published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Science in Construction Project Management

published_or_final_version / abstract / Civil Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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Kwan Yee-fai. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Thesis (MBA)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 42-43.

O crescimento dos custos no setor de saúde é decorrente de vários fatores, entre eles, a falta de capacitação administrativa dos gerentes e a não implementação de sistemas de controle de custos. Hoje, as instituições de saúde se esforçam para manter elevado o nível de qualidade da assistência prestada ao paciente, e ao mesmo tempo, apresentar um rendimento contábil. Para que haja um equilíbrio entre estes dois fatores, há necessidade de controle de gastos e custos e é fundamental que estes tenham início na área operacional, com a equipe de enfermagem que atua no registro, prescrição e realização dos cuidados. A enfermeira é a profissional apontada como tendo potencial para a realização deste gerenciamento, pois ao mesmo tempo em que possui domínio dos conhecimentos específicos da assistência de enfermagem, é membro integrante do grupo de profissionais que estuda desde a graduação o gerenciamento de custos podendo com isto, aprofundar seus conhecimentos na área e atuar com segurança no gerenciamento. Diante disto, este estudo teve como objetivos analisar a participação das enfermeiras no gerenciamento de custos em organizações hospitalares no município de São Paulo, levantar as atividades desenvolvidas por estas relacionadas à gestão de custos, apresentar o conhecimento destas sobre custos e métodos de custeio, verificar as dificuldades e as facilidades destas relacionadas às atividades de gerenciamento de custos e identificar as vantagens que essa participação tem trazido para o gerenciamento do serviço de enfermagem. O estudo foi de cunho exploratório-descritivo comparativo e correlacional, com abordagem quantitativa e os resultados mostraram que 138 (73,8%) enfermeiras não conhecem os custos do seu setor, 151 (81,2%) enfermeiras não conhecem o sistema de custeio utilizado na instituição, 167 (89,8%) enfermeiras não conhecem o orçamento do serviço de enfermagem, 162 (87,1%) enfermeiras não conhecem o orçamento do seu setor, 168 (89,8%) enfermeiras não participam da elaboração do orçamento do setor, 171 (91,9%) enfermeiras não possuem acesso às informações necessárias para elaboração deste orçamento. Com relação à análise do conhecimento das enfermeiras sobre principais conceitos de custos hospitalares, os resultados identificaram que 76 (40,6%) enfermeiras possuem conhecimento geral sobre custos, 66 (35,3%) enfermeiras possuem conhecimento mínimo sobre os conceitos de custos, 111 (59,4%) enfermeiras possuem conhecimento mínimo sobre as classificações de custos, 70 (37,4%) enfermeiras possuem conhecimento mínimo sobre a departamentalização dos custos, 70 (37,4%) enfermeiras possuem conhecimento mínimo sobre os métodos de apropriação de custos. Analisando as condições institucionais para a realização do gerenciamento de custos, os resultados encontrados apontaram que 161 (86,1%) enfermeiras não se sentem preparadas para gerenciar custos, 140 (74,9%) encontram dificuldades neste gerenciamento entre elas 65 (36%) referem falta de conhecimento específico no assunto, 134 (71,35%) encontram vantagens no gerenciamento de custos, pois possibilita identificar desperdícios, avaliar o custo dos materiais e novos investimentos, 148 (79,15%) acreditam que o gerenciamento de custos é uma atribuição da enfermeira. Assim, os resultados deste estudo demonstraram a necessidade de utilização das ferramentas gerenciais em custos e o aprimoramento das enfermeiras sobre o assunto para contribuir com a participação destas no gerenciamento de custos hospitalares. / The growth of costs in the healthcare industry is due to several factors, among them the lack of administrative training of managers and the non-implementation of cost control systems. Today, healthcare institutions strive to maintain a high level of quality of care provided to the patient, and at the same time, submit an accounting income. So to get a balance between these two factors, there is need for control of spending and costs and it is vital that these operations beginning in the operational area, with the nursing team that plays in the registry, prescription and realization of care. The nurse is professional singled out as having potential for realization of this management, because while she has specific knowledge of the field of nursing assistance is an integral member of the group of professionals that studies since graduating managing costs and with this deepen their knowledge in the area and acting safely in management. Before this, this study had as objectives to analyze the participation of nurses in cost management in hospital organizations in São Paulo, raise the activities developed by these related to cost management, presenting the knowledge of these about costs and costing methods, check the difficulties and the facilities of these related to cost management activities and identify the benefits that such participation has brought to the management of nursing service. The study was exploratory-descriptive purposes and comparative correlacional study, with quantitative approach and the results showed that 138 (73.8%) nurses do not know the costs of your industry, 151 (81.2%) nurses do not know the costing system used at the institution, 167 (89.8%) nurses do not know the budget of the nursing service, 162 (87.1%) nurses do not know the budget of your sector, 168 (89.8%) nurses do not participate in the budget sector, 171 (91.9%) nurses do not have access to information necessary for drawing up this budget. With respect to the review of the knowledge of the main concepts of nurses on hospital costs, the results identified that 76 (40.6%) nurses have general knowledge about costs, 66 (35.3%) nurses have minimum knowledge about the concepts of costs, 111 (59.4%) nurses have minimum knowledge about the sorts of costs, 70 (37.4%) nurses have minimum knowledge about the departmentalization of costs, 70 (37.4%) nurses possess minimal knowledge on methods of ownership costs. Analyzing the institutional conditions for the realization of cost management, the results found pointed out that 161 (86.1%) nurses do not feel prepared to manage costs, 140 (74.9%) encounter difficulties in managing among them 65 (36%) concern the lack of specific knowledge on the subject, 134 (71.35%) find advantages in cost management, because it makes it possible to identify waste, assess the cost of materials and new investments, 148 (79.15%) believe that managing costs is an assignment of the nurse. Thus, the results of this study demonstrated the need for use of managerial tools in cost and improvement of nurses on the subject to

