Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Sydney, 2008. / A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, Centre for Plant and Food Science, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliography.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-10T14:22:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-11. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-12-10T14:28:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000854087.pdf: 1102727 bytes, checksum: 35cab368e6353c3c228fc80132d40f32 (MD5) / Devido à expansão da cotonicultura, pesquisas com reguladores de crescimento e subdoses de herbicidas estão sendo desenvolvidas para incrementar a produtividade da cultura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das subdoses de 2,4-D e cloreto de mepiquat nas características vegetativas e produtivas de dois cultivares de algodão. O experimento foi conduzido durante o período de novembro de 2012 a maio de 2013 e novembro de 2013 a maio de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em um esquema fatorial 6 x 2 x 2, com 4 repetições, totalizando 96 parcelas, perfazendo 24 tratamentos: a testemunha e cinco subdoses do herbicida 2,4-D: 0,68; 1,36; 2,04; 2,72 e 3,40 g equivalente ácido (e.a.) por ha -1, com e sem aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat na dose 200 mL ha -1 nas cultivares FMT 701 e Fibermax 966 de algodoeiro. Aplicou-se as subdoses de 2,4-D aos 45 dias após a emergência da planta (d.a.e.) e o regulador de crescimento aos 70 d.a.e. Constatou-se que a utilização do regulador de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat) na dose 200 mL ha -1 foi eficiente no controle do desenvolvimento da planta em relação a variável altura de planta no dois anos de estudo. Para o cultivar de porte baixo, a aplicação das subdoses crescente de 2,4-D proporciona um incremento na altura de planta. Com o aumento das subdoses de 2,4-D, ocorre um incremento no número de estruturas reprodutivas para o cultivar FMT 701. A aplicação de subdoses de 2,4-D na faixa de 1,75 a 1,90 g e. a. ha -1 propicia um aumento de produtividade de algodão em caroço para a cultivar FMT 701. Para a cultivar Fibermax 966 a subdose de 1,75 propicia um incremento na produtividade de algodão em caroço. A cultivar FMT 701 obteve maior altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, quantidade de ramos reprodutivos, capulhos por planta e produtividade de algodão em caroço comparado com a cultivar Fibermax 966 nos dois anos agrícolas / Due to expansion of cotton production, research with growth regulators and sublethal rates of herbicide are being developed to improve levels of crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sublethal rates of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and mepiquat chloride on vegetative and productive characteristics of two cultivar of cotton plant. The experiment was conducted during the growing season of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The experimental design was a randomized completely blocks design in a factorial system 6 x 2 x 2 with 4 replications, consisting 96 plots, with the amount of twenty four treatments: one control and five rates of 2,4-D: 0.68, 1.36, 2.04 2.72 and 3.40 g equivalent acid (e.a) by ha -1, with and without application of mepiquat chloride in the level 200 mL ha-1 in the cultivar FMT 701 and Fibermax 966 cotton. Applied to the doses of 2,4-D at 45 days after plant emergence (d.a.e.) and the growth regulator to 70 d.a.e. The result showed that the use of the growth regulator (mepiquat chloride) at a dose 200 mL ha -1 was effective in controlling plant development in relation to plant height on the two-year study. For the small size of cultivar, the application of increasing doses of 2,4-D provides an increase in plant height. With increasing doses of 2,4-D, there is an increase in the number of reproductive structures for cultivating FMT 701. The application doses of 2,4-D in the range of 1.75 and 1.90 g. The. ha - 1 provides an increase of seed cotton productivity to grow FMT 701. To cultivate Fibermax 966 to sub-dose of 1.75 provides an increase in cotton productivity in seed. Cultivar FMT 701 obtained the highest plant height, stem diameter, number of reproductive branches, bolls per plant and cotton productivity in seed compared with the cultivar Fibermax 966 in both years

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 funichello_m_dr_jabo.pdf: 263321 bytes, checksum: 745d29c4123310500dd5e9e50d9646ed (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A cultura no algodoeiro abriga uma grande quantidade de insetos que podem causar danos a sua produção. A lagarta Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) mais encontrada na soja, tem se destacado atualmente na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, devido aos novos sistemas de cultivos sucessivos, soja-algodão. Um dos principais avanços tecnológicos é a disponibilidade de cultivares transgênicas, resistentes para algumas espécies desfolhadoras de insetos-pragas, porém, algumas espécies, consideradas alvo da tecnologia, tem sobrevivido e preocupado produtores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os principais aspectos biológicos de P. includens alimentadas com folhas de quatro cultivares de algodoeiro, bem como estudar o efeito da cultivar transgênica NuOPAL, sobre o comportamento, sobrevivência e desenvolvimento do inseto. Além disso, avaliou-se o consumo foliar de lagartas e a atratividade a estas cultivares. Avaliou-se também a distribuição vertical de lagartas de P. includens na cultivar transgênica WideStrike e na sua isolinha comercial FM 993. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (cultivares DeltaOPAL, NuOPAL, FM 993 e FM 910), com 30 ou 60 repetições, conforme o experimento. No ensaio de não preferência para alimentação de lagartas, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições, com as mesma cultivares. Para a distribuição vertical de lagartas nas plantas das cultivares FM 993 e FM 975 WS foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 06 tratamentos (3 terços da planta x 2 faces foliares), e 40 repetições. Os dados obtidos foram transformados em (x+0,5)1/2 e submetidos a Análise de Variância para cada cultivar e as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste... / The cotton crop has a large number of insects that can damage the production. The caterpillar Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) most commonly found in soybean, has been highlighted today in the Midwest region of Brazil, due to new systems of crop rotation, soybean-cotton. One of the major technological advances is the availability of transgenic cultivars resistant to some species of defoliating insect pests, but some species considered target technology, has survived and concerned farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the main biological aspects P. includens feed by leaves of four cotton cultivars, as well as studying the effect of transgenic NUOPAL cultivar, on behavior, survival and development of the insect. Furthermore, were evaluated the attractiveness and foliar consumption by larvae to the cultivars. Another objective was to evaluate the vertical distribution of larvae of P. includens in transgenic cultivar WideStrike and its isoline commercial FM 993. Were used a completely randomized design, using treatments with cultivars DeltaOPAL, NUOPAL, FM 993 and FM 910, with 60 replicates for the antibiosis experiment. In the test of non-preference for feeding caterpillars, was used completely randomized design with 10 replicate with the same cultivars. For the vertical distribution was used as a randomized block design in a split-plot, with 06 treatments (3 parts of plants x 2 leaf surface), and 40 replicate. The data were transformed into (x +0.5)1/2 and subjected to analysis of variance and treatments means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The Bt cultivar Bt (Bollgard I) exerts the sort of antibiosis to half of the larval population, extending the larval stage of the survivors. It also reduces the larvae and pupae weight, and provides significantly greater duration period of larval-adult. In testing the non-feeding preference of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Enes Furlani Júnior / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Ederaldo José Chiavegato / Resumo: Devido à expansão da cotonicultura, pesquisas com reguladores de crescimento e subdoses de herbicidas estão sendo desenvolvidas para incrementar a produtividade da cultura. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das subdoses de 2,4-D e cloreto de mepiquat nas características vegetativas e produtivas de dois cultivares de algodão. O experimento foi conduzido durante o período de novembro de 2012 a maio de 2013 e novembro de 2013 a maio de 2014. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em um esquema fatorial 6 x 2 x 2, com 4 repetições, totalizando 96 parcelas, perfazendo 24 tratamentos: a testemunha e cinco subdoses do herbicida 2,4-D: 0,68; 1,36; 2,04; 2,72 e 3,40 g equivalente ácido (e.a.) por ha -1, com e sem aplicação de cloreto de mepiquat na dose 200 mL ha -1 nas cultivares FMT 701 e Fibermax 966 de algodoeiro. Aplicou-se as subdoses de 2,4-D aos 45 dias após a emergência da planta (d.a.e.) e o regulador de crescimento aos 70 d.a.e. Constatou-se que a utilização do regulador de crescimento (cloreto de mepiquat) na dose 200 mL ha -1 foi eficiente no controle do desenvolvimento da planta em relação a variável altura de planta no dois anos de estudo. Para o cultivar de porte baixo, a aplicação das subdoses crescente de 2,4-D proporciona um incremento na altura de planta. Com o aumento das subdoses de 2,4-D, ocorre um incremento no número de estruturas reprodutivas para o cultivar FMT 701. A aplicação de subdoses de 2,4-D na faixa de 1,75 a 1,90 g e. a. ha -1 propicia um aumento de produtividade de algodão em caroço para a cultivar FMT 701. Para a cultivar Fibermax 966 a subdose de 1,75 propicia um incremento na produtividade de algodão em caroço. A cultivar FMT 701 obteve maior altura de planta, diâmetro do caule, quantidade de ramos reprodutivos, capulhos por planta e produtividade de algodão em caroço comparado com a cultivar Fibermax 966 nos dois anos agrícolas / Abstract: Due to expansion of cotton production, research with growth regulators and sublethal rates of herbicide are being developed to improve levels of crop productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sublethal rates of dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and mepiquat chloride on vegetative and productive