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Many contemporary experimental QCD results achieve greater accuracy in measurement than equivalent theoretical predictions calculated at leading order. Therefore it is necessary to consider next to leading order (NLO) predictions for many processes in order to compare experiment with theory. Accurate theoretical predictions are also important in order to reduce the uncertainty in QCD parameters such as the coupling constant a, and to test whether QCD is in fact the correct theory to describe the strong interaction. With NLO results it is also possible to separate different clustering algorithms and test non-perturbative effects. This thesis concentrates on the techniques necessary for the calculation of NLO observables from the processes e(^+)e(^-) → 4 jets and pp → γ + X. We formulate a new version of the hybrid subtraction scheme based on the colour antenna structure of the final state to evaluate the necessary phase space integrals for the 4 jet process. The scheme is universal and can be applied to any QCD processes. The general purpose Monte Carlo EERAD2 which incorporates this new technique is compared with both experimental data gathered by the DELPHI collaboration and other groups which have reported similar calculations. A Monte Carlo written for the process pp → γ + X requires a knowledge of the non- perturbative photon fragmentation function, D(_γ), and the second half of this thesis concentrates on a calculation of this process using the ALEPH measurement of D(_γ) based on a democratic algorithm. The Monte Carlo DPRAD incorporates these techniques and results from it are compared with data from the Tevatron.

In this Thesis, we study some of the classical properties of an extension of the Skyrme model defined by adding a sixth order derivative term to the Lagrangian. In chapter 1, we review the physical as well as the mathematical motivation behind the study of the Skyrme model and in chapter 2, we give a brief summary of various extended Skyrme models that have been proposed over the last few years. We then define a new sixth order Skyrme model by introducing a dimensionless parameter λ that denotes the mixing between the two higher order terms, the Skyrme term and the sixth order term. In chapter 3 we compute numerically the multi-skyrmion solutions of this extended model and show that they have the same symmetries with the usual skyrmion solutions. In addition, we analyse the dependence of the energy and radius of these classical solutions with respect to the coupling constant λ. We compare our results with experimental data and determine whether this modified model can provide us with better theoretical predictions than the original one. In chapter 4, we use the rational map ansatz, introduced by Houghton, Manton and Sutcliffe, to approximate minimum energy multi-skyrmion solutions with B ≤ 9 of the SU(2) model and with B ≤ 6 of the SU(3) model. We compare our results with the ones obtained numerically and show that the rational map ansatz works just as well for the generalised model as for the pure Skyrme model, at least for B ≤ 5. In chapter 5, we use a generalisation of the rational map ansatz, introduced by loannidou, Piette and Zakrzewski, to construct analytically some topologically non-trivial solutions of the extended model in SU(3). These solutions are spherically symmetric and some of them can be interpreted as bound states of skyrmions. Finally, we use the same ansatz to construct low energy configurations of the SU(N) sixth order Skyrme model.

