Dans le cadre de la promotion de systèmes de culture alternatifs à moindres intrants chimiques, des études sur l'introduction de plantes de service ayant vocation à réduire l'usage des pesticides et engrais azotés mobilisent un effort de recherche considérable. Dans le cadre de la production bananière pour laquelle la nuisibilité causée par les nématodes phytoparasites constitue l'une des principales contraintes, une des principales alternatives à l'utilisation de nématicides chimiques repose sur l'usage raisonné en rotation ou en association culturale de plantes de service à propriétés nématorégulatrices. Parmi les espèces candidates, celles du genre Crota/aria spp. ont largement été étudiées en raison de leur aptitude à contrôler les nématodes phytoparasites. Une méta-analyse révèle cependant que même si de nombreux auteurs s'accordent à reconnaître les propriétés allélopathiques des plantes de cette espèce, ils sont également enclins à reconnaître la forte variabilité d'expression de ces propriétés vis-à-vis du contrôle des nématodes selon les situations expérimentées. L'objectif de ce travail repose sur la compréhension du déterminisme biochimique des exsudats. La stratégie expérimentale mise en oeuvre a consisté à tester en conditions contrôlées le comportement biochimique des exsudats racinaires de deux espèces de crotalaires (C retusa, C spectabilis) et d'une espèce sensible, le bananier dessert (Musa spp.) en fonction i) de conditions biotiques variées -i.e. présence ou non de nématodes (Radopholus similis et Meloidogyne arenariaï, et présence ou non de mycorhizes-, ii) de conditions abiotiques contrastées -i.e. utilisation d'un sol naturel vs. substrat neutre, ajout ou non d'engrais chimique. La méthodologie innovante des «plantes à traire » (Brevet INRA) a été requise pour pouvoir travailler sur les exsudats racinaires des plantes conditionnées plutôt que sur des Iixiviats, comme réalisé dans des expérimentations antérieures.Les résultats obtenus en spectrophométrie visible montrent que la modification des conditions abiotiques affecte de manière importante les profils biochimiques des plantes étudiées. En présence du nématode 1..·1. arenaria les profils biochimiques des deux crotalaires sont également modifiés. Des biotests réalisés à l'aide des exsudats racinaires conditionnés au préalable par les modifications biotiques ont permis de démontrer l'effet nématostatique des crotalaires. Des analyses biochimiques en Ge-MS mettent en évidence de manière plus précise des molécules actives mises en jeu sous différentes modalités biotiques et abiotiques. Ces recherches, de portée générique, permettront de mieux comprendre les conditions de l'environnement qui régulent les profils biochimiques des exsudats racinaires des crotalaires et par extension, seront applicables aux recherches menées sur d'autres plantes de service candidates. Ceci aidera, à terme, à définir les conditions environnementales à réunir, pour orienter de manière optimale les effets allélopathiques dans une perspective de nématorégulation naturelle / As part of the promotion of alternative cropping systems at lower chemical inputs, studies on the introduction of cover crops designed to reduce the use of pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers mobilize a considerable research effort. Under banana production for which the hannfu1ness caused by plant-parasitic-nematodes is one ofthe main constraints, one of the main alternatives to the use ofchemical nematicides is based on the rational use in rotation or intercropping of cover rI crops to proteet crops from plant-parasitic-nematodes, Among the candidate species, the species from the genus of Crota/aria spp. have been widely studied because of their ability to control plant parasitic-nematodes. A meta-analysis reveals that although many authors agree allelopathic properties of these species, they are also likely to recognize the high variability of expression of these properties vis-àvis the control of nematodes according to the situations experieaced.. The objective of this woIk is focnsed on the onderstanding of the biochemical determinism of mot exudates onder environment biotic and abiotic variations. The experimental strategy was 10 test onder controlled conditions the biochemical behavior of mot exudates of two species of crotalarias (C retusa, C. spectabilis) and a susceptible species, the dessert banana crop (Musa spp.) with i) modification ofbiotic conditions -ie presence or absence of nematodes iMeloidogyne arenaria and Radopho/us similis), and presence or absence of mycorrhiza-ii) contrasting abiotic conditions -ie using a natural soil vs. neutral substrate, whether to add