Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 abreu_il_dr_jabo.pdf: 406152 bytes, checksum: 68b3c6cb5d92e815f953857099241db8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os países industrializados apresentam uma forte tendência em buscarem, cada vez mais, sistemas de controle biológico eficiente e específicos sendo menos tóxicos para os humanos e o ecossistema em geral. Os bioinseticidas à base de microrganismos entomopatogênicos não encontram grandes restrições quanto a sua utilização. Dentre as bactérias que possuem atividade entomopatogênica, Bacillus thuringiensis é a que apresenta maior valor potencial no controle dos insetos-praga, por apresentar vários genes cry e possuir mecanismos de recombinação genética como: conjugação e transformação. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e caracterizar a linhagem B. thuringiensis var. londrina. A análise morfológica dos cristais indica uma nova proteína Cry. Para comparação foram utilizadas as linhagens de B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi e var. kurstaki - HD1 que possuem os genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba e cry1Aa, respectivamente. Foi realizada a extração do DNA total das quatro linhagens, em seguida esse material foi submetido à reação de PCR com os oligonucleotideos iniciadores específicos dos genes acima citado. Para a confirmação dos resultados utilizou-se a técnica de hibridização por Southern blotting e seqüenciamento dos amplicon. O amplicom para o gene cry3 obtido pela linhagem padrão B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis foi igual ao tamanho esperado, porém o obtido pela linhagem var. londrina foi maior em números de nucleotídeo que o esperado, indicando uma possível recombinação. A técnica de Southern blotting confirmou a recombinação do gene mostrando diferenças entre as bandas das linhagens padrão e da linhagem var. londrina, confirmando assim um novo gene cry3. Os bioensaios executados com esse novo gene não indicaram eficiência para alguns insetos-praga de lavoura da ordem Lepidoptera e foram eficientes... / Industrialized countries show a strong tendency to look for efficient and specific biological control systems that are less toxic to humans and ecosystems. Bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic microorganisms are well accepted by the public. Among those, bacteria that exhibit such entomopathogenic activities, Bacillus thuringiensis is the one with major potential over the pests, since it harbors several cry genes and holds genetic recombination mechanisms such as bacterial conjugation and transformation in order to accomplish these control procedures. The aim of this research was to identify and characterize the strain of B. thuringiensis var. londrina. As a comparison some other strains of B. thuringiensis such as B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi and var. kurstaki - HD1 that holds the genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba and cry1Aa, were used respectively. Alkaline lysis procedure was used for the DNA extraction from the four bacterial strains followed by its use on PCR reactions using the specific primers for the genes. To confirm the results were utilized the techniques of Southern blotting hybridization and DNA sequencing. The obtained amplicons have shown a difference in size considering the pattern strains compared to the var. londrina. The genetic recombination that took place so as to generate the var. londrina cry gene was detected by Southern blotting analysis, the hybridization results confirm the genetic recombination showing the banding pattern differences that took place generating the new cry3 gene. The bioassays showed that the recombinant gene was efficient to control Sphenophorus levis (Coleopteran).

