Techn. Univ., Diss.--München, 2002.

Αναμφισβήτητα, τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες έχουν λάβει χώρα σημαντικές αλλαγές στο επιχειρησιακό περιβάλλον σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα, οι οποίες έχουν μεταβάλλει ριζικά τη δομή του. Παραδείγματα τέτοιων αλλαγών αποτελούν η εισαγωγή ευέλικτων συστημάτων παραγωγής, η εντατικοποίηση και η αυτοματοποίηση των παραγωγικών διαδικασιών, η αύξηση των γενικών εξόδων τόσο ως ποσό όσο και ως ποσοστό επί του συνολικού κόστους των προϊόντων, η μείωση του κόστους άμεσης εργασίας (κυρίως στη βιομηχανία ) ως ποσοστό του κόστους παραγωγής, η αύξηση της ποικιλίας προϊόντων που παράγονται σε μικρές ποσότητες και με διαφορετικές προδιαγραφές, η αύξηση του ρυθμού εισαγωγής νέων προϊόντων στην αγορά τα οποία έχουν μικρό κύκλο ζωής, η υιοθέτηση πελατοκεντρικού προσανατολισμού κ.α. Οι παραπάνω αλλαγές σε συνδυασμό με την αύξηση της έντασης του ανταγωνισμού και της συνεπακόλουθης μείωσης των περιθωρίων κέρδους, έχουν ανάγει σε πηγή ανταγωνιστικού πλεονεκτήματος την αποτελεσματική παρακολούθηση και, κυρίως, διοίκηση τους κόστους των ξενοδοχειακών επιχειρήσεων. Για τη λήψη ορθών επιχειρηματικών αποφάσεων απαιτείται ορθή πληροφόρηση, η οποία, σε μεγάλο βαθμό, στηρίζεται στα αριθμητικά μεγέθη που παράγει η κοστολογική οργάνωση των ξενοδοχειακών επιχειρήσεων. Εξάλλου, ο σωστός προγραμματισμός και η άσκηση της οικονομικής πολιτικής από το Κράτος απαιτεί επίσης σωστή και αντικειμενική πληροφόρηση, που στηρίζεται τα μέγιστα στα μεγέθη του κόστους. Η Κοστολόγηση είναι, δηλαδή, η διαδικασία που αριθμοποιεί τη ζωή των οικονομικών μονάδων, συγκεντρώνει, αναλύει, επεξεργάζεται, συσχετίζει τα αριθμητικά μεγέθη τα οποία συνοψίζει και παρουσιάζει καταλλήλως ώστε να είναι αξιοποιήσιμα από τους λήπτες των επιχειρηματικών αποφάσεων. Για να είναι όμως τα μεγέθη του κόστους αξιοποιήσιμα θα πρέπει, εκτός των άλλων, να τυγχάνουν μιας τέτοιας επεξεργασίας, κατάταξης και συσχετισμών ώστε να διασφαλίζεται η μέσω αυτών και δι’ αυτών κατάρτιση ορθών οικονομικών εκθέσεων και γενικά η άσκηση ελέγχου για την ορθότητα κάθε επιχειρηματικής απόφασης. Η σημαντικότητα του εργαλείου της κοστολόγησης για την παροχή αξιόπιστων πληροφοριών στη διοίκηση της ξενοδοχειακής επιχείρησης, για τη λήψη αποφάσεων αποτέλεσε έναυσμα για τη διενέργεια της παρούσας μελέτης η οποία αναφέρεται σε ένα από τα πλέον σύγχρονα πεδία έρευνας και ανάπτυξης της Λογιστικής Επιστήμης που συνδέεται με τη χρησιμοποίηση επιστημονικών μεθόδων, αρχών και κανόνων, στη Διοίκηση των επιχειρήσεων και ιδιαίτερα των ξενοδοχειακών. Όπως είναι γνωστό, η διοίκηση των επιχειρήσεων, πραγματοποιείται μέσω των λαμβανόμενων καθημερινά επιχειρηματικών αποφάσεων από τους υπεύθυνους φορείς εξουσίας – αρμοδιότητας και ευθύνης – που βρίσκονται σε όλα τα επίπεδα της Διοικητικής πυραμίδας. Αναλυτικότερα, οι επιμέρους στόχοι της παρούσας μελέτης είναι οι ακόλουθοι: Μέσα από την ανάλυση και την εμπειρική έρευνα των ξενοδοχείων να προκύψει μια πολιτική λογιστικής και κοστολογικής οργάνωσης αυτών, επισήμανση της σημασίας και του μεγέθους της τουριστικής ανάπτυξης της Ελλάδας, αναφορά στον εγχώριο και διεθνή ανταγωνισμό, παρουσίαση της κοστολογικής οργάνωσης των ξενοδοχείων και ανάλυση των κοστολογικών συστημάτων που χρησιμοποιούνται από αυτά, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις ιδιαιτερότητες του κλάδου των ξενοδοχειακών επιχειρήσεων που έχουν αντίκτυπο στην κοστολόγηση (τιμολόγηση, εποχικότητα, κόστος αδράνειας- υπολειτουργίας, value added, non value added δαπάνες, κ.λπ.). Η παρούσα διπλωματική μελέτη αποτελείται από οκτώ (8) κεφάλαια στα οποία πραγματεύονται τα ακόλουθα : Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 αναλύεται η δομή του ξενοδοχειακού συστήματος, στο Κεφάλαιο 2 αναλύεται η δομή του Τουριστικού συστήματος, στο Κεφάλαιο 3 αξιολογείται και παρουσιάζεται η οργάνωση του κόστους ως μεταβλητής που στηρίζει απαραιτήτως κάθε επιχειρηματική απόφαση, στο Κεφάλαιο 4 παρουσιάζεται η κοστολογική οργάνωση των ξενοδοχειακών επιχειρήσεων, στο Κεφάλαιο 5 αναλύεται ένα από τα σημαντικότερα είδη Κοστολόγησης, η Κοστολόγηση ανά δραστηριότητα, στο Κεφάλαιο 6 παρουσιάζονται στατιστικά στοιχεία για την χρηματοοικονομική ανάλυση του κλάδου των ξενοδοχειακών μονάδων, στο Κεφάλαιο 7 παρουσιάζεται η κοστολογική ανάλυση του κλάδου και στο Κεφάλαιο 8 παρουσιάζονται