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The country risk of China: a study of thenon-market environment that affects foreign investors' decision makingHung, Kwok-ching., 洪國禎. January 2003 (has links)
published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / China Area Studies / Master / Master of Arts
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Scenario analysis 2022 : potential political risks facing foreign investors in the PRCKatainen, R. 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the beginning of the economic reforms in 1978, the People's Republic of China (PRC)
has attracted continuous interest from foreign investors, both in the form of foreign direct
investment (FDI) and international trade, making the PRC the second largest host of FDI in
the world. Despite occasional declines in foreign investment, foreign investors remain very
interested in the long-term prospects for doing business in the country. The PRC's phenominal
economic growth, large consumer market, the accession to the World Trade Organisation
(WTO), and the government's commitment to open markets, economic reforms, and
restructuring of the economy are amongst the factors that continue to attract foreign
investment and trade.
Despite the huge market potential and strong desire by foreign investors to do business in The
PRC, the track record of foreign companies and investments in the country have at best been
mixed. While some foreign investors have reaped large profits, others have failed to meet
their performance targets. Foreign investors have faced a number of problems that are not
market or trade related, but associated with economic, political and social trends and
developments, including corruption, nepotism, crime, poor infrastructure, a depleted banking
system, inefficient legal system, unemployment and poverty. Therefore, it is not surprising
that many foreign investors are asking themselves whether the benefits of doing business in
the PRC are worth the risks.
In an increasingly uncertain and instable international trade and investment environment
political risk assessment and management have become essential components of any
profitable foreign investment strategy. Consequently, numerous political risk-rating agencies
and a large number of both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods have
emerged over the years. There is, however, neither general consensus regarding the definition
of political risk nor a comprehensively systematic method of conducting political risk
assessment. The definitions of political risk include a wide variety of indicators, ranging from
governmental actions to all non-market developments. The number of methods available for
political risk analysis range from informal, unsystematic assessments by a few individuals to
formal, systematic, and sophisticated risk analysis models. There are, however, some
similarities. The main objective of political risk analyses is to describe, explain, and forecast political conditions and events that affect the interests of foreign investors operating abroad or
planning to enter a foreign market. In addition, political risk analyses attempt to forecast
losses, and recommend means of managing the risk, avoiding the losses, and seizing the
opportunities.
Scenario planning is one of the qualitative methods used to analyse political risk. Scenario
planning, however, differs from most other approaches as it does not try to accurately predict
what will happen in the future or to provide the right tool for foreseeing the future
developments, but to offer a range of possible futures. The underlying assumption is that the
future cannot be forecast or predicted with certainty, but that the very process of thinking
about the future and exploring the implications of possible future scenarios may have a
profound impact on foreign investment and trade.
Scenario planning is a method that provides insightful information necessary to understand,
anticipate and respond to change and uncertainty in the future PRC. The development of four
20-year scenarios in this study demonstrates that the prospects for foreign investment can be
both positive and negative. When the economy continues to grow strongly, and the
government is able to maintain a stable environment and successfully implement the
necessary changes foreign investors are expected to reap the desired benefits. However, if the
problems facing the PRC at the moment further deteriorate foreign investors could expect
increased risks, and the possibility of failure. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vanaf die begin van die ekonomiese transformasie in 1978, het die Volksrepubliek van Sjina
voortdurende belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers geniet. Hierdie belangstelling was
gemanifesteer in die vorm van direkte buitelandse belegging asook internasionale handel.
Sjina het so aanloklik vir buitelandse beleggers geword, dat dit tans die wêreld se tweede
grootste ontvanger van buitelandse belegging is, en beleggers stel veral belang in die lang
termyn moontlikhede van besigheid doen in die land. Die Volksrepubliek van Sjina se
merkwaardige ekonomiese groei, groot verbruikersmark, toetreding tot die Wêreld Handels
Organisasie, en die regering se verbintenis aan die ontwikkeling van 'n oop ekonomie,
ekonomiese transformasie en die herstrukturering van die ekonomie as sulks, is sommige van
die faktore wat toenemend buitelandse belegging en handel aanlok.
