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1	Apsauga nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio tarptautinei prekybai / Protection from adverse effects of subsidies to international trade Klinavičiūtė, Eglė 26 June 2013 (has links) Subsidijos yra vienas iš sudėtingiausių ir daugiausia ginčų sukeliančių tarptautinės teisės klausimų. Viena vertus, vyriausybės teikia subsidijas siekdamos visiškai teisėtų nacionalinės ekonominės ir socialinės politikos tikslų. Tačiau, kita vertus, subsidijos gali sukelti nenumatytus tarptautinės prekybos iškraipymus. Dėl jų neigiamo poveikio subsidijos yra sudėtingo tarptautinės ir viršvalstybinės teisės normų rinkinio, kuriuo siekiama atskirti ir reguliuoti „nesąžiningas“ subsidijas, subjektas. Šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjama apsaugos nuo neigiamo subsidijų poveikio prekybos partnerių interesams problematika, ieškant atsakymų į klausimus, kodėl apsauga yra būtent tokia, ir ar subsidijų (ir joms atsverti taikomų kompensacinių muitų) naudojimą reglamentuojančios taisyklės yra pakankamos. / Subsidies are one of the most complicated and contentious questions in international law. On the one hand, subsidies are used by governments to serve fully legitimate objectives of national economic and social policy. On the other hand, however, subsidies may create unintended distortions in international trade. Due to adverse effects subsidies are the subject to an intricate set of legal rules of international and supra-national law, which attempts to distinguish and regulate „unfair“ subsidies. This master‘s thesis examines the issue of protection from adverse effects on the interests of trading partners, attempting to answer the questions, why this is the case and whether the disciplines governing the use of subsidies – and countervailing duties to offset them – is complete. Law Subsidija Valstybės pagalba PPO GATT Kompensaciniai muitai Subsidy State aid WTO GATT Countervailing duties
2	從經濟觀點論世貿組織之美國雙反案裁決周芷維 Unknown Date (has links) 2011年美國對中國特定產品課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅一案上訴機構報告發布，該案上訴機構推翻小組判決，於條文無明文規定的情形下判定：若針對「同一」損害同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅，則非「適當」的平衡稅額，構成雙重救濟而有違WTO規範。雖然WTO無先例原則，然為維持機構的穩定性，小組與上訴機構多會參考先前裁決，因此，美國雙反案上訴機構判決將對往後相關議題產生一定影響，值得探究。小組認為反傾銷協定與SCM協定各有其規範範疇，且會員於此二協定下之義務互不干涉，故除條文明文規定不得針對出口補貼同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅外，同時課徵皆不違反WTO之規定。本文檢視兩協定的發展歷史後，發現雖然其分立是出於歷史上的偶然，但由談判過程可見該二貿易救濟措施具不同的救濟目的和實施方式，故小組立論有其基礎。接續本文觀察上訴機構論理，以釐清其於條文無據的情況下判定雙重救濟有違WTO規範的原因，而本文發現上訴機構之裁決乃依條約解釋原則所為，並無造法之處，唯其相較於小組更著重會員在WTO涵括協定下義務的累積，是以得出與小組相悖的結論。最後，本文透過經濟模型和經濟分析檢視雙重救濟於現實中的可能樣態，得出雙重救濟確實不單產生於針對出口補貼同時課徵反傾銷稅和平衡稅的情形。此外，為提供WTO會員往後面臨此議題的參照，本文觀察美國對雙反案之履行，發現進口國交由受調查廠商舉證其是否將補貼反應於售價之做法，確為調查機關同時課徵此二稅收之可行方式。雙重救濟美國雙反案 Double Remedy
3	Implementing effective trade remedy mechanisms : a critical analysis of Nigeria's Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Bill, 2010 Andrew, Ikeagwuchi Godwin January 2014 (has links) Anti-dumping duties, safeguards and countervailing duties are collectively, within the context of the WTO, referred to as „trade remedies.‟ More specifically, the imposition of anti-dumping duties is a remedial measure for dealing with imports that cause or threatens to cause injury to local producers. Under the WTO framework, Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and the Agreement on the Implementation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 provides the rules for applying anti-dumping duties by member countries. Nigeria has been a member of the WTO since 1995 and can only apply anti-dumping duties provided it adheres to the rules governing anti-dumping. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether the proposed Anti-dumping and Countervailing Bill, 2010 is consistent with WTO jurisprudence on anti-dumping. This study also highlights landmark developments in South Africa‟s anti-dumping system with a view to providing direction to Nigeria in order for its proposed national legislation on anti-dumping to be WTO compliant. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted Anti-dumping duties Safeguards and countervailing duties Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 UCTD