τα βασικά συμπεράσματα της μελέτης καθώς και προτάσεις βελτίωσης της εφαρμογής της κοστολόγησης στην εποχή μας. / Undeniably, the last decades have taken place important changes in the operational environment in world scale, that have alter radically his structure. Examples of such changes constitute the import of flexible systems of production, the intensifying and the automation of productive processes, the increase of general expenses so much as sum what as percentage on the total cost of products, the reduction of cost of direct work (mainly in the industry) as percentage of cost of production, the increase of variety of products that is produced in small quantities and with different specifications, the increase of rhythm of import of new products in the market which have small circle of life, the adoption of orientation to the customers, etc. The above changes in combination with the increase of intensity of competition and subsequent reduction of margins of profit, have reduced in source of competitive advantage the effective follow-up and, mainly, their administration of cost of hotel enterprises. For the decision-making equitable enterprising is required equitable information, which, to a great degree, is supported in the numerical sizes that produces the cost estimating organization of hotel enterprises. Moreover, the correct planning and the exercise of economic policy from the State require also correct and objective information that supports biggest in sizes of cost. The cost accounting is, that is to say, the process that puts in a line the life of economic units, assembles, analyzes, processes, connects the numerical sizes which it summarizes and presents suitably so that they are exploitable from the recipients of enterprising decisions. In order to be the sizes of cost exploitable it will be supposed, except the other, that they enjoy a such treatment, classification and correlations so that is ensured via these and of these training of equitable economic reports and in general the exercise of control on the correctness of each enterprising decision. The importance of tool of cost accounting for the benefit of reliable information in the administration of hotel enterprise, for the decision-making constituted spark for the realization of present study which is reported in one of the most modern fields of research and growth of Accountant Science that is connected with the utilization of scientific methods, values and rules, in the Administration of enterprises and particularly of hotels. As it is known, the administration of enterprises, it is realized via the received daily enterprising decisions by the responsible institutions of power- competence and responsibility - that they are found in all levels of Administrative pyramid. More analytically, the individual objectives of present study are the followings: Through the analysis and the empiric research of hotels result a policy accountant and cost estimating organization of these, pointing out of importance and size of tourist growth of Greece, report in the domestic and international competition, presentation of cost estimating organization of hotels and analysis of cost estimating systems that is used by them, taking into consideration his particularities of branch of hotel enterprises that have impact in the cost accounting (pricing, cost of inactivity, value added, non value added expenses, etc.). The present diplomatic study is constituted from eight (8) capitals in which deal with following: In Capital 1 it is analyzed the structure of hotel system, in Capital 2 it is analyzed the structure of Tourist system, in Capital 3 it is evaluated and presents itself the organization of cost as variable that supports essentially each enterprising decision, in Capital 4 it is presented the cost estimating organization of hotel enterprises, in Capital 5 it is analyzed one of the most important types of Cost accounting, the Cost accounting per activity, in Capital 6 they are presented statistical elements for the financing analysis of branch of hotel units, in Capital 7 it is presented the cost estimating analysis of branch and in Capital 8 they are presented the basic conclusions of study as well as proposals of improvement of application of cost accounting in our period of time.

