Creosoto, do grego sóteon, significa conservar. À substância descoberta em 1832 denominada Kreosot, foi atribuida a propriedade de \"evitar a putrefação\", de possuir o princípio anti-séptico contido no alcatrão derivado da madeira. O creosoto usado como agente preservador da madeira de origem mineral ou vegetal, consiste em uma mistura de fenóis e derivados fenólicos obtida durante a destilação do alcatrão da hulha; oleosa, cor escura, odor penetrante, sabor ardente e cáustico. Exposta à adversas condições de temperatura e umidade relativa, a madeira está sujeita à decomposição devido a agentes mecânicos, químicos, físicos e biológicos : bactérias; fungos; insetos como coleópteros e térmitas; \"brocas marinhas\", como moluscos e crustáceos. Os fungos e insetos xilófagos são os principais responsáveis pelas maiores perdas em madeira. Considerado um dos mais eficientes preservadores da madeira, o creosoto é largamente utilizado em dormentes ferroviários, protegendo-os do ataque de certas espécies de fungos e térmitas ou cupins. Dormente é o elemento da superestrutura ferroviária que recebe e transmite, ao lastro, os esforços produzidos pelas cargas dos veículos; serve de suporte aos trilhos, permite sua fixação e mantém invariável a bitola. As ferrovias brasileiras têm cerca de 30.000 km de linhas férreas com 60 milhões de dormentes de madeira. A manutenção da malha toda demanda a troca de pelo menos 4 milhões de dormentes por ano. Esses dormentes em desuso são depositados ao longo das ferrovias ou empilhados em galpões com conseqüente desperdício de matéria-prima que se torna excelente abrigo para insetos roedores e animais peçonhentos, além de poder ser foco de incêndios. Na procura por produtos substitutivos do creosoto, foram encontrados dois produtos químicos, o Arsenato de cobre cromatado e o Borato de cobre cromatado; o primeiro tão ou mais tóxico que o creosoto e o segundo sem a mesma eficiência. Os materiais alternativos como aço e material plástico, ainda não competem com os de madeira, no entanto os de concreto sinalizam essa competitividade. A Estrada de Ferro Carajás da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce foi escolhida para estudo da situação atual de todos os dormentes da linha principal, com 892 km, para programar sua substituição. Devido a sua pequena extensão, foi verificada toda a malha ferroviária, ou seja, o universo da pesquisa. A investigação consistiu de : levantamento dos tipos de madeiras usadas como dormentes; condições de degradação; produtos químicos utilizados em seu tratamento; levantamento quantitativo dos dormentes a serem substituídos até 2010; tipo de dormentes utilizados; testemunho das atividades descritas através de fotografias. Esse levantamento permitiu elaborar a programação de troca dos dormentes da Estrada de Ferro Carajás. / Creosote, from the Greek, sóteon, means to conserve. To this substance, discovery in 1832 called kreosot, was meant to avoid the deterioration. The creosote used as a preservation of wood came from two different forms, mineral and from plants, and it is a mixture of different kinds of phenols. The Creosote is dark with a really strong smell. When the wood is exposed to a vast conditions of temperatures or even humidity, it can suffer four different kind of deterioration - chemical, mechanical, physical and the biological, such as bacteria, fungi; insects and others. The fungi and the insects cause the most problems in the wood. The creosote is one of the best preservers of the wood. It is used on crossties, protecting then from the fungi or even the termites. The crosstie is the element of Railways that transmit all the efforts from the vehicles for the ballast. The Brazilian railway have near 30.000 km, with 60 millions of wood crossties. To maintain all of those crossties is necessary at least, to change for news one, four millions of crossties each year. Those crossties are all over the railways or even inside buildings, that can even calls for insects, snakes, rats, or something like, even they can catch on fire. Searching for chemical products that can substitute the creosote, two products were found, such as CCA and CCB. However, the first one is very toxic (even more toxic than creosote), and the other doesn\'t have the same effect like the creosote for the fungi and termites. The alternatives crossties such as steel, concrete and plastic are not as good as the wood crossties, and can also have the same problem of disposal, like the concrete, for example. But now in Brasil, those kind of crossties are becoming more available specially with the new experiments that are taking place in Estrada de Ferro Carajás, however those experiments are recent, then they don´t have a result yet. This Railway was chosen to study the real situation of all wood crossties at all its extension, 892 km. On this research, all kinds of crossties in Estrada de Ferro Carajás were investigated, then the real conditions of those crossties, all the kinds of chemical products used on the preservation of the wood, and the study to find the number of crossties discarded until 2010 and the photographs of the crossties with problems. With all those activities, the Program of the replacement of the crossies at the Estrada de Ferro Carajás could be finished.

