In the Canadian criminal justice system, there is a procedure which provides additional protections to Indigenous offenders during sentencing and its related events. This procedure is commonly referred to as the Gladue process. This thesis defends the plausibility of extending Gladue-like procedures to non-Indigenous offenders on the grounds that failing to do so would be a failure of consistency of the law. The law must be consistent in the sense that it must treat like cases alike. It will be argued in this thesis that there are other individuals and groups who may be similarly deserving of additional protections during sentencing because of their significant circumstances of vulnerability. This includes black individuals, LGBTQIA+, and mentally ill persons, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. This thesis does not aim to diminish the unique experience of Indigenous persons, but rather, it suggests that extending Gladue-like processes to particular non-Indigenous persons and groups may be required based on consistency of the law and attention to intersectionality. It is my hope that this thesis brings about greater awareness to the sentencing procedures pertaining to both Indigenous and non-Indigenous offenders alike, and that it may spark discussion on the subject of extending additional legal protections to vulnerable persons. This thesis relies heavily on the hybrid theory of punishment, as presented by H.L.A. Hart, which combines both utilitarian and retributivist elements in justifying the act of punishment. Hart’s theory aligns with the Canadian legislation on sentencing and provides a convincing justification for punishment while allowing the inclusion of restorative punishment practices for vulnerable persons. It will be argued that extending restorative practices to non-Indigenous offenders is, in some cases, plausible, and at times, necessary. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / Within Canadian legislation Indigenous offenders are provided an additional procedure during sentencing and its related events. This system is commonly known as the Gladue process. Gladue provides a good model for how the sentencing of vulnerable individuals and groups should be handled. However, this process or something similar to it is not provided to other offenders who may also experience vulnerability or should be comparably deserving of additional protections or mitigating factors during sentencing. This thesis argues for the plausibility of extending Gladue-like procedures to other, similarly situated, non-Indigenous offenders based on arguments for consistency of the law and respect for intersectionality. The law must treat like cases alike, and in doing so, must pay particular attention to the intersections between layers of vulnerability. The main contribution of this thesis is to make suggestions for change in Canada’s sentencing procedures of vulnerable individuals and groups.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-19T17:08:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciamathiasdemiranda.pdf: 1916793 bytes, checksum: 98fe6f4a8b9771ff4424cb17ed1935df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T13:51:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciamathiasdemiranda.pdf: 1916793 bytes, checksum: 98fe6f4a8b9771ff4424cb17ed1935df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T13:51:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciamathiasdemiranda.pdf: 1916793 bytes, checksum: 98fe6f4a8b9771ff4424cb17ed1935df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese apresenta uma análise do processo de reabilitação de criminosos condenados pelo crime de furto – qual é a ação política destinada ao indivíduo condenado por um crime não violento na cidade de Juiz de Fora, estado de Minas Gerais. Buscamos a compreensão da atuação da rede de execução penal para estabelecer uma descrição analítica acerca das lacunas encontradas entre o planejamento do Estado (tanto em nível federal quanto em nível estadual) para a política criminal e a implantação de suas propostas. Propomos uma análise da participação das três esferas do Poder Executivo, bem como da articulação entre as Secretarias, no processo de reabilitação do criminoso, formado por estratégias preventivas e estratégias corretivas. No decorrer do projeto de pesquisa, entretanto, sustentamos o nosso foco de análise nas ações corretivas, ou seja, no processo de execução penal em implementação enquanto política criminal voltada para a realibitação dos criminosos. Compreendemos que a reabilitação do criminoso não é um resultado, mas um processo a ser promovido, exclusivamente, pelo Estado. Tal processo envolve questões técnicas e questões políticas, ambas em discussão no decorrer desta tese. Referenciamos nossa discussão pelo criminoso não violento, condenado por um crime reconhecido pelos próprios entrevistados como “permeado por uma alta taxa de reincidência específica”, ou seja, reincidência no mesmo tipo de crime. Tomamos como parâmetro para as nossas análises o programa oferecido pelo estado de Minas Gerais para a prevenção da reincidência, bem como o impacto das estratégias punitivas oferecidas a tais indivíduos. Em nossa discussão, contrapomos a reabilitação não propriamente à incapacitação, mas à produção da delinquência e a identificamos como um processo localizado na ação dos governos, ou seja, no campo das Políticas Públicas. Compreendemos a reabilitação como um processo alternativo à pena, que interrompe a possível formação de carreiras criminosas. / This thesis sought a analysis of the rehabilitation process of criminals convicted of theft crime – what is the political action aimed at an individual convicted of