Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 138-146).

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Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-136).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1984. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-115).

This thesis considers the implications of changes in the supply of resources for photosynthesis, with regard for modes of carbon acquisition employed by aquatic plants of the River Murray. Carbon supplies are inherently more variable for aquatic plants than for those in terrestrial environments, and variations are intensified for plants in semi-arid regions, where water may be limiting. In changeable environments the most successful species are likely to be those with flexible carbon-uptake mechanisms, able to accommodate variations in the supply of resources. Studies were made of plants associated with wetland habitats of the Murray, including Crassula helmsii, Potamogeton tricarinatus, P. crispus and Vallisneria americana. The aim was to elucidate the mechanisms of carbon uptake and assimilation employed, and to determine how flexibility in carbon uptake and/or assimilation physiology affect survival and distribution. Stable carbon isotopes were used to explore the dynamics of carbon uptake and assimilation, and fluorescence was used to identify pathways and photosynthetic capacity. The studies suggest that physiological flexibility is adaptive survival in changeable environments, but probably does not enhance the spread or dominance of these species. V. americana is a known bicarbonate-user, and it is shown here that it uses the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway under specific conditions (high light intensity near the leaf tips) concurrently with HCO[subscript]3 - uptake, while leaves deeper in the water continue to use the C[subscript]3 pathway, with CO₂ as the main carbon source. However, V. americana does not use CAM when under stress, such as exposure to high light and temperature. The diversity of carbon uptake and assimilation mechanisms in this species may explain its competitive ability in habitats associated with the Murray. In this way it is able to maximise use of light throughout the water column. In shallow, warm water, where leaves are parallel to the surface, CAM ability is likely to be induced along the length of the leaf, allowing maximal use of carbon and light. The amphibious C. helmsii is shown to use CAM on submergence, even where water levels fluctuate within 24 hours. This allows continued photosynthesis in habitats where level fluctuations prevent access to atmospheric CO₂. It appears that stable conditions are most favourable for growth and dispersal, and that the spread of C. helmsii is mainly by the aerial form. Carbon uptake by P. tricarinatus under field conditions is compared with that of P. crispus to demonstrate differences in productivity associated with aqueous bicarbonate and atmospheric CO₂ use. P. tricarinatus uses HCO[subscript]3 - uptake to promote growth toward the surface, so that CO₂ can be accessed by floating leaves. Atmospheric contact provides access to light and removes the limitation of aqueous diffusive resistance to CO₂, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity above that provided by submerged leaves. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320380 / Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

This thesis considers the implications of changes in the supply of resources for photosynthesis, with regard for modes of carbon acquisition employed by aquatic plants of the River Murray. Carbon supplies are inherently more variable for aquatic plants than for those in terrestrial environments, and variations are intensified for plants in semi-arid regions, where water may be limiting. In changeable environments the most successful species are likely to be those with flexible carbon-uptake mechanisms, able to accommodate variations in the supply of resources. Studies were made of plants associated with wetland habitats of the Murray, including Crassula helmsii, Potamogeton tricarinatus, P. crispus and Vallisneria americana. The aim was to elucidate the mechanisms of carbon uptake and assimilation employed, and to determine how flexibility in carbon uptake and/or assimilation physiology affect survival and distribution. Stable carbon isotopes were used to explore the dynamics of carbon uptake and assimilation, and fluorescence was used to identify pathways and photosynthetic capacity. The studies suggest that physiological flexibility is adaptive survival in changeable environments, but probably does not enhance the spread or dominance of these species. V. americana is a known bicarbonate-user, and it is shown here that it uses the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway under specific conditions (high light intensity near the leaf tips) concurrently with HCO[subscript]3 - uptake, while leaves deeper in the water continue to use the C[subscript]3 pathway, with CO₂ as the main carbon