine neonates, born by scheduled cesarean section, were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (CONT) (no maternal corticosteroid therapy, n = 15) and Group betamethasone (BETA) (maternal corticosteroid therapy at 55 days gestation; n = 10), by application of betamethasone (Celestone Chronodose Injection ®) in a single dose of 0.5 mg / kg of maternal weight, route of administration by intra-muscular (IM). Control group neonates were evaluated at 55, 57 and 63 days of gestation, and the betamethasone group, at 58 and 57 days of gestation. The clinical assessment was made by Apgar score, blood gas and pulmonary radiography. Still, the structural and functional lung changes were verified by morphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry to detect the number of type II pneumocytes producers surfactant protein B (SP-B) in the lung parenchyma. There was better clinical outcome in the groups BETA 57 at 60 minutes of life. The values of heart rate were significantly higher in term treatment and control groups compared to the group CONT 57. The score of respiratory frequency and pattern was statistically higher in groups BETA 57 e 63 followed by the group BETA 58. Statistically similar reflex irritability were observed between the treated groups and term. From birth to 60 minutes of life there was not statistical difference in the assessment of muscle tone between the groups, with significantly higher values at 240 minutes of life in term treatment and control groups. Neonates of CONT 63 has mucous apparent assessment of Apgar statistically superior to other groups at birth, with values statistically equal to tratads and group CONT 57 at 60 minutes of life. At birth and after 2 hours of life, all neonates had acidemia, with better compensatory response to acid-base balance in the group BETA 58. There was an increased septation in treated and control groups comparing other groups. A statistically higher percentage of alveolarization was observed in group CONT 63, followed by the group BETA 58. A lower percentage of saccules was identified in the group CONT 63 followed by groups BETA 57 and CONT 55. There was not statistical differences in the number of type II pneumocytes marked for protein SP-B between the treated groups and CONT 57. The radiographic evaluation showed a lower percentage of air bronchogram, and atelectasis in the group BETA 57, associated with better visualization of the pulmonary parenchyma. In conclusion, maternal administration of betamethasone in prenatally period induced structural changes of the lung parenchyma, resulting in higher values of Apgar score. There was greater compensatory response in the treated groups, the reflex of an increase capacity of pulmonary gas exchange. It was not possible to indentify increases synthesis of surfactant between the groups in response to prenatal administration of betamethasone.

O final do período gestacional é marcado por importantes processos que caracterizam a maturação pulmonar fetal, dentre os quais destacam-se alterações estruturais, como a expansão das áreas de troca gasosa; e funcionais, tais como o aumento na produção de surfactante, cuja principal função é reduzir a tensão superficial na interface ar-líquido alveolar, evitando o colapso dos alvéolos na fase final da expiração. Estudos realizados em diferentes espécies animais indicam a influência de fatores endócrinos, incluindo os glicocorticóides, no desenvolvimento pulmonar fetal e transição para a vida extra-uterina. Até o momento, não há estudos na espécie canina, com o objetivo primordial de avaliar a ação da corticoterapia materna na melhora da função pulmonar. Desta forma, são objetivos deste estudo identificar as alterações morfométricas e funcionais pulmonares de neonatos pré-termos e termos submetidos à corticoterapia materna pré-natal e correlacioná-las à melhora da função pulmonar no período neonatal. Para tanto, 25 neonatos da espécie canina, nascidos por cesariana programada, foram alocados aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: Grupo Controle (CONT) (sem corticoterapia materna; n=15) e Grupo Betametasona (BETA) (corticoterapia materna aos 55 dias de gestação; n=10), por aplicação de betametasona (Celestone Soluspan®) em dose única de 0,5 mg/Kg de peso materno, por via de administração intra muscular (IM). No grupo Controle, os neonatos foram avaliados aos 55, 57 e 63 dias de gestação, enquanto no Grupo Betametasona, aos 57 e 58 dias de gestação. Perfez-se a avaliação clínica por escore Apgar, hemogasometria e radiografia pulmonar. Ainda, as modificações pulmonares estruturais e funcionais foram verificadas por análise morfométrica e imunoistoquímica para detecção do número de pneumócitos tipo II produtores da proteína B do surfactante (SP-B) no parênquima pulmonar. Houve melhor evolução clínica nos neonatos pertencentes ao grupo BETA 57 já aos 60 minutos de vida. Os valores de freqüência cardíaca foram estatisticamente maiores nos grupos tratados e controle termo, em comparação ao grupo CONT 57. O escore de freqüência e padrão respiratórios foi estatisticamente superior nos grupos BETA 57 e CONT 63, seguido pelo grupo BETA 58. Valores estatisticamente semelhantes de irritabilidade reflexa foram observados entre os grupos tratados e termo. Do nascimento aos 60 minutos de vida não houve diferença estatística na avaliação do tônus muscular entre os grupos, com valores significativamente