Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Timothy D. Keane / Visualizing Urban Equilibrium is a landscape architecture master’s project and report intended to enhance the collective hydrologic, social, and aesthetic functions of Kansas State University’s Campus Creek corridor. The highly urbanized conditions of the approximately 1.4 mile channel and 408 acre sub-watershed are the result of neglect for stable hydrologic function, poor campus planning, and a disregard for cohesive form and function of natural aesthetics on campus. This proposal aims to balance goals of enhanced hydrologic function with those of campus social and aesthetic function into one cohesive process of landscape planning and design. Synthesizing complex social fabrics with proper urban watershed assessment and management, as well as natural geomorphic channel design re-envisions of sense of harmony and place within a major campus corridor and green space. Communication of this proposal takes the form of a Comprehensive Campus Creek Corridor Plan, for a rapidly developing academic institution and community. This plan centralizes the creek on campus and includes urban-watershed assessment, site specific conceptualizations of storm-water best management practices, and detailed channel enhancement for improved hydrologic function. Social function is enhanced through integration of pedestrian oriented planning, and education oriented spatial design opportunities for increased interaction with and within the Campus Creek corridor. Enhancement of aesthetic function includes management for a balance of formal and natural character, re-established visual connectivity and sense of place, as well as installation of landscape improvements and artistic expressions of the “equilibrium” paradigm defining the creeks natural function and its urban context. Included in this masters project and report is a project introduction and premise, Campus Creek site inventory and sub-watershed assessment, programming for improvements, and visualization of the conceptual comprehensive plan and site design elaborations.

The aim of the project was to determine factors which explain the distribution of macroinvertebrates in two Melbourne streams both drastically affected by urbanisation. A detailed description is given of Dandenong Creek, flowing through the south-eastern suburbs, and Darebin Creek, in the northern suburbs, emphasising stream features likely, or known, to influence the drift and benthic fauna. Faunal sampling was carried out in Dandenong Creek from June 1992 until July 1993, and in Darebin Creek from February 1995 until March 1998. Physicochemical parameters were also recorded. The collected data, together with previously existing data, were analysed using multivariate analyses: non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (NMDS); analysis of similarities (ANOSIM); matching biotic and abiotic variables using BIOENV, and principal component analysis (PCA). Various biotic and diversity indices were calculated in an attempt to identify the major factors responsible for the failure of the fauna to recover from previously more seriously degraded water quality. The contribution of drift to the colonisation potential in Dandenong Creek appeared to be impacted by retarding basins, underground barrel-draining and channelization. Results also indicated that increased conductivity adversely affected the fauna in the lower reaches of Dandenong Creek. It was concluded that in Darebin Creek, high nutrient levels, as well as other pollutants, had resulted in low macroinvertebrate diversity in both the drift and benthos. If, as this study suggests, faunal diversity is a valid measure of stream health, the following factors need to be addressed for catchment-wide, stream management: lack of riparian zone vegetation (increasing bank erosion and making the benthic habitat unstable, with greater temperature variability); control of stormwater runoff (flow variability, increased conductivity, nutrient levels, sediment loads, sewage effluent, industrial discharges and heavy metals), and to modify retarding basins to increase stream continuity.

The WET-Temp (Watershed Evaluation Tool Temperature) model is designed to take advantage of spatially explicit datasets to predict stream temperature distribution. Datasets describing vegetation cover, stream network locations, elevation and stream discharge are utilized by WET-Temp to quantify geometric relationships between the sun, stream channel and riparian areas. These relationships are used to estimate the energy gained or lost by the stream via various heat flux processes (solar and longwave radiation, evaporation, convection and advection). The sum of these processes is expressed as a differential energy balance equation applied at discrete locations across the stream network. The model describes diurnal temperature dynamics at each of these locations and thus temperature distribution across the entire network. WET-Temp is calibrated to a tributary of the South Santiam River in western Oregon, McDowell Creek. The mean differences between measured and modeled values in McDowell Creek were 0.6��C for daily maximum temperature and 1.3��C for daily minimum temperature. The model was then used to predict maximum and minimum temperatures in an adjacent tributary, Hamilton Creek. The mean differences between modeled and measured values in this paired basin were 1.8��C for daily maximum temperatures and 1.4��C for daily minimum temperatures. Influences of model parameters on modeled temperature distributions are explored in a sensitivity analysis. The ability of WET-Temp to utilize spatially explicit datasets in estimating temperature distributions across stream networks advances the state of the art in modeling stream temperature. / Graduation date: 2003

Relations between the diversity of juvenile anadromous salmonids and pool features were examined in a managed and a pristine watershed in Oregon during the summer of 1990. There were no differences (p>0.05) in pool depth, velocity or pool wood volumes between streams. However, the pristine system had twice the number of pools within similar lineal distances. Pools in the pristine system also had larger substrates (percent dominant within pools) and smaller pool area (p=0.01). Fish diversity was found to be greater in pools in the pristine system than in the managed system using the Simpson's Diversity and Shannon Evenness indicies (p=0.01). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity index did not show any differences between streams. The difference in assemblage diversity was due to differences in relative abundance and not species richness. Relative abundance of juvenile steelhead and cutthroat trout and coho salmon was more even in Cummins Creek, the pristine system, than in Cape Creek, the managed system. Relative abundance of coho increased in the managed system possibly due to a change in pool habitat characteristics, whose conditions favored coho salmon, but this relationship was not clear. This study emphasizes the importance of assessing communities of juvenile anadromous salmonids as opposed to studies involving a single species. Past land management activities have focused upon single species' with regards to a particular habitat component, which has decreased biodiversity and changed stream habitat characteristics through cumulative effects. Resource managers should examine interactions between habitat characteristics and salmonid communities in order to maintain biological diversity or risk creating favored habitat for a single species within stream systems. / Graduation date: 1997

Graduation date: 1996

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No description available.

