Fixational eye movements occur involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary scenes. The fastest components of these miniature eye movements are microsaccades, which can be observed about once per second. Recent studies demonstrated that microsaccades are linked to covert shifts of visual attention [e.g., Engbert & Kliegl (2003), Vision Res 43:1035-1045]. Here,we generalized this finding in two ways. First, we used peripheral cues, rather than the centrally presented cues of earlier studies. Second, we spatially cued attention in vision and audition to visual and auditory targets. An analysis of microsaccade responses revealed an equivalent impact of visual and auditory cues on microsaccade-rate signature (i.e., an initial inhibition followed by an overshoot and a final return to the pre-cue baseline rate). With visual cues or visual targets,microsaccades were briefly aligned with cue direction and then opposite to cue direction during the overshoot epoch, probably as a result of an inhibition of an automatic saccade to the peripheral cue. With left auditory cues and auditory targets microsaccades oriented in cue direction. Thus, microsaccades can be used to study crossmodal integration of sensory information and to map the time course of saccade preparation during covert shifts of visual and auditory attention.

Foi investigado o curso temporal da orientação da atenção numa tarefa de orientação encoberta adaptada para ratos. A tarefa envolveu a avaliação do efeito de pistas auditivas centrais e periféricas, preditivas ou não preditivas, sob o tempo de reação a alvos visuais apresentados à direita ou à esquerda do campo visual. Foram utilizados tempos entre pista e alvo (SOAs) entre 50 a 1200 ms. Pistas centrais consistiram em bipes de 5 ou 8 kHz reproduzidos em ambos ouvidos concomitantemente. Neste caso a frequência do bipe indicava o lado para o qual a atenção deveria ser orientada. Pistas periféricas constituíram-se de bipes de 5 ou 8 kHz, apresentados individualmente no ouvido esquerdo ou direito. Neste caso o lado da apresentação do estímulo indicava a direção para a qual o animal deveria orientar a atenção. Esses estímulos foram apresentados de forma preditiva - em 80% das tentativas as pistas indicavam corretamente a localização do alvo (tentativas válidas) e em 20% o indicavam incorretamente (tentativas inválidas) - ou não preditiva - 50% de tentativas válidas e 20% de tentativas inválidas - a depender do grupo. Vinte e quatro ratos Wistar machos, com 3 meses no início dos experimentos, divididos em quatro grupos experimentais independentes - Central Preditivo (CP), Central Não Preditivo (CNP), Periférico Preditivo (PP) e Periférico Não Preditivo (PNP) - foram empregados. Os resultados mostram que animais dos grupos preditivos (CP e PP) respondem mais rapidamente e de forma mais precisa em tentativas válidas do que em tentativas inválidas, ao passo que animais em grupos não preditivos (CNP e PNP) respondem da mesma maneira em tentativas válidas ou inválidas. Esses resultados indicam de estes animais foram capazes de orientar a atenção de forma endógena, de forma análoga a seres humanos, sugerindo que ratos podem ser empregados amplamente como modelo animal na avaliação das orientações endógena e exógena da atenção / Orienting of visual attention was investigated in rats using a 3-hole nose-poke task analogous to the covert attention task for humans. The task involved evaluation of the effects of either central or peripheral auditory cues, presented either predictively or non-predictively on reaction times to a visual target presented either to the left or to the right sides of the visual field; stimuli-onset asynchronies (SOAs) varied from 50 to 1200 ms. Central cues were either 5 or 8 KHz auditory stimuli, released on both ears concomitantly. In this case, the frequency indicated the side to which attention should be oriented to. Peripheral cues were 5 and 8 KHz auditory stimuli presented individually either to the left or to the right ears. In this case, the sound source indicated to which side attention should be oriented to. These stimuli were presented either predictively - 80% of cues predicted the target\'s location correctly (valid trials) and 20% of cues predicted it incorrectly (invalid trials) - or non-predictively - 50% of valid trials and 50% invalid trials - depending on the group. Twenty-four male Wistar rats, 3 month-old at the beginning of the experiment, divided in four independent groups - Central Predictive (CP), Central Non-Predictive (CNP), Peripheral Predictive (PP) and Peripheral Non-Predictive (PNP) - were employed. Animals on predictive groups (CP and PP) showed faster and more accurate responses on valid trials than on invalid trials, while non-predictive groups (CNP and PNP) didn\'t show any differences on reaction times and accuracy in valid as compared to invalid trials. These results indicate that rats do orient attention endogenously, analogously to humans. This suggests that these animals may be employed as animal model to the study of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention

Current models of visual spatial attention are based on the extent to which attention can be allocated in 2-dimensional displays. The distribution of attention in 3-dimensional space has received little consideration. A series of experiments were devised to explore the apparent inconsistencies in the literature pertaining to the allocation of spatial attention in the third dimension. A review of the literature attributed these inconsistencies to differences and limitations in the various methodologies employed, in addition to the use of differing attentional paradigms. An initial aim of this thesis was to develop a highly controlled novel adaptation of the conventional robust covert orienting of visual attention task (COVAT) in depth defined by either binocular (stereoscopic) or monocular cues. The results indicated that attentional selection in the COVAT is not allocated within a 3-dimensional representation of space. Consequently, an alternative measure of spatial attention in depth, the overlay interference task, was successfully validated in a different stereoscopic depth environment and then manipulated to further examine the allocation of attention in depth. Findings from the overlay interference experiments indicated that attentional selection is based on a representation that includes depth information, but only when an additional feature can aid 3D selection. Collectively, the results suggest a dissociation between two paradigms that are both purported to be measures of spatial attention. There appears to be a further dissociation between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional attentional selection in both paradigms for different reasons. These behavioural results, combined with recent electrophysiological evidence suggest that the temporal constraints of the 3D COVAT paradigm result in early selection based predominantly on retinotopic spatial coordinates prior to the complete construction of a 3-dimensional representation. Task requirements of the 3D overlay interference paradigm, on the other hand, while not being restricted by temporal constraints, demand that attentional selection occurs later, after the construction of a 3-dimensional representation, but only with the guidance of a secondary feature. Regardless of whether attentional selection occurs early or late, however, some component of selection appears to be based on viewer-centred spatial coordinates.