superiores aos 240 minutos de vida nos grupos tratados e controle termo. Os neonatos do grupo CONT 63 apresentaram escore de mucosas aparentes da avaliação Apgar estatisticamente superior em relação aos demais grupos ao nascimento, com valores estatisticamente iguais aos grupos tradados e CONT 57 aos 60 minutos de vida. Ao nascimento e após 2 horas de vida, todos os neonatos apresentaram acidemia, com melhor resposta compensatória ao desequilíbrio ácido-básico no grupo BETA 58. Houve maior septação nos grupos tratados e controle termo, em relação aos demais grupos. Um percentual estatisticamente superior de alveolização foi observado no grupo CONT 63, seguido pelo grupo BETA 58. Um menor percentual de sáculos foi identificado no grupo CONT 63 seguido pelos grupos BETA 57 e CONT 55. Não evidenciou-se diferença estatística quanto ao número de pneumócitos tipo II marcados para a proteína SP-B entre os grupos tratados e CONT 57. A avaliação radiográfica mostrou menor percentual de broncograma aéreo, bem como áreas de atelectasia, no grupo BETA 57, associado à melhor visualização do parênquima pulmonar. Em conclusão, a administração de betametasona materna no período pré-natal induz alterações estruturais do parênquima pulmonar, resultando em melhores valores de escore Apgar. Houve melhor resposta compensatória nos grupos tratados, reflexa ao aumento da capacidade de troca gasosa pulmonar. Não foi possível identificar aumento na síntese de surfactante pulmonar entre os grupos, em resposta à administração pré-natal de betametasona. / The final gestational period is marked by an important processes that characterize the lung fetal maturation, like structural changes such as expansion of the areas of gas exchange, and functional changes, such as increased production of surfactant, whose main function is to reduce the surface tension in the air-liquid interface alveolar, preventing the alveoli from collapsing during late expiration. Studies in different species indicate the influence of endocrine factors, including glucocorticoids in fetal lung development and transition to extrauterine life. Up till now, there is not studies in dogs, with the primary objective to evaluate the action of maternal corticosteroid therapy in improving lung function. Thus, the objectives of this study was to identify morphological changes in lung function in preterm and terms neonates submitted to prenatal maternal corticosteroids and correlate them to the improvement in lung function during the neonatal period. For it 25 canine neonates, born by scheduled cesarean section, were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group (CONT) (no maternal corticosteroid therapy, n = 15) and Group betamethasone (BETA) (maternal corticosteroid therapy at 55 days gestation; n = 10), by application of betamethasone (Celestone Chronodose Injection ®) in a single dose of 0.5 mg / kg of maternal weight, route of administration by intra-muscular (IM). Control group neonates were evaluated at 55, 57 and 63 days of gestation, and the betamethasone group, at 58 and 57 days of gestation. The clinical assessment was made by Apgar score, blood gas and pulmonary radiography. Still, the structural and functional lung changes were verified by morphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry to detect the number of type II pneumocytes producers surfactant protein B (SP-B) in the lung parenchyma. There was better clinical outcome in the groups BETA 57 at 60 minutes of life. The values of heart rate were significantly higher in term treatment and control groups compared to the group CONT 57. The score of respiratory frequency and pattern was statistically higher in groups BETA 57 e 63 followed by the group BETA 58. Statistically similar reflex irritability were observed between the treated groups and term. From birth to 60 minutes of life there was not statistical difference in the assessment of muscle tone between the groups, with significantly higher values at 240 minutes of life in term treatment and control groups. Neonates of CONT 63 has mucous apparent assessment of Apgar statistically superior to other groups at birth, with values statistically equal to tratads and group CONT 57 at 60 minutes of life. At birth and after 2 hours of life, all neonates had acidemia, with better compensatory response to acid-base balance in the group BETA 58. There was an increased septation in treated and control groups comparing other groups. A statistically higher percentage of alveolarization was observed in group CONT 63, followed by the group BETA 58. A lower percentage of saccules was identified in the group CONT 63 followed by groups BETA 57 and CONT 55. There was not statistical differences in the number of type II pneumocytes marked for protein SP-B between the treated groups and CONT 57. The radiographic evaluation showed a lower percentage of air bronchogram, and atelectasis in the group BETA 57, associated with better visualization of the pulmonary parenchyma. In conclusion, maternal administration of betamethasone in prenatally period induced structural changes of the lung parenchyma, resulting in higher values of Apgar score. There was greater compensatory response in the treated groups, the reflex of an increase capacity of pulmonary gas exchange. It was not possible to indentify increases synthesis of surfactant between the groups in response to prenatal administration of betamethasone.

There is a need to understand how free-ranging animals respond and adapt to stress. However, little is currently known regarding the physiologic adaptations to stress in bears, and there are few tools available to wildlife managers to assess the health and stress status of free-ranging animals, including ursids. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays major roles in the physiological adaptation to stress, leading to the increased secretion of glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol in most mammals) that mediate adaptive changes in physiology and behaviour. The vast majority of glucocorticoids are bound to its primary carrier protein, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), in most animals, and only the unbound fraction is bioavailable. Thus, CBG plays a major role in modulating glucocorticoid dynamics, and this protein must be characterized to build a more complete understanding of the adaptive role that the HPA axis plays in mitigating stress in bears. The overall objective of this thesis was to characterize the HPA axis activity and CBG levels in bears, and develop tools targeted towards the monitoring of the health and stress status of American black bear (Ursus americanus), grizzly bear (U. arctos), and polar bear (U. maritimus). The binding characteristics of cortisol to CBG in bears were studied via saturation binding experiments, and this information was used to estimate free cortisol concentrations based on CBG concentrations. To quantify CBG concentrations in bears, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Grizzly bear CBG cDNA was cloned and sequenced, and an antibody was developed against a peptide sequence of the deduced amino acid sequence. The antibody showed good cross-reactivity against black, grizzly, and polar bear CBG, and the ELISA based on this antibody found differences in the mean CBG levels between species. Using this data, free cortisol levels were estimated, and mean levels were elevated in polar bears relative to black and grizzly bears. Having developed these tools, the roles that corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and bioavailable cortisol played in the physiological adaptation to major life history traits and environmental challenges faced by ursids were investigated. Importantly, CBG was not modulated by the acute stress of capture and handling, despite the large differences in the magnitude of acute cortisol responses that are induced by these methods, suggesting that CBG levels may reflect the chronic health and stress status of bears. Altogether, there were few changes in CBG levels throughout much of the annual life cycle of bears, implying that CBG does not play a major adaptive role in the life history traits of bears and, instead, metabolic and environmental factors may be the key modulators of cortisol dynamics. However, CBG was not significantly associated with our measures of dietary patterns and nutrition, including body condition, seasonal dietary patterns, and fasting. The majority of the observed variation in the levels of this protein in bears remains unexplained. However, stress-induced free cortisol levels were negatively associated with urea to creatinine ratio (an indicator of dietary protein content and fasting status in grizzly and polar bears, respectively) and positively associated with lactation in hibernating black bears, suggesting that the variation in adrenal function may be playing an important role in the adaptation to adverse environmental conditions and/or metabolic stress in bears. In addition to serum cortisol dynamics, other proteins were also hypothesized to play adaptive roles in maintaining the hibernating phenotype in bears. Changes in the serum proteome during hibernation in black bears were assessed as a means to discover novel proteins that may be indicative of metabolic stress in bears. The serum proteomes of active and hibernating black bears were compared and analyzed for significant changes by two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins involved with immune-related function were significantly altered during hibernation, leading to the proposal that the serum protein changes are essential for maintaining immune competence, wound healing, and bone structure. Altogether, this thesis developed a method to quantify CBG and estimated free cortisol concentrations in bears, and characterized their roles in the physiological adaptations associated with the major life history traits and environmental challenges faced by ursids. Also, novel serum proteins were identified as potential markers of immune function and health status in bears. These tools may be tremendously useful for wildlife managers and conservationists in determining how chronic stressors, including anthropogenic activities and climate change, may impact the stress and health performances of individual and populations of free-ranging bears.

There is a need to understand how free-ranging animals respond and adapt to stress. However, little is currently known regarding the physiologic adaptations to stress in bears, and there are few tools available to wildlife managers to assess the health and stress status of free-ranging animals, including ursids. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays major roles in the physiological adaptation to stress, leading to the increased secretion of glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol in most mammals) that mediate adaptive changes in physiology and behaviour. The vast majority of glucocorticoids are bound to its primary carrier protein, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), in most animals, and only the unbound fraction is bioavailable. Thus, CBG plays a major role in modulating glucocorticoid dynamics, and this protein must be characterized to build a more complete understanding of the adaptive role that the HPA axis plays in mitigating stress in bears. The overall objective of this thesis was to characterize the HPA axis activity and CBG levels in bears, and develop tools targeted towards the monitoring of the health and stress status of American black bear (Ursus americanus), grizzly bear (U. arctos), and polar bear (U. maritimus). The binding characteristics of cortisol to CBG in bears were studied via saturation binding experiments, and this information was used to estimate free cortisol concentrations based on CBG concentrations. To quantify CBG concentrations in bears, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Grizzly bear CBG cDNA was cloned and sequenced, and an antibody was developed against a peptide sequence of the deduced amino acid sequence. The antibody showed good cross-reactivity against black, grizzly, and polar bear CBG, and the ELISA based on this antibody found differences in the mean CBG levels between species. Using this data, free cortisol levels were estimated, and mean levels were elevated in polar bears relative to black and grizzly bears. Having developed these tools, the roles that corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and bioavailable cortisol played in the physiological adaptation to major life history traits and environmental challenges faced by ursids were investigated. Importantly, CBG was not modulated by the acute stress of capture and handling, despite the large differences in the magnitude of acute cortisol responses that are induced by these methods, suggesting that CBG levels may reflect the chronic health and stress status of bears. Altogether, there were few changes in CBG levels throughout much of the annual life cycle of bears, implying that CBG does not play a major adaptive role in the life history traits of bears and, instead, metabolic and environmental factors may be the key modulators of cortisol dynamics. However, CBG was not significantly associated with our measures of dietary patterns and nutrition, including body condition, seasonal dietary patterns, and fasting. The majority of the observed variation in the levels of this protein in bears remains unexplained. However, stress-induced free cortisol levels were negatively associated with urea to creatinine ratio (an indicator of dietary protein content and fasting status in grizzly and polar bears, respectively) and positively associated with lactation in hibernating black bears, suggesting that the variation in adrenal function may be playing an important role in the adaptation to adverse environmental conditions and/or metabolic stress in bears. In addition to serum cortisol dynamics, other proteins were also hypothesized to play adaptive roles in maintaining the hibernating phenotype in bears. Changes in the serum proteome during hibernation in black bears were assessed as a means to discover novel proteins that may be indicative of metabolic stress in bears. The serum proteomes of active and hibernating black bears were compared and analyzed for significant changes by two-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins involved with immune-related function were significantly altered during hibernation, leading to the proposal that the serum protein changes are essential for maintaining immune competence, wound healing, and bone structure. Altogether, this thesis developed a method to quantify CBG and estimated free cortisol concentrations in bears, and characterized their roles in the physiological adaptations associated with the major life history traits and environmental challenges faced by ursids. Also, novel serum proteins were identified as potential markers of immune function and health status in bears. These tools may be tremendously useful for wildlife managers and conservationists in determining how chronic stressors, including anthropogenic activities and climate change, may impact the stress and health performances of individual and populations of free-ranging bears.

Sex differences exist in the functioning of the two brain corticosteroid receptor systems. Ovarian steroid replacement alters receptor mRNA expression, receptor binding capacities, and receptor affinity. The abundance of both mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) message can be reduced by estrogen. Progesterone is able to partially antagonize the action of estrogen and to induce MR transcription. The effect of estrogen on receptor binding capacity is more modest than its transcriptional actions. Estrogen decreases MR binding more reliably than it does GR. Progesterone has high affinity for the MR and can substantially reduce MR affinity for corticoids. Androgen apparently regulates corticoid receptor transcription but may not affect binding capacity. Estrogen and androgen are both more potent in regulating pituitary-adrenal function than would be suggested by their actions on receptor binding parameters.