a nonviolent crime in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. We seek the understanding of the role of criminal enforcement network to establish an analytical description about the gaps found between the State planning (both at federal level as at state level) for the criminal policy and the implementation of their proposals. We propose an analysis of the participation of the three spheres of executive power, as well as the articulation between the Secretaries, in the process of the criminal rehabilitation, consisting of preventative strategies and corrective strategies. During the research project, however, we maintain our focus of analysis on corrective actions, i.e., in the process of criminal enforcement in implementation while criminal policy towards criminals rehabilitation. We understand that the criminal rehabilitation is not a result, but a process to be promoted, exclusively, by the State. This process involves technical issues and political issues, both under discussion during this thesis. We refer to our discussion by non-violent criminal, convicted of a crime recognized by interviewees as "permeated by a high rate of specific recidivism", i.e., recurrence in the same type of crime. We take as a benchmark for our analysis the program offered by the State of Minas Gerais for the prevention of recurrence as well as the impact of punitive strategies offered to such individuals. In our discussion we oppose the rehabilitation not exactly at the incapacitation, but at the production of delinquency; and identified it as a localized process in the government‟s action, i.e., in the field of public policy. We understand the rehabilitation process as an alternative to the sentence, which interrupts the possible formation of criminal careers.

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Investiga se o atual modelo de aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade se mostra adequado aos parâmetros traçados pela constituição de 1988, atendendo ao fundamento da dignidade da pessoa humana e aos objetivos fundamentais de construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária e de promoção do bem de todos. Analisa a dinâmica histórica da aplicação e das teorias das penas privativas de liberdade no Brasil, abordando os principais critérios e atuais orientações da aplicação penal. Sustenta que a dignidade da pessoa humana constitui fundamento do Estado Republicano e Democrático de Direito brasileiro e que, ao lado do princípio da humanidade das penas, seu correspondente penal, fundamenta a necessidade de se evitar ao máximo que os indivíduos sejam afetados pela intervenção do poder punitivo. Conclui, então, pela existência de um autêntico dever jurídico-constitucional da agência judicial no sentido de minimizar a intensidade de afetação do indivíduo sentenciado. Procura erigir novos princípios quanto à aplicação da pena, dotados de força normativa e que atuem de maneira integrada para a tutela dos direitos fundamentais. Defende que a Constituição de 1988 não incorporou o discurso legitimador da pena, limitando-se à tarefa de contenção de danos e de fixação de limites punitivos. Preconiza novos parâmetros para a fixação da pena-base, sustentando a incompatibilidade constitucional das finalidades de reprovação e prevenção do crime. Debate qual deve ser o adequado sentido constitucional das circunstâncias judiciais da pena. Discute as bases da tendência exasperadora da pena, caracterizada pelas agravantes, qualificadoras e causas de aumento, assim como da tendência mitigadora da pena, representada pelas atenuantes, causas de diminuição, participação de agentes, tentativa, concurso de crimes, crime continuado, unificação e limite de penas. Identifica a existência de crise no dogma da pena mínima, propondo, afinal, a construção de um novo modelo interpretativo de aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade. / Investigates if the current criminal sentencing model is appropriate to the parameters set by the 1988 Constitution, in order to respect the human dignity fundament and the essential goals of building a free, fair and solidary society and promoting common welfare. Examines the historical dynamic of criminal sentencing and sanction theories in Brazil, including their main criteria and current guidelines. Points that human dignity is the basis of the Republican and Democratic Brazilian State of Law and, together with the Humanity Principle, represent the need to avoid, as far as possible, the individuals affectation by the punitive powers intervention. Concludes that there is a legal and constitutional duty of judges in order to minimize the severity of penalties and the affectation of sentenced people. Tries to construct new, normatively strong and integrated sentencing principles, aiming the fundamental rights protection. Argues that the 1988 Constitution did not incorporate the legitimizing discourse of punishment, but limited itself to the tasks of damaging contention and sanctioning limitation. Aims to establish new parameters for the base-sanction and alleges the unconstitutionality of the purposes "disapproval and crime prevention". Debates what should be the proper constitutional sense of "judicials circumstances". Discusses the exasperating tendency, characterized by aggravating and qualifying circumstances and increasing causes. Discusses the mitigating tendency as well, represented by attenuating circumstances, decreasing causes, coalition of agents, attempt, accumulation of crimes, continued crime, unification and limits of sanctions. Identifies a crisis in the dogma of the minimum sanction and proposes, after all, the construction of a new interpretive model for prisons application.

