Ciências Empresariais / Nos últimos anos, talvez nenhum assunto na área da Gestão Internacional tenha recebido o mesmo nível de atenção como a escolha do modo de entrada de IDE, em particular, a decisão entre adquirir uma empresa estrangeira já existente ou estabelecer uma nova filial no exterior. Todavia, os resultados, longe de serem consensuais, têm sido fornecidos por estudos ao nível da empresa. Uma questão interessante, e ainda não explorada, é a evidência empírica acerca da existência de factores macroeconómicos específicos a cada modo de entrada. Uma outra problemática que carece igualmente de investigação diz respeito aos efeitos potenciais que as F&A internacionais e os investimentos de raiz (IR) exercem no crescimento económico dos países recipientes. Estas constituem as duas questões centrais deste trabalho. Ao nível da primeira questão, estendemos o trabalho de Globerman e Shapiro (2005) com vista a investigar, não só os determinantes macroeconómicos específicos das F&A internacionais, mas também os dos IR, adoptando um painel de 53 países, ao longo do período 1996-2006. Encontramos evidência que nos permite concluir que, apesar da existência de um conjunto de variáveis que são comuns a todos os modos de IDE (como a dimensão da economia, o grau de abertura ao exterior, o índice de governação e o índice de desenvolvimento humano), existem outras variáveis que parecem ser específicas do modo de entrada. Entre estas, o grau de protecção ao investidor e as variáveis associadas ao contexto cultural parecem desempenhar um papel importante na explicação das F&A internacionais e dos IR, respectivamente. Além disso, não encontramos diferenças significativas entre os países desenvolvidos e os países em desenvolvimento, no que respeita aos determinantes específicos do modo de entrada Na segunda questão foi conduzida uma análise inovadora para estudar a relação entre o IDE e o crescimento económico, distinguindo entre os efeitos das F&A internacionais e os dos IR. A evidência sugere a existência de uma relação causal bidireccional entre o IDE / as F&A e o crescimento económico. Constatamos ainda que o crescimento económico causa os IR, mas o inverso não é verdadeiro. Adicionalmente, com base na estimação de um modelo estrutural de crescimento, os resultados indicam uma relação positiva entre o IDE de raiz e o crescimento económico, em ambos os grupos de países. Ao invés, as F&A internacionais tendem a exercer um impacto negativo no crescimento económico dos países em desenvolvimento e não significativo, no caso dos países desenvolvidos. / In the last years there were few subjects in International Management that have received so much level of attention as the FDI entry mode choice, in particular, the decision between acquiring an already existing foreign firm or establishing a new firm in a foreign country. However, the results, far from being consensual, have been supplied by firm-level studies. An interesting question, not yet explored, is the empirical evidence related to the existence of macroeconomic mode-specific determinants. Another issue which requires investigation is related to the potential effects that cross border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and greenfield investments cause on host countries economic growth. These are the two central questions of the present study. In what concerns the first question, we extended the work by Globerman and Shapiro (2005) in order to investigate, not only the macroeconomic specific determinants of cross border M&A, but also those of greenfield investments. We adopted a panel data set of 53 countries, over the period 1996-2006. We have found evidence that allow us to conclude that, despite the existence of a group of mode-encompassing variables (such as economy s size, openness, governance and human development index) there are others that seem to be mode-specific variables. Among these, the degree of investor protection and cultural context variables seem to play an important role in the explanation of cross border M&A and greenfield investments, respectively. In addition, we did not found significant differences between developed and developing countries, with respect to entry mode-specific determinants. In the second question a new approach was introduced to study the relationship between FDI and economic growth, while distinguishing the effects of cross border M&A and the ones of greenfield investments. The evidence suggests that there is bidirectional causality between FDI / M&A and economic growth. We have also concluded that economic growth causes greenfields, but the reverse is not true. Moreover, based on the estimation of a structural growth model, the results indicate a positive relationship between greenfield investments and economic growth, in both groups of countries. Instead, cross border M&A seem to exert a negative effect on the economic growth of developing countries and insignificant on developed countries.