Orientador: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: José Eduardo Garcia / Banca: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva / Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Antônio Carlos Monteiro / Resumo: Os países industrializados apresentam uma forte tendência em buscarem, cada vez mais, sistemas de controle biológico eficiente e específicos sendo menos tóxicos para os humanos e o ecossistema em geral. Os bioinseticidas à base de microrganismos entomopatogênicos não encontram grandes restrições quanto a sua utilização. Dentre as bactérias que possuem atividade entomopatogênica, Bacillus thuringiensis é a que apresenta maior valor potencial no controle dos insetos-praga, por apresentar vários genes cry e possuir mecanismos de recombinação genética como: conjugação e transformação. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e caracterizar a linhagem B. thuringiensis var. londrina. A análise morfológica dos cristais indica uma nova proteína Cry. Para comparação foram utilizadas as linhagens de B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi e var. kurstaki - HD1 que possuem os genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba e cry1Aa, respectivamente. Foi realizada a extração do DNA total das quatro linhagens, em seguida esse material foi submetido à reação de PCR com os oligonucleotideos iniciadores específicos dos genes acima citado. Para a confirmação dos resultados utilizou-se a técnica de hibridização por Southern blotting e seqüenciamento dos amplicon. O amplicom para o gene cry3 obtido pela linhagem padrão B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis foi igual ao tamanho esperado, porém o obtido pela linhagem var. londrina foi maior em números de nucleotídeo que o esperado, indicando uma possível recombinação. A técnica de Southern blotting confirmou a recombinação do gene mostrando diferenças entre as bandas das linhagens padrão e da linhagem var. londrina, confirmando assim um novo gene cry3. Os bioensaios executados com esse novo gene não indicaram eficiência para alguns insetos-praga de lavoura da ordem Lepidoptera e foram eficientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Industrialized countries show a strong tendency to look for efficient and specific biological control systems that are less toxic to humans and ecosystems. Bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic microorganisms are well accepted by the public. Among those, bacteria that exhibit such entomopathogenic activities, Bacillus thuringiensis is the one with major potential over the pests, since it harbors several cry genes and holds genetic recombination mechanisms such as bacterial conjugation and transformation in order to accomplish these control procedures. The aim of this research was to identify and characterize the strain of B. thuringiensis var. londrina. As a comparison some other strains of B. thuringiensis such as B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi and var. kurstaki - HD1 that holds the genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba and cry1Aa, were used respectively. Alkaline lysis procedure was used for the DNA extraction from the four bacterial strains followed by its use on PCR reactions using the specific primers for the genes. To confirm the results were utilized the techniques of Southern blotting hybridization and DNA sequencing. The obtained amplicons have shown a difference in size considering the pattern strains compared to the var. londrina. The genetic recombination that took place so as to generate the var. londrina cry gene was detected by Southern blotting analysis, the hybridization results confirm the genetic recombination showing the banding pattern differences that took place generating the new cry3 gene. The bioassays showed that the recombinant gene was efficient to control Sphenophorus levis (Coleopteran). / Doutor

O algodão transgênico Bollgard® (algodão Bt) contém o gene cry1Ac da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis, que confere a planta resistência a Lepidopteros. A expressão deste gene na planta pode acarretar efeitos ecológicos adversos à microbiota do solo e da rizosfera. Em casa-de-vegetação, a comunidade bacteriana associada ao algodão Bt foi comparada a do algodão convencional, em dois tipos de solos e quatro estádios fenológicos. Amostras de rizosfera foram avaliadas por técnicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo. As técnicas de contagem de bactérias e DGGE permitiram observar os efeitos do algodão Bt na densidade e diversidade de Pseudomonas e bactérias totais, durante os estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento da planta. A toxina Cry foi detectada na rizosfera de algodão Bt, em todo ciclo da cultura. Nas fases de formação do botão floral e abertura das maçãs, a atividade microbiana foi maior na rizosfera do algodão Bt. Esses resultados indicam o potencial do ambiente rizosférico em reestabelecer à estrutura da comunidade bacterina após um impacto temporal. / The transgenic cotton Bollgard® (Bt cotton) contains the cry1Ac gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium, which confers the plant resistance against some insects. The expression of this gene in the plant can cause adverse ecological effects on soil and rhizosphere microbiota. In a greenhouse experiment, the bacterial community associate to Bt cotton was compared to non-transgenic parental cultivar plants, in two types of soil at different plant development stages. Rhizosphere communities were evaluated by culture-dependent and independent approaches. Results reveal the effect of the Bt cotton in the density and diversity of Pseudomonas and total bacteria, during initial plant development stages. The Cry toxin was detected in the rhizosphere of Bt cotton, during all plant cycle. In the phases of flower formation and fruit opening, the microbial activity was greater in the rhizosphere of Bt cotton. These results show the potential of the rhizosphere to reestablish the original structure of the bacterial community after a temporary impact.

