As Americans witness the slow dissociation of the military from the civilian public, the need for a strong design initiative within military installations proves as applicable and necessary as it has always been. The role of the designer within the military is a longstanding and vigorously debated duty; the superficially disparate natures of the professions separate themselves on the premise of individual superiority, and isolate their fields of expertise from one another. However, the two microcosms retain an identity that may serve traditionally different clientele, but their purposes reflect and complement one another. This notion is best exemplified by the pedagogy often associated with architecture and the military: a community working tirelessly to construct a system best adapted to the public, regularly working with a client who does not have a clear vision of the resolution, but instead relies on the services of both occupations to not only visualize the outcome but to design the process as well. The all contingency of accredited designers within a typical military hierarchy have been tasked with creating a conducive living environment centralized around "the mission". While they have toiled endlessly to produce such a product, the unfortunate reality demonstrates that the weight of schematics has been typically relegated to grandsons of civil engineers and civilians with unrelated degrees and very little experience in a headquarter building hundreds of miles away. Bearing this in mind, the purpose of this thesis is to discover the greater organization of a military base, and to standardize it not according to chance doctrine, but soundly informed and localized knowledge of the surrounding environment. Such a design must be informed by a few key aspects; principally, the macro intention of such a layout must be centralized around "the mission", which in the case of most military bases, resembles a training and living environment conducive to deployment and combat effectiveness. Similarly, the determination of design must be within the scope of economic feasibility, which although quite gratuitous at first glance, is meagerly distributed throughout the separate branches and therein the country. Lastly, the design must have tenacity, as the ebb and flow of active duty populations produce an arbitrary fluctuation, but the life expectancy of such buildings is often projected within the fifty- to sixty-year time frame. Through careful research, and the benefit of personal interviews with clients who have spent collective centuries in the modern military, a design solution for the improved daily lives and increased combat effectiveness of the American military will serve to discuss the ways in which we can inform the macroevolution of military installations through dissecting the micro. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

<p>Den här uppsatsen är skriven på uppdrag av GrenseTjänsten Morukulien, vilken är en organisation som hjälper personer, företag och andra organisationer som har ärenden i både Sverige och Norge.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra levnadskostnaderna för en tvåbarnsfamilj i Arvika- och Kongsvinger Kommun. Detta görs genom att se vilken familj som har störst köpkraft. Med köpkraft menas hur mycket man kan konsumera för sin disponibla inkomst.</p><p>Levnadskostnaderna jämförs för en genomsnittlig tvåbarnsfamilj. Undersökningen bygger på att alla kostnader läggs i boendelandet. Vidare utgås det ifrån att båda familjerna har samma konsumtionsbeteende som en genomsnittlig svensk tvåbarnsfamilj med jämförbar inkomst. Dessa antaganden förenklar undersökningen men riskerar samtidigt att undervärdera den norska familjens köpkraft.</p><p>Den disponibla inkomsten är nästan 40 procent högre för den norska familjen än för den svenska. Då är inte växelkursen medräknad. Därmed skiljer det ännu mer om man går till banken och växlar pengarna.</p><p>Men när det gäller köpkraften är vi intresserad av vilken mängd varor familjerna kan köpa i hemlandet för sin disponibla inkomst. Då de genomsnittliga kostnaderna är 22,2 procent högre i Norge än i Sverige utan hänsyn till växelkursen, blir slutsatsen av den här uppsatsen att den norska familjen har 14,0 procents större köpkraft än den svenska familjen.</p> / <p>This paper is written at the request of GrenseTjänsten Morukulien, which is an organization that helps people, companies and other organizations that have commisions in both Sweden and Norway.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to compare the cost of living for a family with two children in Arvika and Kongsvinger and to find out which family who has the biggest purchasing power. The purchasing power is how much you can consume for your disposable income.</p><p>The cost of living is compared to a family with two children. The survey is based on the assumption that everything you consume, you consume in your native country. Furthermore it is assumed that both families and have the same consumption behavior as an average Swedish family with two children with a comparable income. These assumptions simplify the survey, but on the other hand, the risk of underestimating the Norwegian family´s purchasing power arises.</p><p>If you exclude the exchange rate, the disposable income is almost 40 percent higher for the Norwegian family than for the Swedish family. Therfore there´s an even bigger difference if one goes to the bank and exchanges money.</p><p>But when it comes to the purchasing power we are interested in how much the families can consume for the disposable income in their native country. The average prices are 22,2 percent higher in Norway than in Sweden, without consideration to the exchange rate. The conclusion of this paper is that the Norwegian family has 14,0 percent more purchasing power than the Swedish family.</p>

