Terrorism, as an act of war, has produced new challenges for states and their militaries in the modern era. A typical response for governments that face a terrorist threat is to reassess their institutional posture toward handling such assaults on their territorial sovereignty, to include a redefinition of the conditions under which their militaries may be used to defend and protect domestic interests. This study aims to determine the conditions under which and to what degree a civilian authority's restructuring of its counterterrorism policy alters civil-military relations within that state, specifically examining the institutional and constitutional constraints under which governments formulate their military's role in counterterrorism policy; the type of institutional arrangement that seems most conducive to a powerful military role in a state's counterterrorism policy; and an exploration of the expansion of military authority in response to terrorism in the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom, and Spain. I argue that democratic states will expand the role and responsibilities of their militaries into what were formerly civilian areas of responsibility as a key tool in the implementation of their counterterrorism policy when military authority is only loosely circumscribed by state constitutional and legislative documents; the military has a history of strong participation in the formulation (versus simply implementation) of a state's national security doctrine; and the military maintains an exalted role in national history and is viewed by the citizenry as a core institution of national identity, and the government is facing both high internal and external threat levels. This study is based on the assumption that institutional arrangements play a significant role in the policymaking process, employing the paradigm of Historical Institutionalism to explain how changes within institutions alter civil-military relations in the context of counterterrorism policy, and vice versa. / text

The aim of this thesis is to find out, whether the European Union is capable to propose and implement coherent, comprehensive, interoperable and robust counterterrorism measures in all the territories of member states. After the attacks in the USA and subsequently in Europe, the European politicians have started to discuss cooperation related to the fight against terrorism much more intensely. The question is, whether the newly adopted measures are effective and supported enough to have bigger impact on the global terrorism than those adopted at the national level.

1 Criminal law regulation of protection against terrorism in the Czech Republic Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the criminal law regulation of protection against terrorism in the Czech Republic. Its aim is to characterize this criminal law regulation, including selected related topics. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The author first introduces the reader to the issue of terrorism through a short historical excursion, then focuses on various definitions of the term terrorism and describes its characteristic features, principles, types, forms and presents it in the context of organized crime and extremism. The second chapter deals with instruments of protection against terrorism. An essential term in this context is anti-terrorism or counter-terrorism, which is a set of measures and activities aimed at preventing, suppressing and eliminating the consequences of terrorist acts and implemented through so-called "anti-terrorism policy". First of all, in this chapter, the analysis of individual terrorist threats and their relevance for the Czech Republic positively answers the question of the need for instruments of protection against terrorism, accented also by a sub-chapter dealing with phenomenon of lone wolfs and foreign terrorist fighters. Finally, two basic concepts of anti-terrorism...

The way communities build resiliency and prepare for acts of terrorism is ambiguous in the United States; best practices remain unclear. Due to mobility and advancements in communication technologies, individuals and organizations share information, incite anger, recruit, and act on ideological grievances with ease. Such grievances are bolstered by the political and social exclusion of disparate groups through poorly designed policies and ineffective government structures. Using a combination of social constructivism and systems thinking theories, this case study explored collaboration efforts between government agencies and nongovernment experts in Oklahoma City, OK, identifying best practices as a result of lessons learned following the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Data were acquired through public records related to the bombing, combined with a qualitative survey of 31 community leaders. These data were inductively coded and subjected to a thematic analysis procedure. Key findings indicate that while open communication with the community and increased coordination were suggested by participants, reports were kept internal to each agency and not widely shared or implemented effectively across the community. Sharing the identified best practices and acknowledging collaboration opportunities promotes positive social change by involving the broader community and building early resiliency to address ideologic grievances and create more effective community counterterrorism plans.