Investiga se o atual modelo de aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade se mostra adequado aos parâmetros traçados pela constituição de 1988, atendendo ao fundamento da dignidade da pessoa humana e aos objetivos fundamentais de construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária e de promoção do bem de todos. Analisa a dinâmica histórica da aplicação e das teorias das penas privativas de liberdade no Brasil, abordando os principais critérios e atuais orientações da aplicação penal. Sustenta que a dignidade da pessoa humana constitui fundamento do Estado Republicano e Democrático de Direito brasileiro e que, ao lado do princípio da humanidade das penas, seu correspondente penal, fundamenta a necessidade de se evitar ao máximo que os indivíduos sejam afetados pela intervenção do poder punitivo. Conclui, então, pela existência de um autêntico dever jurídico-constitucional da agência judicial no sentido de minimizar a intensidade de afetação do indivíduo sentenciado. Procura erigir novos princípios quanto à aplicação da pena, dotados de força normativa e que atuem de maneira integrada para a tutela dos direitos fundamentais. Defende que a Constituição de 1988 não incorporou o discurso legitimador da pena, limitando-se à tarefa de contenção de danos e de fixação de limites punitivos. Preconiza novos parâmetros para a fixação da pena-base, sustentando a incompatibilidade constitucional das finalidades de reprovação e prevenção do crime. Debate qual deve ser o adequado sentido constitucional das circunstâncias judiciais da pena. Discute as bases da tendência exasperadora da pena, caracterizada pelas agravantes, qualificadoras e causas de aumento, assim como da tendência mitigadora da pena, representada pelas atenuantes, causas de diminuição, participação de agentes, tentativa, concurso de crimes, crime continuado, unificação e limite de penas. Identifica a existência de crise no dogma da pena mínima, propondo, afinal, a construção de um novo modelo interpretativo de aplicação da pena privativa de liberdade. / Investigates if the current criminal sentencing model is appropriate to the parameters set by the 1988 Constitution, in order to respect the human dignity fundament and the essential goals of building a free, fair and solidary society and promoting common welfare. Examines the historical dynamic of criminal sentencing and sanction theories in Brazil, including their main criteria and current guidelines. Points that human dignity is the basis of the Republican and Democratic Brazilian State of Law and, together with the Humanity Principle, represent the need to avoid, as far as possible, the individuals affectation by the punitive powers intervention. Concludes that there is a legal and constitutional duty of judges in order to minimize the severity of penalties and the affectation of sentenced people. Tries to construct new, normatively strong and integrated sentencing principles, aiming the fundamental rights protection. Argues that the 1988 Constitution did not incorporate the legitimizing discourse of punishment, but limited itself to the tasks of damaging contention and sanctioning limitation. Aims to establish new parameters for the base-sanction and alleges the unconstitutionality of the purposes "disapproval and crime prevention". Debates what should be the proper constitutional sense of "judicials circumstances". Discusses the exasperating tendency, characterized by aggravating and qualifying circumstances and increasing causes. Discusses the mitigating tendency as well, represented by attenuating circumstances, decreasing causes, coalition of agents, attempt, accumulation of crimes, continued crime, unification and limits of sanctions. Identifies a crisis in the dogma of the minimum sanction and proposes, after all, the construction of a new interpretive model for prisons application.

The conflict perspective of criminology and societal reaction to crime suggests that the administration of criminal justice is determined and controlled by those segments of society which are relatively powerful. Based on this perspective, it is reasonable to expect that relatively powerful groups or categories will be far less subject to severe criminal sanctions than will those who are relatively powerless. This proposition may be tested at points in the criminal justice system where decisions are made relative to the application of criminal sanction. The findings are that the relationship between race of offender and sentence length considered both with and without selected control variables is a uniformly weak relationship. In certain categories of control variables the relationship between race of offender and sentence length does strengthen slightly, but in no case are the relationships sufficiently strong to be significant at the .05 level. Partial correlation coefficients show the relationship between race of offender and sentence length to be little affected by the control variables. Therefore, the relationship between race of offender and sentence length is in all cases considered, and by every form of analysis, quite weak. Proportional reduction in error in virtually every case considered in this study is less than 1 percent.