This thesis aims to describe the theoretical principles of financial management of non-profit organizations, and through the analysis of a selected non-profit organization to verify the practical application of modern management methods in the field of cost management in practice. Based on the obtained results the thesis tries to suggest possible measures to improve financial management and streamlining of the organization. The thesis was elaborated using the following methodological steps: Definition of hypothesis and objectives of the work - Study of theoretical sources - Management survey - Evaluation of survey results - Proposals to optimize non-profit organization management The practical part was realized at the centre of Diocesan Charity in České Budějovice. Based on the findings the author recommends several changes in the cost accounting of the organization. Primarily, to formalize the methodology of management control through the establishment of internal guidelines. Other proposals include changes in budgeting, calculation of overhead costs and the budgets implementation control. As the main output, the thesis suggests new structures of cost centers and a new way of re-invoicing costs.

A produção enxuta tem provocado mudanças significativas nas empresas, mudanças estas que não vêm sendo acompanhadas pelos sistemas de gestão econômica, desenvolvidos sobre pressupostos equivocados da produção em massa que defendem que as otimizações locais isoladas conduzem à otimização global da empresa. Deste modo, pode-se afirmar que a contabilidade de custos não é capaz de prover as informações necessárias à correta tomada de decisão nas empresas enxutas. Por outro lado, constata-se uma coerência entre os princípios da produção enxuta e os pressupostos que sustentam a contabilidade de ganhos da teoria das restrições. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta tese é propor um método de gestão econômica tendo como base teórica os pressupostos que sustentam a contabilidade de ganhos e os princípios da produção enxuta, o qual será denominado de método do ganho médio. Embora os sistemas produtivos enxutos sejam os grandes motivadores para a proposição do método do ganho médio, este também se aplica aos sistemas produtivos tradicionais. Além das etapas de aplicação do método do ganho médio, são apresentadas, ainda, as regras que orientam as tomadas de decisão no mesmo e um modo de precificação. A aplicação do método do ganho médio em uma empresa enxuta consolidada fez com que esta passasse a compreender a importância do tratamento diferenciado das restrições e das não-restrições, bem como a necessidade de sempre orientar a sua tomada de decisão pelo ganho por unidade de restrição dos produtos. Porém, o mais importante foi que com a aplicação do método do ganho médio a empresa passou a medir os resultados da implementação enxuta por meio de um método de gestão econômica coerente com os princípios da produção enxuta. / The lean production has provoked significant changes in the companies, changes that do not come being followed for the economic management systems, developed on estimated mistake made of the mass production that defends the isolated local otimization lead to the global otimization of the company. In this way, it can be affirmed the cost accounting is not capable to provide the necessary information to the correct taking with decision in the lean companies. On the other hand, a coherence is evidenced enters the principles of the lean production and the estimated ones they support the throughput accounting of the theory of constraints. Being thus, the objective of this thesis is to consider a economic management method having as theoretical base estimated they support the throughput accounting and the principles of the lean production, which will be called of average throughput method. Although the lean productive systems are the great motivators for the proposal of the average throughput method, this also is applied to the traditional productive systems. Beyond the stages of application of the average throughput method, they are presented, also, the rules that guide the taking of decision in there and a pricing way. The application of the average throughput method in an lean company consolidated, made that this started to understand the importance of the differentiated treatment of the restrictions and the not-restrictions, as well as the necessity of always to guide it taking decision for the throughput for unit of the restriction of the products. However, the most important was that with the application of the average throughput method, the company started to measure the results of the lean implementation by means of a coherent economic management method with the lean production principles.