Bibliography: pages 256-276. / This thesis examines the role liquor has played in shaping both the rural and the urban 'Coloured' working class in the Western Cape. The dramatic events during the 1976 Soweto uprisings and the subsequent blatant and dramatic restructuring conveniently illustrate the complex interplay between the interests of liquor capital, the State, and the urban Black workforce. Furthermore, it exposed the blatancy with which liquor consumption was manipulated by the State to reproduce the work-force to the needs of capital in general. The Decriminalisation of shebeens, and the withdrawal of the State from overt liquor distribution, is seen as an attempt at co-optive strategies by which class stratification among urban Blacks is accelerated. A historical examination of the relationship between primary liquor capital (the wine farmers) and the State creates the context within which the contemporary role of liquor is explored. The power and influence of primary liquor capital has resulted in perennial over-production which of necessity had to be distributed through illicit channels. By a process of selective enforcement of liquor laws, the State has colluded with liquor capital to enable continued accumulation to take place. At the same time, this process co-opts the illicit distributors, the shebeeners of the Cape Flats, into an uneasy alliance in terms of which they assist in controlling the urban working class. In the rural context, the tot system forms part of coercive management, by which the agricultural labour force is kept underdeveloped, dependent, and both spatially and occupationally immobile. The processes of informal criminalisation and recriminalisation augment the control over the labour force achieved by the institutionalised administration of liquor.

The history of Old Crossroads started in 1975 when indigent families from the Eastern Cape, began arriving in search of work in the Cape Town area of the Western Cape. They erected their shack/homes in the bush areas bordering the Nyanga township that is located twenty-two kilometres out of Cape Town near the N2highway and across it the airport. As squatters they struggled for survival and the right to remain, under the leadership of a 'traditional' rural type Headman called Johnson Ngxobongwana, who negotiated on their behalf with the regional and local government authorities. A precarious and volatile balance of power between these and the informal-settlement leadership often resulting in conflict ensued and, it is claimed, had prevented socio-economic development of the area. During a spell in prison on corruption charges Ngxobongwana had been turned from his "struggle" leadership adversary role to be a client/puppet of the apartheid government authorities by cooperating with them in opposing the lNC and its youth structures known as the"comrades". This had resulted in a major outbreak of violence led by his "witdoeke"vigilante group of older local 'traditional' leaders and their followers backed by the local government authorities and supported by government security forces attacking the residents of KTC, burning their homes and laying the area to waste on the pretext of clearing out the "comrades". Since then there has been ongoing low-intensity conflict, criminal activity and intimidation often erupting into sporadic violence in the Old Crossroads urban and informal-settlements. The period of history from 1976-1986 is comprehensively covered by Josette Cole in her book on "Crossroads" (1987). This dissertation will attempt to take up the story from there but the main focus of the research will be on the years between 1990-1999.During this period the writer/researcher has been active, initially as a 'repression' monitor with the Black Sash Monitoring Group until it closed down in 1994, and from 1995-1999, as a 'peace' monitor with UMAC (Urban Monitoring Awareness Committee). Through her involvement with both these Human Rights NGOs (nongovernment organizations) she has been able, most particularly in Old Crossroads, to meet and interact with representatives of the various constituencies there including the security forces and local government authorities. She has kept a journal throughout which has become a Research Diary reflecting the important events, the interpersonal, as well as the more formal group meetings that occurred. It was only in1996 that the possibility of a dissertation took root and she began to conduct more formal semi-structured open-ended interviews with the key role-players which were electronically recorded.

The prevalence of violence between intimate partners in South Africa is widely acknowledged. Social and legal reforms have attempted to address the needs of victims of intimate partner violence. This study drew on social learning theory to explicate the causative factors involved in intimate partner violence. According to international best practices, treatment interventions for batterers are based on psycho-educational and cognitive behavioural principles and provided in community-based group settings. Coordinated community responses are likely to provide favourable outcomes for batterer intervention and the prevention of intimate partner violence. Key features of batterer intervention programmes and issues that affect their efficacy are outlined.

This research attempts to explore the complexities of the issues underlying the instability in the South African minibus-taxi industry. Presented in this dissertation is a detailed account of the growth and development of the industry and the conflict and violence that has plagued it since the late 1980s. A review of the apartheid government's attempts to address the problems in the taxi industry, is followed by an examination of the democratic government's strategies to bring about the industry's stability through transformation, formalisation and regulation. Of particular interest is the nature of the relationships that exist both within the taxi industry and between the industry and government, more specifically, law enforcement agencies. The challenges facing future regulation of the industry are then highlighted.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-98). / South African spaces are socially and politically important. Historically this is due to Apartheid's brutal exclusion. More recently, this can be attributed to the conscious building of the "new South Africa? after 1994. Concurrently, many foreign Africans come into South African spaces, claiming them and creating lives with varying degrees of safety and success. This claiming and 'invading' of local spaces by foreigners leads to changes for both foreigners and locals. A spatial lens is used to dissect the nuanced community and spatially mediated identities of refugees in Cape Town. Using space allows one to explain xenophobia more broadly. This thesis draws on ethnographic data gathered over 18 months in Muizenberg and Retreat, to make numerous theoretical claims about the nature of personal and national identity, community and the making of social space.