Ces dernières années, les fusions et acquisitions transfrontalières réalisées par les entreprises chinoises en Europe et en Amérique du Nord se sont développées et ont attiré l’attention des chercheurs. Cependant, il existe peu de recherches se concentrant sur leurs motivations, leur performance et leurs déterminants. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser les opérations annoncées ou réalisées en Europe et en Amérique du Nord entre 2002 et 2012, afin de (1) comprendre les motivations des entreprises en croissance, (2) de déterminer si ces opérations créent de la valeur pour les actionnaires et (3) d’identifier les déterminants de la création/destruction de valeur. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé trois méthodes : (1) l’analyse des déclarations d’acquisitions faites par les entreprises chinoises, (2) le calcul de rendements anormaux (AAR, ACAR, CAR) via plusieurs études d’évènements, (3) l’élaboration d’un modèle d’identification des déterminants de la création/destruction de valeur. Les opérations analysées ont été réalisées par des entreprises cotées aux bourses de Shanghai, Shenzhen et Hongkong. Des données supplémentaires ont été tirées de la base de données « Zephyr ». Au total, 93 opérations ont été analysées. Les résultats confirment les résultats antérieurement identifiés pour les acquéreurs occidentaux, étendant ainsi les théories des F&A aux opérateurs chinois. Malgré la différence de structure de propriété (contrôle par l’Etat), les FMN chinoises ont un niveau de performance comparable à leurs homologues occidentaux privés lorsqu’elles réalisent des opérations de F&A. / In recent years, the cross-border mergers and acquisitions by Chinese companies in Europe and North America are developing and have attracted the attention of researchers. However, there is few research focusing on their motivations, their performance and their determinants. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyze the transactions announced or completed in Europe and North America between 2002 and 2012, (1) to understand the motivations of growing companies, (2) to know whether these operations create value for shareholders and (3) to identify the determinants of the creation / destruction of value.To do this, we used three methods: (1) analysis of acquisitions statements made by Chinese companies, (2) the calculation of abnormal returns (AAR ACAR CAR) via several events studies (3) development of a model to identify the determinants of the creation / destruction of value. The operations were made by Chinese listed companies in Shanghai, Shenzhen and Hong Kong stock exchanges. Additional data were obtained from the database "Zephyr." A total 93 operations were analyzed. The results confirm the previously identified results for western acquirers. Despite the difference in ownership structure (state control), Chinese MNCs have a level of performance comparable to their private western counterparts when they carry out operations of M & A.

本研究利用亞洲九個國家，自1995至2005年共十一年的資料，以固定效果模型對外人直接投資進入模式的外溢效果進行估計，探討外人直接投資進入模式與國家的勞動生產力之間的關係？另外，本文也研究外人直接投資的進入模式在高低技術及高低收入國家間是否會產生不同的外溢效果？　　 實證結果發現，跨國併購的行為剛進入時，並不會帶來顯著的外溢效果，然而只要一國的人力資本達到一定的門檻時，跨國併購便會為地主國帶來正向的外溢效果。而外商新建投資，可為當地市場產生正向的外溢效果。而透過技術能力的增進後，外商新建投資會帶來正向且顯著的外溢效果。 其次，在中低收入(技術)國家，外商新建投資透過人力資本的加乘後，也會產生顯著的正向外溢效果。 / The research adopts eleven-year of information from nine different Asian countries to evaluate the impact of spillover effect from the entry mode of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the national labor productivity. That is to construct a fixed-effects model studying, utilizing the information from nine Asian countries on FDI flows from 1995 to 2005. Moreover, the research also test the different spillover effect of entry mode between high-tech/high-incomed and low-tech/low-incomed countries. The empirical result shows that when first initiates a cross-border mergers or acquisitions, it doesn’t obviously result in the spillover effect. Thus, a country will has higher productivity of cross-border mergers and acquisitions, only when it has a minimum threshold stock of human capital. The foreign greenfield investment may have the positive spillover effect over the local market. And the higher the technology ,the higher the positive spillover effect of the foreign greenfield investment Lastly, in a low-tech/low-incomeed country,it will has higher productivity of foreign greenfield investment, also when it has a minimum threshold stock of human capital.