source. However, V. americana does not use CAM when under stress, such as exposure to high light and temperature. The diversity of carbon uptake and assimilation mechanisms in this species may explain its competitive ability in habitats associated with the Murray. In this way it is able to maximise use of light throughout the water column. In shallow, warm water, where leaves are parallel to the surface, CAM ability is likely to be induced along the length of the leaf, allowing maximal use of carbon and light. The amphibious C. helmsii is shown to use CAM on submergence, even where water levels fluctuate within 24 hours. This allows continued photosynthesis in habitats where level fluctuations prevent access to atmospheric CO₂. It appears that stable conditions are most favourable for growth and dispersal, and that the spread of C. helmsii is mainly by the aerial form. Carbon uptake by P. tricarinatus under field conditions is compared with that of P. crispus to demonstrate differences in productivity associated with aqueous bicarbonate and atmospheric CO₂ use. P. tricarinatus uses HCO[subscript]3 - uptake to promote growth toward the surface, so that CO₂ can be accessed by floating leaves. Atmospheric contact provides access to light and removes the limitation of aqueous diffusive resistance to CO₂, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity above that provided by submerged leaves. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320380 / Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

Embora a água seja o componente mais abundante na natureza, ela é o fator limitante mais comum para o desenvolvimento das plantas. O estresse hídrico é um dos principais fatores abióticos que afeta os organismos vivos, incluindo as plantas epífitas. Esse sinal ambiental atua fortemente e seletivamente sobre a sobrevivência dessas plantas. Algumas espécies vegetais possuem a capacidade de alterar seu metabolismo fotossintético, sendo induzidas ao metabolismo ácido das crassuláceas (CAM) em resposta a escassez d\'água. Vriesea gigantea é uma bromélia C3 tanque-epífita que pode estar sujeita a variações ambientais, como a sazonalidade hídrica. A expressão facultativa do CAM pode ser de extrema importância para essa bromélia lidar com a restrição hídrica sazonal. O CAM é uma adaptação caracterizada principalmente pela fixação do carbono atmosférico durante a noite por meio da enzima fosfoenolpiruvato carboxilase (PEPC). Em decorrência do fechamento estomático na maior parte do dia, a eficiência no uso da água das plantas CAM é maior do que a das plantas que realizam as fotossínteses C3 ou C4. O CAM pode ser expresso em diferentes intensidades o que levou à caracterização de diversos tipos de CAM, como o C3-CAM facultativo. Estudos sobre o metabolismo fotossintético com Vriesea gigantea são raros na literatura. Apesar de V. gigantea ser considerada uma planta C3 na literatura, resultados preliminares obtidos em nosso laboratório, utilizando folhas destacadas, sugeriram que essa espécie seria CAM-\"cycling\" quando bem hidratada e sob déficit hídrico passaria a expressar o CAM-\"idling\" na porção apical das folhas. Portanto, tendo em vista essa aparente contradição, nos propusemos a fazer um estudo mais aprofundado sobre o comportamento fotossintético de V. gigantea . Para tanto, plantas dessa espécie (± 4 anos de idade) foram submetidas ao déficit hídrico por 7, 14 ou 21 dias por meio da suspensão de rega no tanque. Após o tratamento, as folhas dessa bromélia foram separadas em 3 grupos: jovens (G1) ( 1º ao 7º nó), intemediárias (G2) (8º ao 14º nó) e maduras (G3) (15º ao 21º nó). Os parâmetros utilizados para a análise da expressão do CAM foram as atividades das enzimas fosfoenolpiruvato carboxilase (PEPC) e malato desidrogenase (MDH), juntamente com o acúmulo noturno de ácidos orgânicos (malato e citrato) nos diferentes grupos e porções foliares (ápice, mediana e base). Para melhor compreensão do metabolismo fotossintético, foi realizado um ciclo complementar de 24 horas, detalhando melhor a dinâmica do malato e citrato nas folhas de V. gigantea no 21º dia de deficiência hídrica. Para conhecer o \"status\" hídrico das plantas, foram determinados o potencial hídrico e o teor relativo de água (TRA) por meio das análises de massa fresca, massa túrgida e massa seca. Ao final do período de 21 dias de suspensão de rega, as plantas alcançaram o nível mais baixo de potencial hídrico o qual se estabilizou, indicando que V. gigantea possivelmente estava sob estresse hídrico. A queda do TRA já tinha sido observada, no entanto, a partir do 14º dia de déficit hídrico, sendo mais intenso no 21º dia. Notou-se uma tendência de remobilização hídrica entre os tecidos foliares dessa planta, principalmente de folhas maduras (G3) para folhas jovens (G1). Após 21 dias de deficiência hídrica, as atividades enzimáticas de PEPC e MDH apresentaram um comportamento que não seguiu um padrão de expressão característico do CAM, ou seja, uma alta atividade noturna de PEPC e MDH em situação de deficiência hídrica. A