Ten spyte van die groot verbruikersmark potensiaal en die sterk begeerte van buitelandse
beleggers om besigheid te doen in die Volksrepubliek van Sjina, is die ervarings van
buitelandse maatskappye tot dusver gemeng. Alhoewel sommige buitelandse beleggers groot
wins gemaak het, het ander minder sukses ervaar. Buitelandse beleggers word ook
gekonfronteer met baie probleme wat nie noodwendig met die mark of handel gepaard gaan
nie. Hierdie probleme word geassosieer met ekonomiese, politieke en sosiale gebeure en
faktore insluitend korrupsie, misdaad, nepotisme, swak infrastruktuur, 'n ledige bank sisteem,
'n ondoeltreffende regssisteem, werkloosheid en armoede. Baie buitelandse beleggers
betwyfel dus moontlik die vraag of besigheid doen in die Volksrepubliek van Sjina tog meer
voordele inhou as risiko.
In 'n wêreld waar internasionale handel en belegging met onsekerheid en onstabiliteit gepaard
gaan, het die aspekte van politieke risiko skadebepaling en -bestuur belangrike komponente
van enige winsgewende buitelandse belegging strategie geword. Gevolglik het verskeie
politieke risiko-analise agentskappe asook 'n verskeie risiko-analise metodes van beide
kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe aard hul verskyning gemaak. Ten spyte van die bogenoemde is
daar nog steeds geen veralgemeende konsensus oor die definisie van politieke risiko, of 'n
oorsigtelik sistematiese metode van politieke risiko-skatting onderneem nie. Die definisies
van politieke risiko sluit in 'n groot verskeidenheid van indikatore wat wissel van
regeringaksies tot mark-onverwante gebeure. Die verskeidendheid van metodologië wat
gebruik word in politieke risiko-analise wissel van informeel, onsistematiese skattings, tot formele, sistematiese en gesofistikeerde risiko-analise modelle. Die primêre doel van
politieke risiko-analise is om te beskryf en te verduidelik, en ook om politieke omstandighede
en gebeurtenisse wat die belangstelling van buitelandse beleggers affekteer te voorspel.
Addisioneel beoog politieke risiko-analise om ook die moontlikheid van verlies te voorspel en
om 'n strategie vir die bestuur van die risiko aan te beveel, om sodoende verlies so ver
moontlik te vermy asook om moontlike geleenthede aan te gryp.
Senariobeplanning is een van die kwalitiatiewe metodes wat gebruik kan word in die analise
van politieke risiko. Senariobeplanning verskil van ander benaderings in die sin dat dit nie
akkurate voorspellings vir die toekoms as sulks maak nie, maar eerder 'n verskeidenheid van
moontlike toekomstige omstandighede weergee.
Die ontwikkeling van vier 20-jaar senarios vir die Volksrepubliek van Sjina in hierdie studie
illustreer hoe die uitsigte vir buitelandse belegging positief sowel as negatief kan wees.
Indien die Sjinese ekonomie verder groei en die regering in staat is om 'n stabiele omgewing
in stand te hou asook die nodige veranderings te implimenteer, kan buitelandse beleggers
verwag om beoogde voordele van buitelandse belegging te ervaar. Maar as die probleme wat
die Volksrepubliek van Sjina op die oomblik ervaar voortduur en lof verswak, kan buitelandse
beleggers verhoogde risiko sowel as die moontlikheid van mislukkings verwag.
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Assessing the political and investment risk climate of the PRC : a SAB-Miller case studyLanhove, Tom 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research assignment has investigated the overall nature of the
investment climate in the People's Republic of China (PRC).The investment
climate was analysed using a Political Risk Analysis (PRA) framework,
whereby the PRC was scrutinised closely for its most defining socioeconomic
features and, especially, for its most salient political risk factors.
Based on this, the assignment evaluated this climate with specific relevance
to the investment plans of the South African company SAB-Miller.
Since its accession to the World Trade Organisation (WTO)in 2001, the PRC
has intensified its economic restructuring process, a necessary and
inevitable process, in order to comply with the terms of the WTOframework.
This period of adjustment has heightened the anxiety over the strength of
the Chinese economy, and the repercussions and/or opportunities for the
multinational SAB-Miller.To remedy this uncertainty, this assignment has
drawn up an in-depth qualitative scenario, in order to forecast the major
trends of the PRC's short-term socio-political future. The main findings of
the assignment indicate that a 'high-road' scenario is the most likely to
occur in the PRC in the short-term. Clearly, this favourable forecast 1S
dependent on the continuation of the current economic and socio-political
restructuring process in the PRC.