Den här uppsatsen är skriven på uppdrag av GrenseTjänsten Morukulien, vilken är en organisation som hjälper personer, företag och andra organisationer som har ärenden i både Sverige och Norge. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra levnadskostnaderna för en tvåbarnsfamilj i Arvika- och Kongsvinger Kommun. Detta görs genom att se vilken familj som har störst köpkraft. Med köpkraft menas hur mycket man kan konsumera för sin disponibla inkomst. Levnadskostnaderna jämförs för en genomsnittlig tvåbarnsfamilj. Undersökningen bygger på att alla kostnader läggs i boendelandet. Vidare utgås det ifrån att båda familjerna har samma konsumtionsbeteende som en genomsnittlig svensk tvåbarnsfamilj med jämförbar inkomst. Dessa antaganden förenklar undersökningen men riskerar samtidigt att undervärdera den norska familjens köpkraft. Den disponibla inkomsten är nästan 40 procent högre för den norska familjen än för den svenska. Då är inte växelkursen medräknad. Därmed skiljer det ännu mer om man går till banken och växlar pengarna. Men när det gäller köpkraften är vi intresserad av vilken mängd varor familjerna kan köpa i hemlandet för sin disponibla inkomst. Då de genomsnittliga kostnaderna är 22,2 procent högre i Norge än i Sverige utan hänsyn till växelkursen, blir slutsatsen av den här uppsatsen att den norska familjen har 14,0 procents större köpkraft än den svenska familjen. / This paper is written at the request of GrenseTjänsten Morukulien, which is an organization that helps people, companies and other organizations that have commisions in both Sweden and Norway. The purpose of this paper is to compare the cost of living for a family with two children in Arvika and Kongsvinger and to find out which family who has the biggest purchasing power. The purchasing power is how much you can consume for your disposable income. The cost of living is compared to a family with two children. The survey is based on the assumption that everything you consume, you consume in your native country. Furthermore it is assumed that both families and have the same consumption behavior as an average Swedish family with two children with a comparable income. These assumptions simplify the survey, but on the other hand, the risk of underestimating the Norwegian family´s purchasing power arises. If you exclude the exchange rate, the disposable income is almost 40 percent higher for the Norwegian family than for the Swedish family. Therfore there´s an even bigger difference if one goes to the bank and exchanges money. But when it comes to the purchasing power we are interested in how much the families can consume for the disposable income in their native country. The average prices are 22,2 percent higher in Norway than in Sweden, without consideration to the exchange rate. The conclusion of this paper is that the Norwegian family has 14,0 percent more purchasing power than the Swedish family.

This study of automatic wage adjustments to changes in price levels will do the following: (1) give the historical background of cost-of-living wage adjustments to changes in price levels; (2) show whether there is a need for adjusting wages to changes in price levels; (3) show whether or not industry can afford to pay wages that are automatically adjusted to changes in price levels; (4) list some of the contracts between labor and capital that contain an example of the automatic cost-of-living wage adjustment; (5) summarize the problem and draw conclusions from the study as a whole.

Measurement of price level with consumer price indices forms some gap between measured inflation and perceived inflation. The graduation theses is concerned with quantification of gap in particular group of individuals and shows on measuring data, how this gap influents individuals, if growth of cost of living according to consumer price index copies price perception. It illustrates influence the incorrect construction of indices as important orientation point in economy, which redistribution of recourses, in context with usage of indices for income indexation and suggests more appropriate approach for constructing aggregate price index. It investigates what factors influence price perception and comes into gain and loses calculation which people are confronted. Price perception is influenced both socio-economic and political environment. The end of theses overlaps into political vote and investigates if there is causal of relationship between price perception and political vote.

This dissertation consists of two essays concerning the determination of wages across areas. The first essay investigates the equilibrium relationship between wages and prices across labor markets. Of central interest is the extent to which workers receive higher wages to compensate for differences in the cost of living. According to the spatial equilibrium hypothesis, the utility of homogenous workers should be equal across labor markets. This implies that controlling for amenity differences across areas, the elasticity between wages and the general price level across areas should equal one, at least under certain conditions. We test this hypothesis and find that the predicted relationship holds when housing prices are measured by rents and the general price level is instrumented to account for measurement error. When housing prices are measured by housing values, however, the wage-price elasticity is significantly less than one, even using instrumental variables. Rents reflect the price paid for housing per unit of time and are arguably the superior measure. Thus, findings in this essay provide support for the full compensation hypothesis. These findings also have important implications for researchers estimating the implicit prices of amenities or ranking the quality of life across areas. The second essay uses a national level dataset and a spatial econometric framework to examine the effects of teacher unions and other school district characteristics on teacher salaries. The results confirm that salaries for both experienced and beginning teachers are positively affected by salaries in nearby districts. Investigations of the determinants of teacher salaries that ignore this spatial relationship are likely to be misspecified. We find that union activity increases salaries for experienced teachers by as much as 16-21 percent but increases salaries for beginning teachers by a considerably smaller amount. This result is consistent with predictions from a median voter model.