characteristics of two cultivar of cotton plant. The experiment was conducted during the growing season of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The experimental design was a randomized completely blocks design in a factorial system 6 x 2 x 2 with 4 replications, consisting 96 plots, with the amount of twenty four treatments: one control and five rates of 2,4-D: 0.68, 1.36, 2.04 2.72 and 3.40 g equivalent acid (e.a) by ha -1, with and without application of mepiquat chloride in the level 200 mL ha-1 in the cultivar FMT 701 and Fibermax 966 cotton. Applied to the doses of 2,4-D at 45 days after plant emergence (d.a.e.) and the growth regulator to 70 d.a.e. The result showed that the use of the growth regulator (mepiquat chloride) at a dose 200 mL ha -1 was effective in controlling plant development in relation to plant height on the two-year study. For the small size of cultivar, the application of increasing doses of 2,4-D provides an increase in plant height. With increasing doses of 2,4-D, there is an increase in the number of reproductive structures for cultivating FMT 701. The application doses of 2,4-D in the range of 1.75 and 1.90 g. The. ha - 1 provides an increase of seed cotton productivity to grow FMT 701. To cultivate Fibermax 966 to sub-dose of 1.75 provides an increase in cotton productivity in seed. Cultivar FMT 701 obtained the highest plant height, stem diameter, number of reproductive branches, bolls per plant and cotton productivity in seed compared with the cultivar Fibermax 966 in both years / Mestre

Orientador: Antônio Carlos Busoli / Coorientador: Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior / Banca: Júlio Cesar Guerreiro / Banca: Marcos Doniseti Michelotto / Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli / Resumo: A cultura no algodoeiro abriga uma grande quantidade de insetos que podem causar danos a sua produção. A lagarta Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) mais encontrada na soja, tem se destacado atualmente na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, devido aos novos sistemas de cultivos sucessivos, soja-algodão. Um dos principais avanços tecnológicos é a disponibilidade de cultivares transgênicas, resistentes para algumas espécies desfolhadoras de insetos-pragas, porém, algumas espécies, consideradas alvo da tecnologia, tem sobrevivido e preocupado produtores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os principais aspectos biológicos de P. includens alimentadas com folhas de quatro cultivares de algodoeiro, bem como estudar o efeito da cultivar transgênica NuOPAL, sobre o comportamento, sobrevivência e desenvolvimento do inseto. Além disso, avaliou-se o consumo foliar de lagartas e a atratividade a estas cultivares. Avaliou-se também a distribuição vertical de lagartas de P. includens na cultivar transgênica WideStrike e na sua isolinha comercial FM 993. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (cultivares DeltaOPAL, NuOPAL, FM 993 e FM 910), com 30 ou 60 repetições, conforme o experimento. No ensaio de não preferência para alimentação de lagartas, foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 10 repetições, com as mesma cultivares. Para a distribuição vertical de lagartas nas plantas das cultivares FM 993 e FM 975 WS foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com 06 tratamentos (3 terços da planta x 2 faces foliares), e 40 repetições. Os dados obtidos foram transformados em (x+0,5)1/2 e submetidos a Análise de Variância para cada cultivar e as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The cotton crop has a large number of insects that can damage the production. The caterpillar Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) most commonly found in soybean, has been highlighted today in the Midwest region of Brazil, due to new systems of crop rotation, soybean-cotton. One of the major technological advances is the availability of transgenic cultivars resistant to some species of defoliating insect pests, but some species considered target technology, has survived and concerned farmers. This study aimed to evaluate the main biological aspects P. includens feed by leaves of four cotton cultivars, as well as studying the effect of transgenic NUOPAL cultivar, on behavior, survival and development of the insect. Furthermore, were evaluated the attractiveness and foliar consumption by larvae to the cultivars. Another objective was to evaluate the vertical distribution of larvae of P. includens in transgenic cultivar WideStrike and its isoline commercial FM 993. Were used a completely randomized design, using treatments with cultivars DeltaOPAL, NUOPAL, FM 993 and FM 910, with 60 replicates for the antibiosis experiment. In the test of non-preference for feeding caterpillars, was used completely randomized design with 10 replicate with the same cultivars. For the vertical distribution was used as a randomized block design in a split-plot, with 06 treatments (3 parts of plants x 2 leaf surface), and 40 replicate. The data were transformed into (x +0.5)1/2 and subjected to analysis of variance and treatments means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The Bt cultivar Bt (Bollgard I) exerts the sort of antibiosis to half of the larval population, extending the larval stage of the survivors. It also reduces