Les propriétés insecticides du Bacillus thuringiensis, découvert par ShigentaneIshiwatari, ont été utilisées pendant des décennies comme biopesticides et cette utilisation a augmenté rapidement en raison de préoccupations au sujet des effets environnementaux négatifs des pesticides chimiques. Actuellement, la toxine Bt dans la forme de biopesticides et des plantes transgéniques Bt peut compléter ou remplacer les pesticides chimiques. Il y a peu d’indication que la toxine Bt a un effet nocif pour l'environnement ou la santé humaine. Néanmoins, il ya des préoccupations que les cultures transgéniques commerciales peuvent avoir des effets néfastes sur l'environnement. Après son introduction dans le sol l'exsudation racinaire et la dégradation des résidus végétaux, la toxine Bt interagit avec les particules de sol. Les interactions de la toxine Bt avec des particules de sol influencent sa mobilité, sa biodisponibilité, sa persistance et sa toxicité.Dans cette étude, nous visons à établir l'importance relative des facteurs biologiques et physico-chimiques dans la détermination de la dynamique des protéines Cry détectables dans les sols, de clarifier si la protéine adsorbée conserve ses propriétés insecticides et d'identifier les propriétés du sol qui déterminent le devenir des protéines Cry dans le sol. Les résultats montrent que les protéines Cry ont une forte affinité sur la surface du sol. Cependant, il y avait peu de relation entre l'affinité pour le sol ou le rendement d'extraction et les propriétés du sol, y compris la teneur en argile, teneur en carbone organique et le pH du sol. Il y avait peu de rapport entre l'affinité et le rendement d'extraction. Les protéines diffèrent à la fois dans leur affinité pour les sols et leurs rendements d'extraction.Une évaluation du rôle du sol et des facteurs environnementaux dans le sort des protéines Cry de la formulation de biopesticides commerciale a montré un déclin rapide de la protéine Cry détectable soumise aux rayons du soleil sous la condition de laboratoire, alors que peu d'effet a été observé dans des conditions de terrain. La demi-vie des protéines dans le sol dans des conditions naturelles était d'environ 1 semaine. Des effets de la température forts ont été observés, mais ils diffèrent pour les biopesticides et la protéine purifiée, indiquant différentes étapes limitantes. Pour le biopesticide, la baisse observée était ralenties par des facteurs biologiques, y compris éventuellement sporulation. En revanche pour des protéines purifiées, augmentation de la température améliorée des changements conformationnels de la protéine adsorbée du sol, conduisant à une fixation et, par conséquent diminué efficacité d'extraction qui a diminué avec le temps. En outre, l'étude de la persistance de diverses protéines Cry dans les sols contrastés a été réalisée par immuno-détection et dosage biologique a montré que la toxine extractible diminue avec incubation allant jusqu'à quatre semaines. L'activité insecticide était toujours maintenue à l'état adsorbé, mais a disparue après deux semaines d'incubation à 25°C. La baisse de la protéine extractible et la toxicité était beaucoup plus faible à 4°C à 25°C. La stérilisation du sol n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur la persistance de la toxine Cry indiquant que le déclin observé était provoqué par la fixation en fonction du temps de la protéine adsorbée ce qui diminue la quantité de toxine Cry extractable, la dégradation de la protéine par l’activité microbienne jouant un rôle plus mineur.L’exposition des insectes aux protéines Cry sous la forme adsorbé pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur les insectes cibles et même les insectes non cibles, et devrait être plus étudiée afin de déterminer son impact potentiel. / The insecticidal properties of Bacillus thuringiensis, discovered by Shigentane Ishiwatari, have been used for decades as biopesticides and this use has been increasing rapidly because of concerns about the negative environmental effects of chemical pesticides. Currently, Bt toxin in the form of both biopesticides and Bt transgenic plantsmay supplement or replace chemical pesticide. There is little evidence to demonstrate that Bt toxin has any harmful effect to the environment or to human health. Nevertheless, there are concerns that commercial transgenic crops may have harmful impacts on the environment. After release into soil via root exudation and breakdown of plant residues, Bt toxin interacts with soil particles. The interactions of Bt toxin with soil particles influence its mobility, its