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A contabilidade de custos aplicada ao setor pÃblico apresenta-se diante de grandes desafios com o advento das diretrizes para a estruturaÃÃo do sistema de informaÃÃo de custos do setor pÃblico. Tais diretrizes normativas, impulsionadas pelas normas brasileiras de contabilidade aplicadas ao setor pÃblico, possibilitam melhorias na qualidade informacional das informaÃÃes de custos no setor pÃblico. Paralelamente, diante do cenÃrio de potencias mudanÃas da contabilidade de custos aplicada ao setor pÃblico, surge o questionamento acerca do estÃgio teÃrico-metodolÃgico da Ãrea, considerando haver a necessidade de ampliaÃÃo das discussÃes acerca de conceitos e bases teÃricas demandadas pelo contexto de mudanÃas. Diante deste cenÃrio, o objetivo do presente estudo consiste em analisar as plataformas teÃrico-metodolÃgicas da produÃÃo acadÃmica brasileira em contabilidade de custos aplicada ao setor pÃblico, considerando os aspectos normativos que regem essa temÃtica. O estudo adota uma abordagem mista, compreendendo a combinaÃÃo de elementos qualitativos na coleta por meio da anÃlise de conteÃdo, e quantitativos, evidenciados por meio da estatÃstica descritiva. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, tendo a pesquisa documental como principal estratÃgia utilizada. Identificou-se 21 Programas de PÃs-graduaÃÃo stricto sensu da Ãrea de contabilidade como ambiente depositÃrio dos produtos intelectuais produzidos, notadamente as teses e dissertaÃÃes, bem como 18 periÃdicos que mantÃm relaÃÃo com estes programas, analisados no perÃodo de 2003 a 2013. Os resultados revelam que apenas 47 trabalhos tratam da contabilidade de custos aplicada ao setor pÃblico, enquanto 295 tratam da contabilidade de custos aplicada ao setor privado. Observou-se declÃnio da produÃÃo cientÃfica a partir do final da dÃcada de 2000. Quanto Ãs plataformas teÃricas, observou-se pouca utilizaÃÃo de modelos teÃricos que fundamentem as pesquisas, sinalizando que o foco nÃo està em predizer ou explicar os fenÃmenos, mas descrevÃ-los; grande Ãnfase na utilizaÃÃo de autores que tratam da contabilidade de custos no setor privado, nÃo existindo o desenvolvimento ou disseminaÃÃo de uma literatura genuÃna para a Ãrea; e temas centrados em ambientes hospitalares ou universitÃrios. Quanto Ãs plataformas metodolÃgicas, verificou-se possuÃrem abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e exploratÃria; utilizarem como estratÃgias de pesquisa o estudo de caso, a pesquisa documental e bibliogrÃfica; adotarem a pesquisa documental, a entrevista e o questionÃrio como principais tÃcnicas de coleta; e analisarem os dados por meio da estatÃstica descritiva. Quanto aos aspectos normativos relativos à Norma Brasileira de Contabilidade Aplicada ao Setor PÃblico - NBCT 16.11, observou-se que o valor da informaÃÃo de custos centra-se em fins gerenciais; o objetivo de um sistema de informaÃÃo de custos està focado em apoiar a tomada de decisÃo dos processos; e o Custeio Baseado em Atividades constitui o principal mÃtodo de custeio estudado pela academia. Ao tÃrmino, foi possÃvel concluir que as plataformas teÃrico-metodolÃgicas da produÃÃo acadÃmica brasileira em contabilidade de custos aplicada ao setor pÃblico desenvolvem-se com arcabouÃo teÃrico ainda incipiente e desprovido de identidade particular capaz de retratar os fenÃmenos observados nas organizaÃÃes pÃblicas frente Ãs mudanÃas, alÃm das abordagens metodolÃgicas ancoradas no paradigma fenomenolÃgico. / Cost accounting applied to the public sector presents great challenges before the advent of guidelines for the structuring of the information cost of the public sector system. Such regulatory guidelines, driven by Brazilian accounting standards applied to the public sector, enable improvements in information quality of information costs in the public sector. Meanwhile, on the potential changes of accounting applied to the public sector cost scenario, the questioning about the theoretical and methodological