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Supervisor: James T. O'Connor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.

In the recent past, there has been an increasing demand for low-cost safety critical applications. Custom-off-the-shelf (COTS) processors are preferred for usage in these applications due to their low cost. The reliability provided by these processors, however, is not sufficient to meet the safety requirements of these applications. Furthermore, due to the trends followed by the processor industry to enhance the performance of processors, the reliability provided by these processors is projected to decrease in the future. Traditional techniques for enhancing the reliability of computer systems are not viable for these applications due to the high overheads (and hence cost) incurred by them. This thesis describes fault tolerance techniques tailored for these applications, adhering to the tight overhead constraints in the area, memory, and performance dimensions. Techniques at both the hardware level (to be used by the processor manufacturers) and the software level (to be used by the application developers) are presented. At the hardware level, this thesis presents a technique for detecting faults in the processor control logic, for which techniques proposed previously incur very high overheads. Rather than detect all modeled faults, the technique protects against a subset of faults such that the best possible overall protection is achieved while incurring only permissible overheads. This subset of faults is selected depending on the probability of each individual fault causing damage to the architectural state of the processor and the overhead incurred in protecting against the fault. The technique is validated on control logic modules of an industrial processor. At the software level, this thesis concentrates on a category of errors called control flow errors. We describe an error detection technique which incurs lower overheads than any of the previously proposed techniques while at the same time detecting more errors than all of them. Even these low overheads may be too restrictive for some applications. For such applications, we present a technique for providing the best error detection capability possible at the overheads allowed. Once an error is detected, error recovery actions need to be performed. In this thesis, we present an error correction technique which automatically performs error recovery with a very low latency. The technique reuses the information available from the error detection technique to perform the recovery and hence, does not incur any additional performance penalty. All the techniques proposed at the software level have been integrated with GCC, a commonly used software compiler. This permits the fault tolerance to be incorporated into the application automatically as part of the compilation process itself. Evaluations are performed on SPEC and MiBench benchmark programs using an in-house software error injection framework. / text

published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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