Orientador: Roberto Rittner Neto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T12:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_CarinaRabelo_D.pdf: 1755898 bytes, checksum: c7a1d0009ba787233a8957afb35ccedb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta estudos teóricos e experimentais sobre estabilidade conformacional de ésteres metílicos de alguns aminoácidos (glicina, alanina, prolina e ácido aspártico) por meio de espectroscopia vibracional e cálculos teóricos da estrutura eletrônica. Os cálculos teóricos foram efetuados com o método ab initio em nível MP2 e com o da Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (¿DFT¿) com diferentes conjuntos de bases e com correção de energia do ponto zero ¿ZPE¿, disponíveis no pacote Gaussian03. Determinaram-se as energias e geometrias dos confôrmeros mais estáveis na fase vapor e com a inclusão dos efeitos do solvente. Os espectros no infravermelho na região do estiramento fundamental do grupo carbonila e no seu primeiro ¿overtone¿, em solventes de diferentes constantes dielétricas, assim como o comportamento dos acoplamentos JHH e JCH em solução foram utilizados para determinar o número e as populações dos rotâmeros presentes. A análise conjunta dos dados permitiu avaliar quais são os fatores responsáveis pela estabilidade conformacional nos ésteres de aminoácidos estudados. No caso do éster do ácido aspártico realizou-se um estudo detalhado RMN de H e C a fim de verificar se os acoplamentos JHH e JCH, dos grupos CH e CH2 apresentavam variação com a mudança da população dos confôrmeros, uma vez que os hidrogênios do grupo CH2 são diastereotópicos, portanto apresentam deslocamentos químicos diferentes e acoplam entre si. Estes dados foram tratados pelo programa Models juntamente com as geometrias previamente otimizadas, o que forneceu informações detalhadas sobre o comportamento conformacional da molécula em solução e também no vapor / Abstract: The present work reports a theoretical and experimental study on the conformational analysis of some amino acid methyl esters (glycine, alanine, proline and acid aspartic) through IR and NMR spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The results from ab initio calculations of energy and structure for the main conformers were performed with the Gaussia03 program using MP2 and DFT theory including ZPE corrections and salvation effects. The infra-red spectrum in solvents with wide range of dielectric constants as well the behavior of couplings constants JHH and JCH in solution were used to determine the number and the populations of the rotamers in solution. The analysis of the data allowed the evaluation of the factors responsible for conformacional stability in the studied compounds. For the acid aspartic ester, a detailed investigation was performed using the through Models program, with the optimized geometries from Gaussian combined with experimental couplings constant values, which yielded detailed information on the conformacional behavior of the molecule in solution and also in the vapor / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Scope and Content stated in the place of the abstract. / The principal methods of calculating nuclear spin coupling constants by applying perturbation theory to molecular orbital wavefunctions for the electronic structure of molecules are discussed. A new method employing a self-consistent-field perturbation theory (SCFPT) is then presented and compared with the earlier methods. In self-consistent-field (SCF) methods, the interaction of an electron with other electrons in a molecule is accounted for by treating the other electrons as an average distribution of negative charge. However, this charge distribution cannot be calculated until the electron-electron interactions themselves are known. In the SCF method, an initial charge distribution is assumed and then modified in an iterative calculation until the desired degree of self-consistency is attained. In most previous perturbation methods, these electron interactions are not taken into account in a self consistent manner in calculating the perturbed wavefunction even when SCF wavefunctions are used to describe the unperturbed molecule. The main advantage of the new SCFPT approach is that it treats the interactions between electrons with the same degree of self-consistency in the perturbed wavefunction as in the unperturbed wavefunction. The SCFPT method offers additional advantages due to its computational efficiency and the direct manner in which it treats the perturbations. This permits the theory to be developed for the orbital and dipolar contributions to nuclear spin coupling as well as for the more commonly treated contact interaction. In this study, the SCFPT theory is used with the Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (INDO) molecular orbital approximation to calculate a number of coupling constants involving 13c and 19F. The usually neglected orbital and dipolar terms are found to be very important in FF and CF coupling. They can play a decisive role in explaining the experimental trend of JCF among a series of compounds. The orbital interaction is found to play a significant role in certain CC couplings. Generally good agreement is obtained between theory and experiment except for JCF and JFF in oxalyl fluoride and the incorrect signs obtained for cis JFF in fluorinated ethylenes. The nature of the theory permits the latter discrepancy to be rationalized in terms of computational details. The value of JFF in difluoracetjc acid is predicted to be -235 Hz. The SCFPT method is used with a theory of dπ - pπ bonding to predict in agreement with experiment that JCH in acetylene will decrease when that molecule is bound in a transition metal complex. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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In this thesis a computational complement to experimental observables will be presented. Computational tools such as molecular dynamics and quantum chemical tools will be used to aid in the interpretation of experimentally (NMR) obtained structural data. The techniques are applied to study the dynamical features of biologically important carbohydrates and their interaction with proteins. When evaluating conformations, molecular mechanical methods are commonly used. Paper I, highlights some important considerations and focuses on the force field parameters pertaining to carbohydrate moieties. Testing of the new parameters on a trisaccharide showed promising results. In Paper II, a conformational analysis of a part of the repeating unit of a Shigella flexneri bacterium lipopolysaccharide using the modified force field revealed two major conformational states. The results showed good agreement with experimental data. In Paper III, a trisaccharide using Langevin dynamics was investigated. The approach used in the population analysis included a least-square fit technique to match T1 elaxation parameters. The results showed good agreement with experimental T-ROE build-up curves, and three states were concluded to be involved. In Paper IV, carbohydrate moieties were used in the development of prodrug candidates, to “hide” peptide opioid receptor agonists. Langevin dynamics and quantum chemical methods were employed to elucidate the structural preference of the compound. The results showed a chemical shift difference between hydrogens across the ring for the two isomers as well as a difference in the coupling constant, when taking the dynamics into account. In Paper V, the interaction of the Salmonella enteritidis bacteriophage P22 with its host bacterium, involves an initial hydrolysis of the O-antigenic polysaccharide (O-PS). Docking calculations were used to examine the binding between the Phage P22 tail-spike protein and the O-PS repeating unit. Results indicated a possible active site in conjunction with NMR measurements.

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The 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones were prepared in a single-pot operation by condensing 6,8-dibromoanthranilamide and aryl aldehydes in the presence of molecular iodine in ethanol. Treatment of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromoquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with thionylchloride in the presence of dimethylformamide afforded the corresponding 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of 2-aryl-4-chloro-6,8-dibromoquinazolines with terminal alkynes at room temperature afforded series of 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(alkynyl)quinazolines. Further transformation of the 2-aryl-6,8-dibromo-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling with arylboronic acids occurred without selectivity to afford the corresponding 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines. The compounds were characterized using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C) and IR spectroscopic techniques as well as mass spectrometry. The absorption and emission properties of 2,6,8-triaryl-4-(phenylethynyl)quinazolines were determined in solution. / Chemistry / M.Sc. (Chemistry)