stage area arises, considering there is a need to expand the discussion about concepts and theoretical bases of change demanded by the context. In this scenario, the objective of this study is to examine the theoretical and methodological platforms Brazilian academic production accounting applied to the public sector costs, considering the regulatory aspects governing this issue. The study adopts a mixed approach, comprising the combination of qualitative elements in the collection by means of content analysis, and quantitative, as evidenced by descriptive statistics. This is a descriptive study, and documentary research as the main strategy used. We identified 21 programs Postgraduate stricto sensu the accounting field as depositary environment of intellectual products produced, especially theses and dissertations, as well as 18 journals that maintain a relationship with these programs analyzed in the period 2003-2013. Results show that only 47 papers deal of cost accounting applied to the public sector, while 295 deal with the accounting applied to private sector costs. Observed decline of scientific production from the late 2000s. Regard to theoretical platforms, there was little use of theoretical models that support research, signaling that the focus is not to predict or explain phenomena but describe them; great emphasis on the use of authors who treat of cost accounting in the private sector, with no development or dissemination of literature to a genuine area; and themes focused on hospital or university settings. As for the methodological platforms, it was found possessing qualitative, descriptive and exploratory approach; use strategies for the case study research, documentary and bibliographic research; adopt the document research, interview and questionnaire as the main data collection techniques; and analyze the data using descriptive statistics. As for the regulatory aspects of the Brazilian Standard Applied to the Public Sector Accounting - NBCT 16:11, it was observed that the value of cost information focuses on managerial purposes; the objective of an information system cost is focused on supporting the decision making processes; and Activity Based Costing is the main method of costing studied by academia. At the end, we concluded that the theoretical and methodological platforms Brazilian academic production cost accounting applied to the public sector develop with particular incipient and devoid of identity theoretical framework capable of portraying the phenomena observed in public organizations to the changes, besides the methodological approaches grounded in the phenomenological paradigm.

Tratando o tema Contabilidade de Custos, o objetivo desse trabalho consiste em verificar, dentre os propósitos de uso de métodos de custeio que compõem o referencial teórico de Contabilidade Gerencial e Contabilidade de Custos, quais se fazem presentes nas empresas objeto de estudo desta dissertação. Como objetivos específicos, buscou-se: (a) verificar entre os propósitos de uso do método de Custeio por Atividades propostos por Innes e Mitchell (1995), quais são adotados inclusive para os métodos de Custeio por Absorção e Custeio Variável; (b) identificar como os métodos de custeio são utilizados para atender os propósitos de uso; e (c) detectar por que determinados métodos de custeio são usados para determinados propósitos em detrimento aos demais métodos. Este estudo caracteriza-se como: (i) descritivo, (ii) correlacional e (iii) qualitativo; apoiado na metodologia de estudo de casos múltiplos. Como técnicas de coleta de dados, foram utilizados bibliografias e publicações, entrevistas com informantes-chave por meio de roteiros semi-estruturados e análise de documentos. A amostra pesquisada é constituída por cinco empresas privadas que atuam no Brasil nos segmentos Automobilístico, Ensino Universitário, Alimentos, Cartões de Benefícios e Agronegócios; selecionadas pelo critério não probabilístico e intencional por conveniência. Constatou-se que propósitos de usos apresentam relevância, porém não são únicos determinantes para a adoção de um ou outro método de custeio específico. Em todas as empresas objeto do estudo, os propósitos de uso de análise de lucratividade de produtos e orçamentos (elaboração) se fizeram presentes com métodos de custeio diferentes. Os métodos de custeio tradicionais (Absorção e Variável) foram identificados