princípio, encontrou-se um acúmulo noturno de ácidos orgânicos (malato e citrato) no grupos foliares G1, G2 e G3 ao longo dos 21 dias de tratamento. Entretanto, foi observado no ciclo de 24 horas de acúmulo de ácidos orgânicos, que essa variação de malato e citrato encontrada inicialmente, era decorrente de pequenas flutuações e que estas não estariam relacionadas ao CAM. Assim, sugere-se que V. gigantea não utilize o CAM como estratégia de evitação à seca. Conjuntamente, observou-se um acúmulo de açúcares solúveis ao longo do ciclo de 24 horas em todas as porções foliares, indicando que Vriesea gigantea apresenta, talvez, mecanismos eficientes de abaixamento de seu potencial hídrico, acumulando compostos que possuem função osmoreguladora (glicose e frutose, por exemplo). Essa estratégia pode ser considerada como um mecanismo importante que ajudaria a tolerar o período de estresse hídrico de 21 dias de suspensão de rega no tanque / Although water is the most abundant component in nature, it is also the most common limiting factor for plant growth. Drought stress is a major abiotic factor that affect living organisms, including epiphytes. This environmental signal acts strongly and selectively on the survival of plants. Some plant species have the ability to change their photosynthetic metabolism, being induced to crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in response to water shortage. Vriesea gigantean is a C3 epiphyte tank bromeliad that may be subject to environmental variations such as the water seasonality. The facultative expression of CAM can be extremely important for this bromeliad deal with seasonal water restriction. CAM is an adaptation characterized mainly by the fixation of atmospheric carbon overnight by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), to power photosynthesis during daytime with closed stomata. As a result, the water use efficiency of CAM plants is higher than that of the plants that perform photosynthesis C3 or C4. CAM can be expressed in different intensities leading to the characterization of various types of CAM, such as C3-CAM facultative. Studies on the photosynthetic metabolism with Vriesea gigantean are rare in the literature. Although V. gigantean is considered a C3 plant, preliminary results obtained in our Laboratory using detached leaves suggested that this species would become CAM-cycling when well hydrated, while under water deficit it would express CAM-idling in the apical portion of the leaves. Therefore, in light of this apparent contradiction, we set out to further study the photosynthetic behavior of V. gigantean. Plants of this species (± 4 years) were submitted to drought for 7, 14 or 21 days by suspending watering in the tank. After the treatment, the leaves of this bromeliad were separated into 3 groups: young (G1) (1st to 7th node), intermediate (G2) (8th to 14th node) and mature (G3) (15th to 21th node). The parameters used for the analysis of CAM expression were the activities of the enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), along with nighttime accumulation of organic acids (malate and citrate) in the different groups and leaf portions (apex, middle and base). To better understand the photosynthetic metabolism, there was a complementary 24-hour cycle, further detailing the dynamics of malate and citrate in V. gigantean leaves on the 21st day of water stress. To evaluate the water status of the plants, water potential and relative water content (TRA) were determined, the latter through the fresh, turgid and dry weight analysis. At the end of 21 days of watering suspension, the plants reached the lowest level of water potential, indicating that the plants were under drought stress. The drop in the TRA had already been noted, however, from the 14th day of water stress, intensifying in the 21th day. A tendency of water remobilization among the leaf tissues of the plant, especially from mature leaves (G3) to young leaves (G1) was observed. After 21 days of drought, the enzymatic activities of PEPC and MDH showed a behavior that did not follow a characteristic pattern of expression of CAM, i.e. a high nocturnal activity of PEPC and MDH in water stress situation. Initially it was found a nighttime accumulation of organic acids (citrate and malate) on the leaf groups G1, G2 and G3 during the 21 days of treatment. However, it was observed in a 24-hour quantification of organic acids that the variation of malate and citrate concentrations found initially was due to small fluctuations probably unrelated to CAM. Thus, it is suggested that V. gigantean can not undergo CAM as an avoidance strategy to drought. We observed an accumulation of soluble sugars over the 24 hour cycle in all leaf portions, indicating that Vriesea gigantean has perhaps efficient mechanisms to lower its water potential by accumulating compounds with osmorregulator function (glucose and fructose, for example). This strategy can be seen as an important mechanism that helps tolerate water stress during 21 days of watering suspension in the tank