The Komie Creek map area was fully glaciated by the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during the Late Wisconsinan Fraser Glaciation. Ice flow during the glacial maximum was towards the southwest, as indicated by the orientation of streamlined landforms on the Etsho Plateau. At some time after the Fraser Glaciation maximum, the LIS divided into two lobes (upland and lowland). The subsequent landform assemblages, highlighted well in LiDAR imagery, provide evidence that the upland lobe retreated to the northeast and the lateral margin of the lowland lobe dropped to the southwest. Organic deposits are the dominant surficial material type in the Komie Creek map area. They have accumulated and been deposited on poorly drained clay and silt-rich morainal and glacio-lacustrine deposits. Morainal deposits are the next most common surficial material type in the area and dominate along the top of the Etsho Escarpment and in the northeast corner of the study area. Glaciofluvial deposits are rare. During ice retreat, an ice-marginal lake formed in the south-central part of the study area where the lowland lobe prevented drainage of meltwater out of the area. An aerially extensive landform, interpreted as an ice-contact glaciofluvial delta complex, was deposited into this dynamic glacial lake. The lake levels rose abruptly several times during delta deposition as a result of large west-flowing outburst floods in the Cabin Creek melt water channel, generated when a glacial lake breached its margins on or under the upland lobe. The delta is composed of several lobate landforms that sedimentologically are highly variable. This thesis presents a new, detailed 1:50,000-scale surficial geology map for the Komie Creek map area. This map was generated using aerial photographs, LiDAR DEMs, ground-based geophysics and field observations. This research also contributes to an increased understanding of the sedimentology and internal structure of ice-contact glaciofluvial deltas. / Graduate

Clinton Creek asbestos deposit is situated at 77 kilometres northwest of Dawson City on Clinton Creek in Yukon Territory. Yukon Metamorphic Complex of Ordovician to Devonian age (470 Ma, Rb-Sr date) covers most of the Clinton Creek area. The most prominent metamorphism of the area occurred in Permian time (245 to 278 Ma, K-Ar dates). Based on intensity and style of deformation of ultramafic bodies and country rocks it is suggested that the ultramafic rocks were emplaced probably during the Permian period. Tintina fault is a weak zone along which the alpine ultramafic bodies of Clinton Creek and probably some of the others along and close to the Tintina Trench were tectonically emplaced. These were later folded and metamorphosed with the country rocks. During latest Cretaceous-earliest Tertiary time (64.9 Ma, K-Ar date) the area was intruded by acid intrusive rocks. The youngest undeformed and fresh basalt is probably of Selkirk volcanics equivalent. Three prominent phases of deformation were delineated. Probably the oldest and most complex phase occurred during the Permian, along with the initial movement of the Tintina fault. Small, tight, isoclinal folds are characteristics of this phase. The structural trend (300* to 315') is roughly parallel to the direction of the Tintina Trench. Due to later deformations changes in direction of fold axes of this phase (190* to 350") is common. The second phase of deformation gave rise to large recumbent folds with trends varying from 270" to 290' with southerly vergence. Third phase of deformation gave rise to antiform structure of regional scale. The Porcupine and Snow Shoe ultramafic bodies are mined for chrysotiile asbestos. A few other ultramafic bodies contain appreciable amount of chrysotile-fibre but not of adequate quantity to be mined. Most of the ultramafic bodies are sheared or massive, and are devoid of known chrysotile-fibre. In general, if serpentinization is less than 75 percent there is no chance of commercial mineralization. Fairly intense fractures are essential to provider adequate openings for chrysotile-fibre formation in ore grade concentrations. Chrysotile-fibre bearing serpentinized ultramafic masses within argillite unit or at the contact of argillite and other units seem to carry ore grade or substantial amount of chrysotile-fibre. Evidence of Clinton Creek asbestos deposit mainly supports formation of chrysotile-fibre as fracture filling. Although evidence of fracture filling rather than replacement seems convincing and exists on a wide scale, a few evidence indicates replacement characteristics on minor scale. The main phase of mineralization is believed to occur at the end of Cretaceous when acid intrusive rocks intruded the vicinity of the Clinton Creek area. These intrusions could have provided warm aqueous solution to react with the existing serpentine along fractures. This resulted deposition of chrysotile-fibre in an essentially closed system. Analysis of isotopic dates of the Yukon Crystalline Plateau shows a distinct grouping of igneous activity at mid Cretaceous and latest Cretaceous time. Some isotopic dates of igneous and metamorphic rocks ranging from 135 to 230 Ma show a distinct younging trend away from the Tintina Trench. The trend suggests that the date at the Tintina Trench is about 200 Ma, and 2'50 kilometres perpendicular distance from the trench is 150 Ma. The apparent horizontal rate of isotherm migration is about 0.5 cm/yr. However, more data is required to confirm the speculation that the Tintina Trench represents an extinct geosuture and vanished ocean. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

No description available.