com uma quantidade maior de propósitos de uso do que o método de Custeio por Atividade. Os métodos de custeio não concorreram entre si, convivendo harmonicamente de maneira complementar. / Treating the topic Cost Accounting, the aim of this work is to verify, among the purposes of using costing methods that comprise the theoretical Managerial Accounting and Cost Accounting, which are present in the companies under study in this dissertation. Was sought, as specific objectives: (a) occur between the purposes of using the method Costing Activities proposed by Innes and Mitchell (1995), which are adopted including methods of Absorption Costing and Variable Costing, (b) identify how the costing methods are used to fulfill the purposes of use, and (c) detect that certain costing methods are used for certain purposes to the detriment of other methods. This study is characterized as: (i) descriptive, (ii) correlation and (iii) qualitative; supported the methodology of multiple case study. As techniques of data collection were used bibliographies and publications, interviews with key informants through scripts and semi-structured document analysis. The study sample consists of five private companies that operate in Brazil in the segments Automotive, College Education, Food, Cards and Benefits Agribusiness; selected by non-probabilistic and intentional for convenience. It was found that the purposes of uses are relevant, but are not sole determinants for the adoption of one or another specific costing method. In all the companies under study, the purpose of use of profitability analysis of products and budgets (preparation) were present with different costing methods. The traditional costing methods (Absorption and Variable) were identified with a larger quantity of purposes of use of the method Costing Activity. The costing methods do not compete with each other, living together harmoniously in a complementary way.

O Planejamento Energético tradicional geralmente privilegia os custos econômicos dos recursos energéticos, relegando ao segundo plano questões políticas, sociais e ambientais. Este trabalho pretende estimular a mudança desta abordagem através da proposição de um modelo de caracterização de recursos energéticos integrando todas essas quatro dimensões. São dois seus objetivos: o fornecimento de uma metodologia para avaliar o custo global dos recursos energéticos e de outra para estimar o potencial de tais recursos. Para facilitar o processo de avaliação, o modelo sugere o uso da ACC - Avaliação de Custos Completos, a qual permite a análise qualitativa e quantitativa de custos, reduzindo a necessidade de dados quantitativos, limitados em certos casos. Ilustra-se a aplicação do modelo com um exemplo de caracterização dos recursos na região de Araçatuba, localizada no Oeste Paulista. Os resultados revelam que, quando considerados os custos globais, a adoção de recursos renováveis apresenta grande competitividade, ao contrário de outros que, apesar de serem economicamente atraentes, não apresentam custos globais aceitáveis. / The Traditional Energy Planning usually favors technical-economic costs, relegating political, social and environmental issues to a less important level of analyses. This work tries to encourage a change in such approach by elaborating a model of energy resources characterization integrating all four dimensions - environmental, political, social and economic. The model aims at two objectives: providing a method of assessing the global cost of energy resources and estimating its potential considering the limitations provided by these dimensions. The integration of distinct elements constitutes a complex and tricky activity that can result in inaccurate results if not taken carefully. To minimize this complexity, the Model suggests the use of the Full Cost Accounting - FCA - method, which allows the consideration of quantitative and qualitative costs, reducing the demand for quantitative data, limited in some cases. The Model has been applied in the characterization of the region of Araçatuba, located in the western part of the state of São Paulo, the most populated state in Brazil. The results reveal that the adoption of renewable sources is quite attractive, especially when global costs are taken into account. On the other hand, other resources don\'t present acceptable global costs despite being economically attractive.