4	Subsidizing Global Solar Power : A contemporary legal study of existing and potential international incentives for solar PV investments in developing countries Arnesson, Daniel January 2013 (has links) With national cuts on solar PV subsidies and the current “oversupply” of panels, the global solar market is clearly threatened by a contraction. Yet, the need for more solar power is apparent, particularly for the world’s poor and vulnerable population. Instead of securing modern energy access for these people, trade interests have triggered a counterproductive solar trade war. This contemporary legal study addresses these issues by examining existent and potential instruments for stimulating a North-to-South solar capital flow. The research finds that recent reforms of the CDM will do little difference from previous deficiencies, as local investment barriers are not reflected in the monetary support of the clean development mechanism. Competing technologies are successfully keeping solar out of the game while baseline requirements are undermining the poor. Inspired by national renewable energy law and policy, international alternatives could address these shortcomings. While feed-in tariffs have been commonly advocated, the REC model seems far more appropriate in an international context. Its ability to be traded separately from the electricity makes it a perfect candidate as a substitute for the CDM. Entrusted with certain features it could address the geographical unbalance and provide with greater investor certainty. But the scheme(s) are under current WTO regulations required to be non-discriminatory, making it highly questionable to believe that developed countries would ever fund such incentive. It is not likely that solar capital exporters want Chinese solar PV manufacturers, who are already receiving significant production subsidies, to receive the same benefits as other producers. However, if countries adversely effected by subsidies where allowed to offset the injury by discriminating Chinese producers in international REC schemes, the Author believes that it would be easier to sell such a concept and implement it, for the benefits of climate change mitigation and adaptation as well as the world’s vulnerable and poor nations. However, this would require extensive reforms under WTO which the Author calls for. Solar PV renewable energy trade prohibited subsidies actionable subsidies countervailing duties climate change mitigation adaptation developing countries investment barriers clean development mechanism feed-in tariffs renewable energy certificates law and policy
5	Exchanging Approaches: Evaluating Methods to Counter Chinese Currency Undervaluation Trask, Brandon Marshall 28 November 2013 (has links) I evaluate four possible approaches the United States may take to address China's practice of undervaluing the renminbi: 1) a challenge under Article XV of the GATT and the associated IMF provisions; 2) countervailing duties; 3) antidumping measures; and 4) safeguard measures. I conclude that the first three approaches are unlikely to succeed; there are a number of legal and political obstacles to the pursuit of these remedies. While the current WTO safeguards regime is likely insufficient, a new safeguards regime can--and should--be developed. I review and critique Dani Rodrik's proposal for a new safeguards regime and set out my own basic blueprint for a significantly expanded safeguards regime, emphasizing that flexibility in the realm of international trade law would help to secure overall stability in international trade itself. In order to be effective shock absorbers, safeguards must become far more flexible. safeguards WTO international trade Chinese currency currency undervaluation currency valuation renminbi Rodrik manipulation international trade law GATT trade stability IMF Article XV countervailing duties subsidies China currency manipulation currency policy exchange rate floating exchange RMB safeguards regime antidumping compensation mechanism gold standard Bretton Woods 0398
6	Exchanging Approaches: Evaluating Methods to Counter Chinese Currency Undervaluation Trask, Brandon Marshall 28 November 2013 (has links) I evaluate four possible approaches the United States may take to address China's practice of undervaluing the renminbi: 1) a challenge under Article XV of the GATT and the associated IMF provisions; 2) countervailing duties; 3) antidumping measures; and 4) safeguard measures. I conclude that the first three approaches are unlikely to succeed; there are a number of legal and political obstacles to the pursuit of these remedies. While the current WTO safeguards regime is likely insufficient, a new safeguards regime can--and should--be developed. I review and critique Dani Rodrik's proposal for a new safeguards regime and set out my own basic blueprint for a significantly expanded safeguards regime, emphasizing that flexibility in the realm of international trade law would help to secure overall stability in international trade itself. In order to be effective shock absorbers, safeguards must become far more flexible. safeguards WTO international trade Chinese currency currency undervaluation currency valuation renminbi Rodrik manipulation international trade law GATT trade stability IMF Article XV countervailing duties subsidies China currency manipulation currency policy exchange rate floating exchange RMB safeguards regime antidumping compensation mechanism gold standard Bretton Woods 0398

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