This thesis does not claim to be a complete penal history of the colony of Natal. Rather it investigates selected themes which characterized Natal's penal system during the period 1842 to 1910. It attempts thus to reveal both the similarity of that system to the penal systems of the advanced capitalist states as well as its essentially unique character. The continuities between penal practice in Natal and elsewhere in the capitalist world do not seem difficult to explain; Natal was after all a colonial possession of the world's oldest and most advanced capitalist state. With the annexation of Natal to the British Empire in 1842, and the introduction of the British administration in 1845, the colony became part of a single expanding world capitalist economy. The legal and administrative institutions which were set up to govern and regulate this new market in the interests of the Empire, were, modelled upon British institutions. These institutions had developed with, and formed an integral part of the system of industrial capitalism. The officials and administrators sent out from "home" to operate these new institutions were likewise ideological products of the most industrialised and developed capitalist country in the world. Thus the penal system imported into Natal in the middle of the nineteenth century, and all the ideological baggage which came with that system, had its roots in the metropolitan country, where the punishment of imprisonment had arisen with the development of capitalism, and was linked thereto. Any study of the penal system of Natal thus cannot ignore the origins of imprisonment as a form of punishment, and the reasons for its development along with the rise of capitalism in Europe. It would be a mistake, however, simply to point to the similarity of the prisons of Natal to prisons in the mother country. While Natal's economy was certainly integrated, as a peripheral sector, with a single world capitalist economy, it could certainly not be described as capitalist in nature. The prison in Europe had emerged as a response to large scale industrialisation and the rapid expansion of capitalist relations of production. Until the last decades of the nineteenth century, Natal had no industries worth speaking of. In addition the white colonists were confronted by a large indigenous population, which fiercely and successfully resisted being drawn into wage labour for the white man, which in effect meant subjection to capitalist relations of production. Natal's penal system must thus be seen in the context of the colonial situation. To a large extent the role of the prison in Natal and the ideologies of punishment which developed in the colony over the years, were a response to specific local conditions. It is this fact that makes the penal system of Natal unique. This thesis is thus concerned with both continuity and originality; the articulation of the penal theories and assumptions of an industrialised metropolitan political economy, with a rural colonial political economy.

Human trafficking is a major problem in the Russian Federation. Research has shown that the United Nations considers the Russian Federation to be in compliance with their protocol to prevent, suppress, and punish trafficking in persons. The aim of this research is to prove that the Russian Federation is non-compliant with the UN protocols that deal with human trafficking. This will be accomplished by reviewing existing literature from more reliable sources that have been vetted for accuracy and bias. Analysis of the existing literature shows that the Russian Federation is not in compliance with UN trafficking in persons protocols, and that there may be a relationship between human trafficking in Russia and global health and security. In my conclusion, I discuss the possible international impact of Russia’s human trafficking. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Modern Languages in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. / 2019 / November 7, 2019. / Human, Russia, Trafficking / Includes bibliographical references. / Lisa R. Wakamiya, Professor Directing Thesis; Robert L. Romanchuk, Committee Member; Jennifer E. Copp, Committee Member.