Creosoto, do grego sóteon, significa conservar. À substância descoberta em 1832 denominada Kreosot, foi atribuida a propriedade de \"evitar a putrefação\", de possuir o princípio anti-séptico contido no alcatrão derivado da madeira. O creosoto usado como agente preservador da madeira de origem mineral ou vegetal, consiste em uma mistura de fenóis e derivados fenólicos obtida durante a destilação do alcatrão da hulha; oleosa, cor escura, odor penetrante, sabor ardente e cáustico. Exposta à adversas condições de temperatura e umidade relativa, a madeira está sujeita à decomposição devido a agentes mecânicos, químicos, físicos e biológicos : bactérias; fungos; insetos como coleópteros e térmitas; \"brocas marinhas\", como moluscos e crustáceos. Os fungos e insetos xilófagos são os principais responsáveis pelas maiores perdas em madeira. Considerado um dos mais eficientes preservadores da madeira, o creosoto é largamente utilizado em dormentes ferroviários, protegendo-os do ataque de certas espécies de fungos e térmitas ou cupins. Dormente é o elemento da superestrutura ferroviária que recebe e transmite, ao lastro, os esforços produzidos pelas cargas dos veículos; serve de suporte aos trilhos, permite sua fixação e mantém invariável a bitola. As ferrovias brasileiras têm cerca de 30.000 km de linhas férreas com 60 milhões de dormentes de madeira. A manutenção da malha toda demanda a troca de pelo menos 4 milhões de dormentes por ano. Esses dormentes em desuso são depositados ao longo das ferrovias ou empilhados em galpões com conseqüente desperdício de matéria-prima que se torna excelente abrigo para insetos roedores e animais peçonhentos, além de poder ser foco de incêndios. Na procura por produtos substitutivos do creosoto, foram encontrados dois produtos químicos, o Arsenato de cobre cromatado e o Borato de cobre cromatado; o primeiro tão ou mais tóxico que o creosoto e o segundo sem a mesma eficiência. Os materiais alternativos como aço e material plástico, ainda não competem com os de madeira, no entanto os de concreto sinalizam essa competitividade. A Estrada de Ferro Carajás da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce foi escolhida para estudo da situação atual de todos os dormentes da linha principal, com 892 km, para programar sua substituição. Devido a sua pequena extensão, foi verificada toda a malha ferroviária, ou seja, o universo da pesquisa. A investigação consistiu de : levantamento dos tipos de madeiras usadas como dormentes; condições de degradação; produtos químicos utilizados em seu tratamento; levantamento quantitativo dos dormentes a serem substituídos até 2010; tipo de dormentes utilizados; testemunho das atividades descritas através de fotografias. Esse levantamento permitiu elaborar a programação de troca dos dormentes da Estrada de Ferro Carajás. / Creosote, from the Greek, sóteon, means to conserve. To this substance, discovery in 1832 called kreosot, was meant to avoid the deterioration. The creosote used as a preservation of wood came from two different forms, mineral and from plants, and it is a mixture of different kinds of phenols. The Creosote is dark with a really strong smell. When the wood is exposed to a vast conditions of temperatures or even humidity, it can suffer four different kind of deterioration - chemical, mechanical, physical and the biological, such as bacteria, fungi; insects and others. The fungi and the insects cause the most problems in the wood. The creosote is one of the best preservers of the wood. It is used on crossties, protecting then from the fungi or even the termites. The crosstie is the element of Railways that transmit all the efforts from the vehicles for the ballast. The Brazilian railway have near 30.000 km, with 60 millions of wood crossties. To maintain all of those crossties is necessary at least, to change for news one, four millions of crossties each year. Those crossties are all over the railways or even inside buildings, that can even calls for insects, snakes, rats, or something like, even they can catch on fire. Searching for chemical products that can substitute the creosote, two products were found, such as CCA and CCB. However, the first one is very toxic (even more toxic than creosote), and the other doesn\'t have the same effect like the creosote for the fungi and termites. The alternatives crossties such as steel, concrete and plastic are not as