bioavailability, its persistence and its toxicity. In this study, we aim to establish the relative importance of biological and physicochemical factors in the determination of the dynamics of detectable Cry proteins in soils, to clarify if adsorbed protein maintains its insecticidal properties and to identify the soil properties that determine the fate of Cry proteins in soil. The results show that Cry proteins have strong affinity on soil surface. However, there was little relationship between affinity for soil or the extraction yield and soil properties including clay content, organic carbon content and soil pH. There was little relationship between the affinity and the extraction yield. The proteins differ in both their affinity for soil and their extraction yields.An assessment of role of soil and environmental factors in the fate of Cry protein from commercial biopesticide formulation showed a rapid decline of detectable Cry protein subjected to direct sunlight under the laboratory condition, whereas, little effect was observed under field conditions. The half-life of proteins in soil under natural conditions was about one week. Strong temperature effects were observed, but theydiffered for biopesticide and purified protein, indicating different limiting steps. For biopesticide, the observed decline was due to biological factors, possibly including sporulation. In contrast for purified proteins, increased temperature enhanced conformationalchanges of the soil-adsorbed protein, leading to fixation and hence extraction efficiency decreased that decreased with time. Moreover, the study of persistence of various Cry proteins in contrasting soils was carried out by immuno-detection and bioassay showed that extractable toxin decreased with incubation of up to four weeks. Insecticidal activity was still retained in the adsorbed state, but lost after two weeks of incubation at 25°C. The decline in extractable protein and toxicity was much lower at 4°C than 25°C. There was no significant effect of soil sterilization to persistence of Cry toxin indicating that decrease in detectable Cry toxin in soil may be time-dependent fixation of adsorbed protein as well as decreasing solubilization in larva midgut, but not microbial breakdown.Exposition to Cry in the adsorbed form could have a significant impact on target and even non target insects and should be investigation to determine the potential impact.

O algodão transgênico Bollgard® (algodão Bt) contém o gene cry1Ac da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis, que confere a planta resistência a Lepidopteros. A expressão deste gene na planta pode acarretar efeitos ecológicos adversos à microbiota do solo e da rizosfera. Em casa-de-vegetação, a comunidade bacteriana associada ao algodão Bt foi comparada a do algodão convencional, em dois tipos de solos e quatro estádios fenológicos. Amostras de rizosfera foram avaliadas por técnicas dependentes e independentes de cultivo. As técnicas de contagem de bactérias e DGGE permitiram observar os efeitos do algodão Bt na densidade e diversidade de Pseudomonas e bactérias totais, durante os estádios iniciais de desenvolvimento da planta. A toxina Cry foi detectada na rizosfera de algodão Bt, em todo ciclo da cultura. Nas fases de formação do botão floral e abertura das maçãs, a atividade microbiana foi maior na rizosfera do algodão Bt. Esses resultados indicam o potencial do ambiente rizosférico em reestabelecer à estrutura da comunidade bacterina após um impacto temporal. / The transgenic cotton Bollgard® (Bt cotton) contains the cry1Ac gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium, which confers the plant resistance against some insects. The expression of this gene in the plant can cause adverse ecological effects on soil and rhizosphere microbiota. In a greenhouse experiment, the bacterial community associate to Bt cotton was compared to non-transgenic parental cultivar plants, in two types of soil at different plant development stages. Rhizosphere communities were evaluated by culture-dependent and independent approaches. Results reveal the effect of the Bt cotton in the density and diversity of Pseudomonas and total bacteria, during initial plant development stages. The Cry toxin was detected in the rhizosphere of Bt cotton, during all plant cycle. In the phases of flower formation and fruit opening, the microbial activity was greater in the rhizosphere of Bt cotton. These results show the potential of the rhizosphere to reestablish the original structure of the bacterial community after a temporary impact.