the larvae and pupae weight, and provides significantly greater duration period of larval-adult. In testing the non-feeding preference of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A study was undertaken to obtain information on farmers' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding pesticide usage and to determine the amount of pesticide in soil and water samples collected at four cotton producing areas of Mali. The results from a survey of 24 farmers identified various concerns regarding personal and environmental safety. Despite their training, sometimes growers did not use pesticides in an appropriate manner. Highly toxic pesticides are used by farmers with insufficient personal protective equipment. Sixty soil samples and eight water samples from four cotton growing areas in Mali were scanned for detectable levels of fifty pesticides in total. Pesticides were detected in 77% of the soil samples and the main pesticides were p,p-DDT and its breakdown products, endosulfan I endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate and profenofos. Among the pesticides detected, p,p-DDT use in the study area had not been reported during the past ten years. The most common pesticide detected in the soil samples from cotton growing areas studied was endosulfan II constituting 65% of the detections with a maximum amount of 37 ng/g. Residues detected in soil samples were below the quantification limit for the newer cotton production region of Kita and for the intermediate region of San. Eight pesticides were detected in water samples: γ-BHC (lindane), endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, dieldrin, p,p-DDD, p,p-DDE and atrazine. All detected pesticides in water had concentrations below the quantification limit except for atrazine. Even though pesticides were found at low concentrations in ground water samples, the fact that water from these wells is used for human and animal consumption is of concern. Also, soil pesticides may be taken up by plants and passed on to other organisms feeding on those plants. Further residues studies in the cotton growing areas of Mali are in order to monitor pesticides residues in Malian soils, water and living organisms. / Master of Science

Thesis (doctoral) - Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-147).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-104).

Dans la zone cotonnière au Mali-sud, les différentes études menées expliquent la croissance des effectifs du cheptel bovin par une sous-exploitation des troupeaux par les éleveurs. L'objectif de la thèse est donc de faire un diagnostic sur l'exploitation du cheptel bovin dans la zone cotonnière au Mali-Sud et identifier les contraintes à l'exploitation du troupeau. La méthodologie de recherche a combiné l'approche zootechnique et sociologique pour analyser les pratiques et les décisions d'exploitation des troupeaux des éleveurs. L'utilisation d'un modèle démographique a permis de mesurer la sensibilité du taux de productivité aux différents paramètres démographiques. Le taux d'exploitation nette du troupeau estimé a été de 0,08 / an. Ce taux comparé au taux de 0,11 / an de la productivité numérique du cheptel montre qu'il n'y a pas de sous-exploitation du troupeau bovin. Les processus d'exploitation des animaux impliquent plusieurs décideurs. Cependant, les différentes structures organisationnelles et décisionnelles ne constituent pas une entrave à l'exploitation des animaux. Le besoin monétaire est la principale raison de la vente d'animaux pour faire face aux dépenses de la famille. Les taux d'exploitation et d'importation d'animaux sont en lien avec la taille du troupeau et les comportements des familles. Le taux d'exploitation est lié à la productivité du troupeau. L'amélioration de la productivité passe par une amélioration de la reproduction et une augmentation de la proportion de femelles reproductrices dans le troupeau. / In the cotton-growing area of Southern Mali, the different studies conducted explain the growth of the cattle herds' size by the under off-take of the herds by the breeder. The objective of the thesis is therefore to make a diagnosis on the off-take of the cattle herds in the cotton-growing area of Southern Mali and to identify the constraints of the herd off-take. The research methodology combined zoo technical and sociological approach to analyze the practices and the off-take decisions of the breeder's herds. The use of a demographic model permitted to measure the sensitivity of the productivity rate to the different demographic parameters. The valued off-take rate of the herd was of 0.08 year-1. This rate compared to the rate of 0.11 year-1 of the numeric productivity of livestock shows that there is not under off-take of the cattle herds. The processes of animal's off-take imply several decision-makers. However, the different organizational structures and decision don't constitute a hindrance to the animal's off-take. The monetary need is the main reason of animal's sale to face the family's expenses. The rates of off-take and in-take of animals are tie with the herd size and the behaviors of the families. The off-take rate is related to the productivity of the herd. The productivity improvement passes by the reproduction improvement and the proportion of reproductive females in the herd.