Yes / Background: Cortico-steroid Injections (CSI) are commonly used to treat patients with Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS) but it is unclear which patients will experience improvements in pain Objectives: To identify factors that influence improvements in pain for patients with GTPS treated with CSI Design: Systematic review Methods: A search was undertaken of AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline and PEDro databases. Studies were eligible for inclusion of they investigated factors that influenced changes in pain experienced by patients who received a CSI. Studies needed to include relevant summary statistics and tests of clinical significance. Risk Of Bias in Non-randomised Trials Of Interventions (ROBINS-I) and Risk of Bias 2 (ROB2) tools were used to assess bias. Results: The search identified 466 studies, 8 were included in the final review with a total of 643 participants. There was no association between demographic variables such as age, sex, symptom duration or obesity and pain outcomes post-CSI. Having a co-existing musculoskeletal (MSK) condition such as knee osteoarthritis or sacroiliac/lumbar spine pain was associated with less pain reduction post-CSI. Injections into the Trochanteric Bursa were associated with longer lasting pain reduction than Gluteus Medius Bursa or extra-bursal injections. Image guidance of CSI maintained lower pain scores at six months but did not increase the duration of the therapeutic effect past six months. The presence of specific ultrasound scan features was not associated with differences in pain scores. Conclusions: Patients with co-existing MSK conditions may not respond to CSI as well as those without. Injections into the Greater Trochanteric Bursa may have longer lasting benefit. Further research is needed on the use of USS imaging findings and image guidance. / This work was completed as part of a pre-doctoral fellowship funded by the National Institute of Health Research [NIHR301938, 2021].

Lung cellular disposition and anti-inflammatory pharmacology of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) is complex, comprised of a cascade of aerosol deposition and dissolution, followed by cellular uptake for local pharmacological action. This project hypothesized that the kinetics of dissolution for certain ICS aerosols generated from inhaler products were kinetically rate-determined for their cellular uptake and local pharmacological action. A novel dissolution testing system was developed to determine the dissolution kinetics for the ICS aerosols. A total of 5 ICSs aerosols generated from 6 inhaler products were collected in 2.1-3.3 or 4.7-5.8 µm of aerodynamic diameters at 0.7-19.8 µg on filter membranes by impaction using the Andersen cascade impactor. The filter membrane was then placed on the donor side of the transwell insert, with its face down, and the ICS dissolution in the limited 40 µL of the donor fluid was monitored over time. The dissolution kinetics overall conformed to the rank order of the aqueous solubility, while also being affected by ICS aerosol’s mass, size, formulation and dosage forms. For the readily soluble triamcinolone acetonide (TA), the kinetics was first-order, reaching ≥89 % dissolution in 5 h. In contrast, for the least soluble fluticasone propionate (FP), the kinetics was zero-order, reaching only 3 % dissolution in 10 h. The project then developed an air-interface culture of human bronchial epithelial cell line, Calu-3. Well-differentiated monolayers were formed with sufficiently “tight” barrier for restrictive solute diffusion while their mucosal surface was maintained semi-dry with 39.7±12.1 µL of the mucosal lining fluid in the 4.5 cm2 transwells. These monolayers were transfected with reporter plasmid of pNFκB-Luc to assess in vitro anti-inflammation via repression of pro-inflammatory NFκB by direct FP or TA aerosol deposition. The FP aerosols at 0.9 µg successfully exhibited significant 35.7±6.3 % repression. Notably, however, an identical ~0.5 µg of FP and TA aerosols caused comparable 15.5±2.2 and 10.4±2.6 % repression, respectively, despite FP’s 10-fold greater “intrinsic” anti-inflammatory potency over TA, reported in the literature. This was attributed to FP’s slow dissolution resulting in only 4.7 % cellular uptake, compared to 32.6 % for the TA aerosols. Hence, the FP aerosols were shown to be rate-determined by dissolution on the lung cell surface, resulting in reduced anti-inflammatory actions, which was not the case for the readily soluble TA aerosols.