This thesis uses nonparametric revealed preference methods to derive new tests for consistency with models of consumer behaviour, and discuss the implications for welfare analysis. Chapter 1 demonstrates how to conduct revealed preference analysis when prices, and hence budget constraints, are only partially observed. This chapter extends the revealed preference results of Crawford and Polisson (2015), derived for the static case, to dynamic settings, allowing for storability of goods. Necessary and sufficient conditions for consistency with intertemporal models are derived, which do not require the researcher to distinguish between corner solutions and unavailability of the good, or to impute prices. Chapter 2 discusses the validity of using reported happiness measures as proxies of utility or social welfare, by testing for consistency between revealed and reported preference orderings in Japanese household survey data. Although the expenditure behaviour of most households is consistent with standard models of utility maximisation, it is generally inconsistent with the preference ordering given by their reported happiness. This inconsistency is likely due to reporting error in the happiness measure, and suggests that happiness and utility are empirically distinct and noninterchangeable. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of price inattention on inflation misperceptions and cost-of-living indices, by developing a behavioural model in which consumers only notice price changes above a certain threshold. A data application, using supermarket scanner data, demonstrates that this model generates plausible results; in particular, consumers have more accurate perceptions of inflation during periods of high or volatile inflation, but may substantially misperceive inflation when it is low. These results have important implications for conducting welfare analysis when consumers are not fully attentive to price changes.

The purpose of this study is to show which incomes of the selected trades and professions have more nearly approached a parallel to the changing cost of living during the period January 1, 1936, to December 31, 1945.

This dissertation examines the implications of sticky rents on the measurement of owner-occupied housing in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). I argue that marginal and not average rents are the most theoretically justified measurement of owners' equivalent rent (OER), and that the current measurement of rental inflation using average rents is methodologically incorrect. I then discuss the literature on sticky rents and tenure discounts and present a theoretical model showing the implications of sticky rents for aggregate measures of inflation. Then I use two new data sources to construct marginal rent measures to compare to average rent measures. The results show that marginal rents reflect market turning points sooner, and show a larger post- housing bubble decline in rents. In addition, marginal rents are shown to forecast overall inflation better than average rents. Finally, the implications of these results for policy are considered using the Taylor Rule for optimal monetary policy. The results present suggestive evidence that the impacts of switching to marginal rents may be large enough to significantly impact monetary policy and allow the Federal Reserve to be more responsive to both the boom and bust of housing bubbles. / Economics

Although scholars may disagree about the effectiveness of using money to motivate workers, few would deny the deleterious effects caused by employee perceptions of underpayment. Yet little is known about the process(es) through which individuals determine whether or not their pay is fair. Indeed, knowledge in this area largely is limited to the awareness that fair pay is a relative concept. That is, individuals judge the equity of pay not from the absolute size of the wage, but rather through comparisons of their wages to those of other people. In addition, pay referents such as the cost of living, also are used to evaluate pay. This use of relevant others is known as the social comparison process. This study investigated the relationship between certain attitudinal and job-related characteristics of 206 individuals, and their reactions to 18 different pay comparisons. It was determined that respondents' attitudes toward the organization's wage distribution rule, level of aspiration, desire for external movement (to other employers), and social interaction were related to the way individuals view these comparisons. A structural variable--job tenure--was not found to have a statistically significant association with the social comparison process. Unlike the six previous studies of this issue, this analysis was framed within the context of a theoretical model. Specifically, Goodman's two-stage model for the selection of pay referents was used to generate the variables of interest, the subsequent research hypotheses, and as a backdrop against which the results of the analysis could be interpreted. Perhaps the most significant result of this study was finding rather marked temporal stability of pay comparisons. Test-retest analyses showed that over a 3-month period only 5 of 54 pay comparisons demonstrated a statistically significant change in terms of the frequency with which they were reportedly made, the importance ascribed to each comparison, or in terms of the satisfaction felt with each comparison. Finding this element of stability suggests that equity theory may have been prematurely abandoned as a research paradigm. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata