<p>Materials to be used in thermal power plants have to resist creep deformation for time periods up to 30 years. The role of alloying elements for creep strength of 9-12% Cr steels is analysed. The creep strength in these steels relies on minor additions of alloying elements. Precipitates give rise to the main strengthening and remaining elements produce solid solution hardening. Nucleation, growth and coarsening of particles are predicted by thermodynamic modelling. Phase fractions and size distributions of M₂₃C₆ carbides, MX carbonitrides and Laves phase are presented. The size distributions are needed in order to determine the particle hardening during creep. At elevated temperatures the climb mobility is so high that the dislocations can climb across particles instead of passing by making Orowan loops.</p><p>By solving Fick's second law the concentration profile around a moving dislocation can be determined. The results show an accumulation of solutes around the dislocation that slows down dislocation movement. When Laves phase grows a decrease in creep strength is observed due to a larger loss in solid solution hardening than strength increase by particle hardening. Solid solution hardening also gives an explanation of the low dislocation climb mobility in 9-12% Cr steels.</p><p>Three different dislocation types are distinguished, free dislocations, immobile dislocation and immobile boundary dislocations. This distinction between types of dislocations is essential in understanding the decreasing creep with strain during primary creep. The empirical relation with subgrain size inversely proportional to stress has been possible to predict. The total creep strength can be predicted by adding the contribution from individual mechanisms.</p>

Materials used in thermal power plants have to resist creep deformation for time periods up to 30 years. Material evaluation is typically based on creep testing with a maximum duration of a few years. This information is used as input when empirically deriving models for creep. These kinds of models are of limited use when considering service conditions or compositions different from those in the experiments. In order to provide a more general model for creep, the mechanisms that give creep strength have to be identified and fundamentally described. By combining tools for thermodynamic modelling and modern dislocation theory the microstructure evolution during creep can be predicted and used as input in creep rate modelling. The model for creep has been utilised to clarify the influence of aluminium on creep strength as a part of the European COST538 action. The results show how AlN is formed at the expense of MX carbonitrides. The role of heat treatment during welding has been analysed. It has been shown that particles start to dissolve already at 800ºC, which is believed to be the main cause of Type IV cracking in commercial alloys. The creep strength of these steels relies on minor additions of alloying elements. Precipitates such as M23C6 carbides and MX carbonitrides give rise to the main strengthening, and remaining elements produce solid solution hardening. Particle growth, coarsening and dissolution have been evaluated. By considering dislocation climb it is possible to determine particle strengthening at high temperatures and long-term service. Transient creep is predicted by considering different types of dislocations. Through the generation and recovery of dislocation densities an increase in work hardening during primary creep is achieved. The role of substructure is included through the composite model. Cavity nucleation and growth are analysed in order to explain the intergranular fracture and to estimate the ductility. / QC20100616

Materials to be used in thermal power plants have to resist creep deformation for time periods up to 30 years. The role of alloying elements for creep strength of 9-12% Cr steels is analysed. The creep strength in these steels relies on minor additions of alloying elements. Precipitates give rise to the main strengthening and remaining elements produce solid solution hardening. Nucleation, growth and coarsening of particles are predicted by thermodynamic modelling. Phase fractions and size distributions of M23C6 carbides, MX carbonitrides and Laves phase are presented. The size distributions are needed in order to determine the particle hardening during creep. At elevated temperatures the climb mobility is so high that the dislocations can climb across particles instead of passing by making Orowan loops. By solving Fick's second law the concentration profile around a moving dislocation can be determined. The results show an accumulation of solutes around the dislocation that slows down dislocation movement. When Laves phase grows a decrease in creep strength is observed due to a larger loss in solid solution hardening than strength increase by particle hardening. Solid solution hardening also gives an explanation of the low dislocation climb mobility in 9-12% Cr steels. Three different dislocation types are distinguished, free dislocations, immobile dislocation and immobile boundary dislocations. This distinction between types of dislocations is essential in understanding the decreasing creep with strain during primary creep. The empirical relation with subgrain size inversely proportional to stress has been possible to predict. The total creep strength can be predicted by adding the contribution from individual mechanisms. / QC 20101112

The effects of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF) weight fraction, applied stress, and temperature on the viscoelastic responses (creep strain, creep rate, and creep compliance) of VGCNF/vinyl ester (VE) nanocomposites were studied using a central composite design (CCD). The nanocomposite test articles were fabricated by high shear mixing, casting, curing, and post-curing in an open face mold under a nitrogen environment. Short-term creep/creep recovery experiments were conducted at prescribed combinations of temperatures (23.8 – 69.2 C), applied stresses (30.2 – 49.8 MPa), and VGCNF weight fractions (0.00 – 1.00 parts of VGCNF per hundred parts of resin, phr) determined from the CCD. The response surface models (RSMs) for predicting these viscoelastic responses were developed using the least squares method and an analysis of variance procedure. The response surface estimates indicate that increasing the VGCNF weight fraction decreases the creep resistance of the VGCNF/VE nanocomposites at high temperatures (46.5 – 69.2 C).