Orientador: Ciro Antonio Rosolem / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Enes Furlani Junior / Banca: Celso Jamil Marur / Banca: Luiz Henrique Carvalho / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar plantas de algodão submetidas a reguladores de crescimento em função das condições ambientais e de absorção dos produtos quando aplicados ou não com adjuvante vegetal. No primeiro experimento foram avaliadas plantas de algodão submetidas ao regulador à base de Cloreto de Mepiquat e regimes de temperatura dia/noite de 25/15, 32/22 e 39/29 °C. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, retenção de estruturas reprodutivas, fisiológicos e anatômicos. No segundo experimento os tratamentos foram constituídos de uma dose de regulador à base de Cloreto de Mepiquat e chlormequat e correspondente a 15,0 g ha–1 do princípio ativo, aplicado com e sem adjuvante. As plantas foram submetidas à lâmina de chuva correspondente a 30 mm após 0; 1,5; 3; 6; 12 e 24 horas da aplicação do regulador, mais um tratamento sem chuva. O delineamento experimental foi o em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, estruturas reprodutivas, reposição do regulador lavado pela chuva e concentração do regulador na planta. Além disso, foram realizados testes paralelos que visaram determinar a concentração dos produtos nas plantas e o comportamento das plantas em condições de campo submetidas à lavagem do regulador. O uso de adjuvante siliconado contribuiu de maneira significativa para a permanência e/ou absorção dos produtos pelas plantas de algodão; o melhor regime de temperatura para o desenvolvimento das plantas de algodão, bem como para que o regulador à base de Cloreto de Mepiquat possa ter sua ação expressa da melhor forma, foi a de 32/22°C e a reposição do regulador inicialmente aplicado e lavado por chuva se faz necessária para que as plantas tenham o seu crescimento controlado, o que melhora todo o sistema de produção. / Abstract: This research had as objective to evaluate cotton plants submitted to plant growth regulators as affected by environmental and uptake conditions when applied with or without adjuvant. In the first experiment, cotton plants were evaluated when they were submitted to mepiquat chloride and temperature regimes, day/night, of 25/15, 32/22 and 39/29 °C. The experimental design was the completely randomized with five replications. Growth, physiological, reproductive structure retention and anatomical parameters were evaluated related to the plant growth regulator uptake. In the second experiment, treatments were constituted by one rate of plant growth regulator mepiquat chloride and chlormequat chloride of 15 g ha-1 of the active ingredient, applied with and without adjuvant on cotton plants. Plants were submitted to simulated rainfall of 30 mm after 1; 1,5; 3; 6; 12 and 24 hours after plant growth regulators application, plus a treatment without rainfall. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replications. The parameters evaluated were: plant growth, reproductive structures, reposition of the plant growth regulator washed by the rainfall and concentration of the plant growth regulators in the plant. Besides, parallel tests were carried out which had as objective to determinate the concentration of the products in the plants and plant growth in field conditions submitted to plant growth regulator wash. A silicon adjuvant contributes in a significant way for the product permanence and/or uptake by the cotton plants. The most adequate temperature regime for plant development, as well as, for mepiquat chloride plant growth regulator to express its action was 32/22°C and the reapplication of the regulator rate initially applied and washed by rainfall was necessary, so the plants could have their growth controlled, what optimizes the whole production system. / Doutor