The democracy in South Africa brought about many changes and new challenges. One such challenge was to transform the Higher Education institutes in South Africa. The National Commission on Higher Education (NCHE) resulted in the proposed National Plan for Higher Education in 2001. This referred to the restructuring of Higher Educational Institutes in South Africa. The National Plan for Higher Education listed priorities within section 6, which deals with the restructuring process. Some of these priorities referred to the reduction of duplications and overlaps in the programmes offered. Prior to 2005, Technikons offered the course National Diploma: Cost and Management Accounting over three years. Former Technikons developed their curricula for Cost and Management Accounting to utilise career orientated training in order to provide students with the necessary knowledge and skills for careers in financial and cost and management accounting as was applied in commerce and industry. Before the transformation and restructuring of the South African higher education institutions, Technikons in South Africa was part of a National system where a National curriculum was developed and implemented by all Technikons in South Africa. Curriculum development took place on a national level. Therefore, the programmes offered at these former Technikons were similar. Some of the former Technikons still offer the National Diploma in Cost and Management Accounting but in a different format. Students registering for this programme, register for a National Higher Certificate (NHC) in Accountancy. The duration of this NHC is two years where after students can complete a third year to graduate with a National Diploma in Cost and Management Accounting. The NHC in Accountancy was also developed on a national level and the curricula are similar at the higher education institutions offering it in South Africa. Since the merger of higher education institutions in South Africa, the responsibility to develop new programmes shifted from a national level to an institutional level. The newly merged institutions carry the responsibility to develop new programmes which suites the specific institution and serves the need of the specific communities. The iv primary objective of this study is to analyse the Cost and Management Accounting curricula in South Africa with the intention to propose a new curriculum for this diploma. To suggest a proposed curriculum, the old curricula of the various South African institutions were considered using qualitative research methods. The four South African institutions and the two Australian institutions were analysed and a balanced curriculum proposed out of this information. The proposed curriculum for the diploma in accounting, combined subjects that have been offered previously and subjects that could further expand graduate employability. Five companies were selected to evaluate the proposed curriculum. After considering the views of all the interviewed employers, a final curriculum was suggested for the Diploma in Accounting. As a result of this study it was clear that in-service training should be added to the Diploma in Accounting. Eighty percent of the interviewed potential employers suggested that practical experience in third year studies would significantly enhance student employability. Cost and Management Accounting has long been used by accountants to help managers understand the different costs of running a business. It is important for managers to identify certain areas of the business process where costs can be cut and the profitability increased. From this study it is clear that the proposed curriculum is acceptable to employers as they found that students will benefit from it.

El presente trabajo profesional tiene por finalidad mostrar el proceso de costeo que brinda servicios de ingeniería y construcción para el sector minero, pero no por ello exclusivo de dicho sector. / The present professional work has got for purpose to show the costing process of a Company that perform engineering and contruction servives for the mining sector, but not for that unique of that sector. / Trabajo de investigación

Cette thèse, s’intéresse aux pratiques de calcul au sein des PME, aux facteurs pouvant influencer l’utilisation des pratiques de calcul des coûts les plus développées ainsi qu’à la contribution opérationnelle et stratégique de l’utilisation de ces pratiques au sein des PME tout en faisant une comparaison avec les caractéristiques des entreprises de taille intermédiaire. Nous avons fait recours à la théorie de contingence pour fonder notre travail de recherche. Nous avons contacté 8 entreprises par des entretiens en face à face et 70 entreprises par un questionnaire. Nous avons trouvé que les caractéristiques des PME en matière de calcul des coûts sont différentes. Cette différenciation peut être expliquée par trois facteurs: la taille de l’organisation, la diversité des produits et la structure décentralisée de l’entreprise. Également, nous avons trouvé que l’utilité opérationnelle de l’utilisation des instruments de calcul des coûts est perçue comme étant plus élevée par les entreprises qui utilisent les nouvelles méthodes que par les entreprises qui ne les utilisent pas. Cependant, la perception de l’utilité stratégique ne diffère pas entre les utilisateurs et les non-utilisateurs des nouvelles méthodes. / This thesis is interested in accounting practices within SMEs, factors that are able to influence the use of accounting practices, the most developed costs as well as the operational and strategic contribution of these practices within the SMEs while making a comparison with the characteristics of midsize companies. We resorted to the contingency theory to set up our research. We contacted eight companies through several face- to -face interviews, and seventy companies through questioning. We found out that the SMEs characteristics as regards accounting of costs are different. This difference can be explained by three factors: the organization’s size, the product's diversity, and the decentralized structure of the company. Equally, we found out that the operational utility of instruments of accounting costs is looked as the most mannered one by companies that do not use them. However, the perception of the strategic utility do not differ between users and non-users of new methods