fertilizer. The innovative methodology of "milking plants" (patent INRA) was required in order to work on the root exudates of plants packed rather thanleachate, as done in previous experiments. The results obtained show that 'visible spectrophotometry changing abiotic conditions affect significantly the biochemical profiles of the studied plants. In the presence of nematode M. arenaria biochemical profiles of both crotalarias are also changed. Bioassays conducted using mot exudates conditioned in advance by biotic changes have demonstrated the effect of nématostatique crotalarias. Biochemical Ge-MS demonstrate more clearly active molecules that are involved in varions biotic and abiotic conditions. This research, generic scope, to better understand the environmental conditions that regulate biochemical profiles of mot exudates crotalarias and by extension, will apply to research on other plants service candidates. This will ultimately define the environmental conditions to meet, to guide optimal allelopathic effects from the perspective ofnatural nématorégulation

Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is widely produced in Africa, parts of Asia, the Caribbean and tropical America. In Brazil, yam production areas are confined in the Northeast region with greatest production in the states of Pernambuco, Paraíba and Bahia. Among the constraints to yams, the dry rot disease caused by the nematodes Scutellonema bradys and Pratylenchus spp. is the most important on commercial and seed tubers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the soil-incorporated organic amendment on the population densities of the causal agents of dry rot disease of yam, under greenhouse and field conditions. In the first experiment the above ground parts of Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca, Tagetes erecta and T. patula were incorporated to the soil. Healthy sprouting yam tubers were planted and 20 days later the plants were inoculated with a mixed population of S. bradys and P. coffeae. Pots were arranged on greenhouse benches in a completely randomized design with six treatments (including the control) and eight replications. Five months after yam planting, the nematode populations were assessed. The second experiment was carried out in naturally infested field with a mixed population of P. coffeae and S. bradys, in Quebrangulo county (Alagoas state, Brazil) in a randomized block design with five treatments and five replications. The organic matter sources used as soil amendments were: coconut husk powder, castor bean cake, cow dung and chicken manure. Non amended soil was used as a control. At nine months after planting date the tubers were harvested. No control was achieved through the soil amendment in both experiments. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O inhame (Dioscorea spp.) é produzido em larga escala em países da África Ocidental, do Extremo Oriente, do Caribe e da América Tropical. No Brasil, é produzido principalmente no Nordeste. Pernambuco, Paraíba e Bahia são os principais produtores, onde são cultivadas as espécies D. cayenensis e D. alata para alimentação humana. Entre os principais problemas fitossanitários da cultura, a casca preta ou podridão seca, causada pelos nematoides Scutellonema bradys e Pratylenchus spp., destaca-se como o mais importante, incidindo em túberas comerciais e túberas-semente. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram avaliar a influência da incorporação de materiais orgânicos ao solo sobre a densidade populacional dos nematoides causadores da casca preta. A primeira etapa do trabalho foi conduzida em casa de vegetação, no CECA/UFAL, sendo que foram incorporadas ao solo, as partes aéreas de Crotalaria juncea, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca, Tagetes erecta e T. patula. Após essa etapa, foi efetuado o plantio de inhame e, decorridos 20 dias, as plantas foram inoculadas com uma população mista de S. bradys e P. coffeae. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos (incluindo a testemunha) e oito repetições. A avaliação das populações dos nematoides foi realizada cinco meses após o plantio do inhame. A segunda etapa foi realizada em campo, no município de Quebrangulo, Estado de Alagoas, onde foram aplicados ao solo naturalmente infestado com população mista de S. bradys e P. coffeae, os seguintes tratamentos: pó de coco, torta de mamona, esterco bovino, esterco de galinha, além da testemunha. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Nove meses após o plantio, foi efetuada a colheita das túberas. Os diferentes tratamentos não foram eficientes no controle da casca preta nos dois experimentos.