Yes / This paper provides a critical review and discussion of major challenges with automotive aftertreatment systems from the viewpoint of the reliability of complex systems. The aim of this review is to systematically explore research efforts towards the three key issues affecting the reliability of aftertreatment systems: physical problems, control problems and fault diagnostics issues. The review covers important developments in technologies for control of the system, various methods proposed to tackle NOx sensor cross-sensitivity as well as fault detection and diagnostics methods, utilized on SCR, LNT and DPF systems. This paper discusses future challenges and research direction towards assured dependability of complex cyber-physical systems. / InPowerCare Project - JLR (Jaguar Land Rover)

Surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) sensors are widely used in biological, chemical, medical, and environmental sensing. This dissertation describes the design and development of dual-mode, self-referencing SPR sensors supporting two surface-plasmon modes (long- and short-range) which can differentiate surface binding interactions from bulk index changes at a single sensing location. Dual-mode SPR sensors have been optimized for surface limit of detection (LOD). In a wavelength interrogated optical setup, both surface plasmons are simultaneously excited at the same location and incident angle but at different wavelengths. To improve the sensor performance, a new approach to dual-mode SPR sensing is presented that offers improved differentiation between surface and bulk effects. By using an angular interrogation, both surface plasmons are simultaneously excited at the same location and wavelength but at different angles. Angular interrogation offers at least a factor of 3.6 improvement in surface and bulk cross-sensitivity compared to wavelength-interrogated dual-mode SPR sensors. Multi-mode SPR sensors supporting at least three surface-plasmon modes can differentiate a target surface effect from interfering surface effects and bulk index changes. This dissertation describes a tri-mode SPR sensor which supports three surface plasmon resonance modes at one single sensing position, where each mode is excited at a different wavelength. The tri-mode SPR sensor can successfully differentiate specific binding from the non-specific binding and bulk index changes.

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Le problème étudié dans cette thèse est la commande en boucle fermée d'un système SCR (Réduction Sélective Catalytique) par l'urée tel qu'utilisé dans les systèmes de dépollution des gaz d'échappement des moteurs diesel automobiles. Une première contribution du manuscrit est en un modèle détaillé de la SCR, soulignant de la nature distribuée (1D) du système considéré, et plusieurs réductions successives de ce modèle de simulation conduisant à un modèle plus simple, utilisable à des fins de synthèse de contrôleur. Une seconde contribution consiste à prendre en compte la sensibilité au NH3 du capteur de NOx utilisé pour la rétroaction lors du développement d'algorithmes de commande (observateur d'état, boucle de rétroaction, séquencement de gain, interprétation du signal capteur). L'observateur-contrôleur présenté possède plusieurs points d'équilibre dues à la sensibilité du capteur de sortie. On montre que seul le point d'intérêt pratique est asymptotiquement stable, les autres étant instables naturellement, rendus instables par une implémentation spécifique ou aisémentdétectés comme indésirables. Ces deux contributions ont été testées expérimentalement et validées. En résumé, la méthode de contrôle proposée dans cette thèse permet, à partir d'un moteur conforme aux exigences Euro 5 et avec une procédure de pré-conditionnement du catalyseur, de satisfaire la norme Euro 6. / The problem studied in this thesis is the closed-loop control of a urea-SCR (urea Selective Catalytic Reduction) as used in aftertreatment systems of diesel vehicles. A first contribution of the thesis is a detailed model for the SCR, highlighting the distributed (1D) nature of the considered system, and several successive reductions of this simulation model leading to a simpler one, better-suited for control design purposes. A second contribution consists in considering the sensitivity to NH3 of the NOx sensor used in a feedback loop, in the development of the control algorithms (state observer, feedback, gain scheduling, measurement interpretation). The ambiguity of the output measurement could be detrimental to the closed loop response, as it generates multiple equilibrium points (artefacts), besides the point of practical interest. A study of the closed-loop dynamics is performed in the vicinity of each point, which shows that the closed loop system naturally converges to the point of interest not to the artefacts. Both contributions have been tested and validated experimentally. In summary, the method proposed in this thesis might allow an engine equipped with Euro 5 hardware to satisfy Euro 6 standard using a preconditioning procedure of the catalyst.