good as the wood crossties, and can also have the same problem of disposal, like the concrete, for example. But now in Brasil, those kind of crossties are becoming more available specially with the new experiments that are taking place in Estrada de Ferro Carajás, however those experiments are recent, then they don´t have a result yet. This Railway was chosen to study the real situation of all wood crossties at all its extension, 892 km. On this research, all kinds of crossties in Estrada de Ferro Carajás were investigated, then the real conditions of those crossties, all the kinds of chemical products used on the preservation of the wood, and the study to find the number of crossties discarded until 2010 and the photographs of the crossties with problems. With all those activities, the Program of the replacement of the crossies at the Estrada de Ferro Carajás could be finished.

The magnitudes and relative pressure distributions transmitted to the crosstie-ballast interface of railroad track significantly influences the subsequent behavior and performance of the overall track structure. If the track structure is not properly designed to distribute the heavy-axle loads of freight cars and locomotives, deficiencies and inherent failures of the crossties, ballast, or underlying support layers can occur, requiring substantial and frequent maintenance activities to achieve requisite track geometrical standards. Incorporating an understanding of the pressure distribution at the crosstie-ballast interface, appropriate designs can be applied to adequately provide a high performing and long-lasting railroad track. Although this can be considered a simple concept, the magnitudes and distributions of pressures at the crosstie-ballast interface have historically proven to be difficult to quantifiably measure and assess over the years. This document describes the development and application of a method to measure average railroad track crosstie-ballast interfacial pressures using timber crossties and pressure cells specifically designed for granular materials. A procedure was specifically developed for recessing the cells in the bottoms of timber crossties. The validity of the test method was initially verified with a series of laboratory tests. These tests used controlled loads applied to sections of trackbed constructed in specifically designed resilient frames. The prototype trackbed section was intended to simulate typical in-track loading conditions and ballast response. Cells were subsequently installed at a test site on an NS Railway well-maintained mainline just east of Knoxville, TN. Six successive crossties were fitted with pressure cells at the ballast interface below the rail seat. Pressure cells were also installed at the center of two crossties where the ballast is typically not tamped or consolidated. Trackbed pressures at the crosstie-ballast interface were periodically measured for numerous revenue freight trains during a period of twenty-one months. After raising and surfacing the track, the ballast was permitted to further consolidate under normal train traffic before again measuring pressures. Having the ballast tightly and uniformly compacted under crossties is important to ensuring representative and reproducible pressure measurements. Measured maximum pressures under the rail at the crosstie-ballast interface ranged from 20 to 30 psi (140 to 210 kPa) for locomotives and loaded freight cars with smooth wheels producing negligible wheel/rail impacts. Crosstie-ballast interface pressures were typically 3 psi (20 kPa) maximum for empty freight cars with smooth wheels. Heavily loaded articulated intermodal car pressures for shared trucks tended to reach nearly 40 psi (280 kPa), actually higher than locomotive-produced pressures. The recorded pressures under the center of the ties were normally negligible, less than 1 psi (7 kPa) for locomotives and loaded freight cars. Wheel-Rail force parameters measured by nearby wheel-impact load detectors (WILD) were compared to crosstie-ballast pressure data for the same trains traversing the test site. Increases in peak WILD forces, either due to heavier wheel loads or increased impacts, were determined to relate favorably to increases in recorded trackbed pressures with a power relationship. The ratios between the peak and nominal wheel forces and trackbed pressures also have strong relationships.