This thesis examines the overarching theme of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose response effects on a variety of asthma outcome measures; with further importance placed on the application of these findings to personalising ICS dosing for the individual asthmatic. The introduction provides a detailed summary of the current recommendations for the treatment of adult asthma, with particular reference to the mechanism of action and clinical utility of ICS for the treatment of asthma. Current methods of assessing ICS dose response are presented, as well as the common influences that affect these responses. Novel therapeutic theories and the identification of specific asthmatic phenotypes are also introduced, in order to demonstrate the shift towards personalising treatment for asthma. The first two studies examine the dose response of ICS on two specific factors that influence asthma. The third study presents an examination of pharmacological manipulation of the ICS dose response using an additional agent. The following two studies address: how asthma outcomes relate to each other in patients receiving ICS; in addition to an overall assessment of the ICS dose response across a broad range of both ICS moieties and outcome measures. The final study examines for any detrimental effect of an ICS dose ramp on bone metabolism, an important potential long-term adverse effect of higher ICS dosing. The discussion draws together all the results obtained in relation to ICS dose response in asthma, and how these apply to current clinical practice for the individual patient. Furthermore, hypotheses are generated for areas of future study based on the findings from this work.

The supraspinatus tendon is an important structure of the rotator cuff. Subacromial impingement is a common reason for shoulder pain. Despite extensive scientific work in this field, the cause of impingement syndrome is still not fully understood. The general aim of the present thesis was to generate new knowledge with respect to pathogenesis and treatment of impingement syndrome. A combination of animal and clinical studies were performed. Different methods were used such as histology, immunohistochemistry, development and assessment of a novel measuring device and clinical and radiological assessment. Thirty rats were injected with triamcinolone or saline into the subacromial bursa. After five corticosteroid injections, we found focal inflammation, degradation and fragmentation of collagen bundles in the supraspinatus tendon, whereas the control specimens were normal (p=0.035). Subacromial bursitis was induced by injections of carrageenan into the subacromial space (n=28). Fibrocartilaginous metaplasia and bony metaplasia were found in the supraspinatus tendon. Even in specimens with no histologic changes of the collagen bundles the staining for fibronectin was significantly increased. The distance between the anterolateral acromion and the supraspinatus tendon was measured in patients with impingement syndrome intraoperatively (n=30) and in controls (instability, n=15). The mean value of the subacromial distance in controls was 16 mm, the 95% mean confidence limits between 14 and 18 mm. The mean value in the group of patients with impingement syndrome was 8 mm before and 16 mm after the decompression. Fifty patients were reviewed after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. Twenty-five showed calcific deposits in the rotator cuff on radiographs preoperatively. In 13 patients the calcific deposits totally disappeared postoperatively. In another six patients the calcifications had decreased in size. Four patients still showed calcifications, which were 5 mm or greater in size. The postoperative results measured by the Constant score were almost identical in the calcific and the non-calcific groups. Tillander 010916 8 Human surgical supraspinatus tendon specimens were studied from patients with impingement (n=16), ruptured supraspinatus tendons (n=7) and controls (n=10). Degradation of tendinous tissue and fibrin were found only in some specimens from ruptures. The difference in fibronectin staining was significant between controls and patients with a rupture (p=0.002). Fibrosis and thinning of fascicles seemed to be a more non-specific finding, appearing in control, impingement and rupture specimens. In conclusion, subacromial corticosteroid injections may cause rupture of the supraspinatus tendon. Metaplasia of the supraspinatus tendon may play a role in the pathogenesis of impingement and rupture of the supraspinatus tendon. The subacromial distance can be measured intraoperatively and was shown to be lower in patients with impingement than in patients with instability. Calcifications disappear or decrease in size after arthroscopic subacromial decompression and do not seem to influence the postoperative outcome in patients with impingement. Degradation of tendon tissue, fibrin and fibronectin appear to be signs of tendon degeneration, whereas fibrosis and thinning of fascicles were found also in controls.