The incarceration boom of the late 20th century led to a concomitant rise in prison construction. Over two thousand state and federal prisons are currently in operation across the United States, and these prisons are considerably varied in their architectural design (Johnston, 2000; Bosworth, 2005; Kirchoff, 2010; Wener, 2012; Jewkes et al., 2016). This variation implies an underlying assumption that the physical features of a prison can have a measurable effect on corrections outcomes, including safety of staff and inmates, reduction in operation costs, reduced misconduct, or reduced recidivism. If architecture served no purpose, then prison design would likely be much more uniform (Sommer, 2007; Morris & Worrall, 2014). Why spend money on new designs if architecture does not matter? However, there has been little to no theoretical or empirical attention given to the role of architecture in inmate outcomes. An extensive literature supports the importance of prison design to inmate behavior. This literature details the significance of the prison environment in predicting inmate misconduct (Sykes, 1958; Irwin & Cressey, 1962), the psychological justifications for how our physical environment influences our perceptions, emotions, and behaviors (Sommer, 1974; Archea, 1977), and the development and presumed effect of prison architecture over the last four centuries (Fairweather & McConville, 2000; Wener 2012; Morris & Worrall, 2014; Steiner & Wooldredge, 2014). Yet, despite the considerable conceptual support for this relationship, only six studies have ever empirically explored this relationship. The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the literature on this understudied topic in several ways. First, drawing on evidence from criminology, psychology, and architecture research, it provides an extensive overview of the literature that might support the expectation of a substantive relationship between prison design and inmate or corrections staff behaviors. Second, it provides qualitative evidence of the justifications behind different prison architectures, including the perceived mechanisms by which the characteristics of prison designs influence inmate and staff behaviors. Finally, it explores the empirical support for an effect of architecture on inmate behaviors by using multi-level modeling to assess the impact of various prison designs in Florida on the likelihood of inmate misconduct. The data for this study was retrieved from several sources, including qualitative data obtained through interviews with prison administrators and architects, quantitative data from the Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC), and prison level characteristics from the Census of Federal and State Correctional Facilities. The data provided by the FDOC in particular has several benefits, primarily its ability to track the movement of inmates between facilities during their incarceration term. The findings from this study indicate that the architectural features of a prison, such as layout, housing types, lines-of-sight, and aesthetics, can affect the quality of life, prison experiences, and subsequent behaviors of both inmates and correctional staff. It does so through a number of mechanisms, including opportunities for misconduct, flow of inmate movement, behavioral reform, and stress or agitation. In addition, there is also empirical support for the association of architectural characteristics on inmate misconduct. Inmates housed in linear facilities as well as campus prisons that incorporate dormitory style housing and T-Dorm building designs were significantly more likely to engage in misconduct. The implications of these findings for theory, research, and policy, as well as the limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed. / A Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2018. / June 4, 2018. / Architecture, Misconduct, Prison / Includes bibliographical references. / William D. Bales, Professor Directing Dissertation; Lisa Waxman, University Representative; Daniel P. Mears, Committee Member; Brian Stults, Committee Member; Thomas Blomberg, Committee Member.

Governments have long relied on private entities to assist with the implementation of correctional punishments, treatments, and services. In the United States, reports of privatized corrections can be traced back to Colonial America. These public-private partnerships remain prevalent in contemporary America and they span all aspects of corrections, including the collection of court-ordered fines, oversight of court services, provision of community programs and treatments, supervision of probationers and parolees, contracting of services and programs inside incarceration facilities, and the operation of juvenile facilities, jails, and prisons. This longtime and widespread use of privatization has been accompanied by contentious and unsettled debates about its impacts, merits, and legitimacy. Proponents frequently argue that private entities can provide comparable or better services than can public corrections and can do so at less cost. Critics refute such claims. In addition, they argue that it is morally unjust for organizations to profit from the administration of justice and punishment and that profit incentives motivate private entities to lower quality as a way to maximize profits. Debates about privatized corrections may stem from ideological differences in views about the goals and approaches that should be prioritized when administering state-sanctioned punishments. Such differences may persist because research has yet to adjudicate whether one approach, public or private, operates more effectively or efficiently than the other. Regardless of the cause, it remains the case that little is known about private corrections. Against this backdrop, I argue in this dissertation that corrections privatization is more complicated than has been recognized to date in scholarship and policy. Many questions in fact exist about what constitutes privatization, the theoretical logic by which it influences not only recidivism but also a range of outcomes, how debates about privatization are framed to the public, the extent to which privatized corrections improve or worsen recidivism, and, not least, the ethical foundations of privatizing corrections or, alternatively, of failing to do so. Insights along each of these dimensions and a focus on privatization generally can help to provide observations about the broader corrections landscape. In this dissertation, I seek to advance scholarship and policy on crime and justice and, in particular, privatized corrections. To this end, I draw on prior scholarship, use multiple data sources, and employ quantitative and qualitative methods to assess five sets of research questions. First, I draw on scholarship and original interviews to shed light on how privatization is conceptualized—that is, what “privatized corrections” entails—in contemporary corrections. Second, I examine these same interview responses to identify the theoretical logic by which privatization might be effective and efficient or, conversely, ineffective and inefficient. Third, I employ a content analysis of newspaper articles to assess how the media portrayed private prisons in the aftermath of the United States Department of Justice’s 2016 decision to stop contracting with private prison operators. Fourth, I use official data, propensity score matching, and logistic regression to examine the effects of private prison incarceration on recidivism, whether those effects vary by race, ethnicity, or age, and whether in-prison experiences explain any identified effects. Fifth, I develop a conceptual framework that identifies ethical concerns that may arise with private corrections or with public corrections. In the sections below, I describe each of the five studies that are included in this dissertation. Each of these descriptions are kept brief with fuller discussions of relevant information provided in the subsequent chapters. / A Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2018. / May 4, 2018. / Evidence-based policy, Private prisons, Privatization of corrections, Punishment / Includes bibliographical references. / Daniel P. Mears, Professor Directing Dissertation; Melissa Radey, University Representative; William D. Bales, Committee Member; Sonja E. Siennick, Committee Member; Eric A. Stewart, Committee Member.

How can criminological theory assist in making sense of the youth subcultures that are involved in criminal activity of a violent nature in the contemporary South African context? - T.p. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 207-219).