With regards to the main macro-political risks factors, the assignment draws
attention to several critical areas of concern. Firstly, the lack of
legitimatisation from the 'bottom-up' is a worrying feature, especially in light
of the growing economic disparities between citizens and between provinces.
Secondly, the financial and governmental sectors need a thorough
restructuring, according to WTO criteria. Thirdly, the fragmentation of the
market inside the PRe undermines the potential of the PRC government to
diffuse the benefits of economic growth and to absorb the downsides of
globalisation. Micro-specific risk factors for the company SAB-Miller are
focussed predominantly on the speed and the depth of the implementation of
the guidelines of the WTO. Especially with regards to the lowering of intra-provincial trade barriers and the efficacy of the distribution networks. Lastly,
SAB-Miller should eliminate any risk factors, which may originate from
inside the company's behaviour, such as the effects of its adopted labour
policies. Lastly, it should maintain a clear level of transparency in their
associations with governmental institutions. Throughout the assignment,
these risk factors will be investigated and related to the overall political risk
climate and utilised to draw conclusions concerning the potential of the
investment plans of SAB-Miller. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk het die beleggingsklimaat van die Volksrepubliek China
(VRC) ondersoek. Die beleggingssklimaat is ontleed deur gebruik te maak
van 'n model vir Politieke Risiko Analise (PRA), waarby die VRC sorgvuldig
onderwerp is aan 'n ondersoek van sy mees kenmerkende sosio-ekonomiese
faktore en van die belangrikste risiko faktore. Hierop gebaseer, het die
werkstuk ook die beleggingsklimaat ontleed met spesifieke betrekking tot die
beleggingsplanne van die Suid Afrikaanse maatskappy SAB-Miller.
Sedert toetreding tot die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie (WHO) in 2001, het die
VRC sy transformasie proses versnel ten einde te voldoen aan die WHO se
toelatingskriteria. Hierdie tydperk van aanpassing het kommer gewek oor die
Chinese ekonomie asook oor die gevolge daarvan vir die maatskappy SABMiller.
Om hierdie onsekerheid aan te spreek het die werkstuk 'n
kwalitatiewe scenario voorgestel, ten einde die hoofpunte van die VRC se
sosio-ekonomiese kort-termyn toekoms vooruit te skat. Die gevolgtrekking
van hierdie werkstuk toon aan dat 'n 'high-road' scenario die waarskynlikste
is gedurende die kort termyn. Dis ook duidelik dat die gunstige
vooruitskattings afhanklik is van die voortsetting van die huidige sosioekonomiese
transformasie proses van die VRC.
Met betrekking tot die vernaamste makro-politieke risiko faktore het die
werkstuk aandag gegee aan verskeie kommerwekkende aspekte. Eerstens,
die gebrek aan elektorale regmatigheid van die 'grond-af, waarskynlik in die
lig van die toenemende ekonomisiese verskille tussen burgers asook tussen
provinsies. Tweedens, moet die finansiële- en staatssektore grondig
herstruktureer word volgens die WHO riglyne. Derdens, ondermyn die
fragmentasie van die mark van binne China die mag van die VRCse regering
om die voordele van die ekonomiese groei gelykmatig te versprei, asook om
die nadele van Globalisasie te absorbeer. Mikro-spesifieke risiko faktore vir
die SAB-Miller maatskappy het hoofsaaklik gefokus op die spoed en die
diepgang van die implementering van die WHO riglyne. In besonder met
betrekking tot die hoë interprovinsiale handelsbelemmerings en die optimale
effektiwiteit van die verspreidingskakels. Laatstens, moet SAB-Miller enige risiko faktore elimineer wat as gevolg van die maatskappy se eie gedrag kan
onstaan, byvoorbeeld die maatskappy se arbeidsvoorwaardes. SAB-Miller
moet ook 'n duidelike aanspreeklikheidsfunksie daarstel, in hulle
betrekkinge met Chinese staatsinstellings. Deur die hele werkstuk word
hierdie risiko faktore ondersoek en in verband gebring met die algemene
politieke risiko klimaat, en word ook gebruik om gevolgtrekkinge te maak
aangaande die potensiaal van SAB-Millerse beleggingsplanne.
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