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:41:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Giovanni Santos Carvalho.pdf: 4299748 bytes, checksum: 026ddef622b0abee7f254cf45582e0de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-23 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: Prematurity is a serious problem for health services across the world, and the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is the largest lung problem during the neonatal period. The deployment of new technologies such as prenatal corticosteroids has shown an important role in reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality, in spite of few studies conducted in Brazil. Purpose: Evaluate the impact of antenatal corticosteroid on clinical outcomes of premature newborns. Methodology: Retrospective study of medical data collection of 24 newborns to 34 weeks of gestational age and their respective mothers, during the year of 2010 at Maternity "Balbina Mestrinho" in Manaus/AM. The sample was divided into four groups, considering the exposure of newborns to prenatal corticosteroid and the gestational age of them [Corticosteroids Groups (CG) ≤ 30 and 31 weeks ≥; and groups without Corticosteroid (GS) ≤ and ≥ 30 31semanas]. The GC and GS ≤ 30; GC and GS ≥ 31 were compared, considering the variables: incidence of RDS and its severity, use of exogenous surfactant, ventilatory support requirement, length of hospital stay and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The Generalized Fisher exact test and the binomial test and the Mann-Whitney were used by statistical software R2 .14 .1 with the packages and Deducer Rcmdr, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: the frequency of use of corticosteroid was 43,91% among pregnant women. The prenatal corticosteroids reduced the RDS diagnosis, but not its severity, in the GC ≥ 31 (p = 0.0028), as well as the need for exogenous surfactant administration (p = 0.0175), what was not seen in the GC ≤ 30. The corticosteroid did not reduce the use of ventilatory support or the number of days of its use, nor the time of hospitalization. There was no difference in the diagnosis of morbidity and mortality among newborns of same gestational range exposed to antenatal corticosteroid (p > 0.05). Conclusions: there was repercussion in favour of the use of antenatal corticosteroid in RDS reduction and the use of exogenous surfactant for newborns with a gestational age ≥ 31 weeks; on the other hand, such therapy did not influence the use and duration of ventilatory support, length of hospital stay and mortality rates between newborns of similar gestational range. / Introdução: A prematuridade representa um sério problema para serviços de saúde através do mundo, sendo a síndrome do desconforto respiratório neonatal (SDRN) o maior problema pulmonar durante o período neonatal. A implantação de novas tecnologias como a corticoterapia pré-natal têm mostrado importante papel na redução da morbimortalidade neonatal, apesar dos poucos estudos realizados no Brasil. Objetivo: Avaliar as repercussões da corticoterapia pré-natal sobre variáveis de evolução clínica e desfecho de recém-nascidos (RN´s) prematuros. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo, de coleta de dados de prontuários de neonatos de 24 a 34 semanas de idade gestacional (IG) e de suas respectivas mães, durante o ano de 2010 na Maternidade Balbina Mestrinho em Manaus/AM. A amostra foi dividida em quatro grupos, considerando-se a exposição dos RN´s à corticoterapia pré-natal e a IG dos mesmos [Grupos Corticoides (GC) ≤ 30 e ≥ 31 semanas; e Grupos Sem Corticoide (GS) ≤ 30 e ≥ 31semanas]. Os GC e GS ≤ 30; GC e GS ≥ 31 foram comparados, considerando-se as variáveis: incidência de SDRN e sua severidade, uso de surfactante exógeno, necessidade de suporte ventilatório, tempo de internação e morbimortalidade neonatal, utilizando-se os testes Exato de Fisher Generalizado e o Teste binominal bem como o de Mann-Whitney por meio do software estatístico R2,14,1 com os pacotes Deducer e Rcmdr, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A frequência de utilização do corticoide foi de 43,91% entre as gestantes. A corticoterapia pré-natal reduziu o diagnóstico da SDRN, mas não a sua severidade, no GC ≥ 31 (p=0,0028), bem como a necessidade de administração do surfactante exógeno (p=0,0175), fato não ocorrido no GC ≤ 30. O corticoide não reduziu o uso de suporte ventilatório nem o número de dias de sua utilização, tampouco o tempo de internação. Não houve diferença no diagnóstico de morbimortalidade entre os RN´s de mesma faixa gestacional expostos à corticoterapia pré-natal (p>0,05). Conclusões: Verificou-se repercussão favorável ao uso do corticoide pré-natal na redução da SDRN e na utilização de surfactante exógeno para RN´s com IG ≥ 31 semanas; por outro lado, tal terapia não apresentou influência no uso e tempo de suporte ventilatório, tempo de internação e morbimortalidade entre RN´s de faixa gestacional similar.