Orientador: Janete Apparecida Desidério / Coorientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro / Banca: Juliana Regina Vieira da Costa / Resumo: A bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) possui a capacidade de produzir inclusões protéicas (proteína Cry) e proteínas vegetativas (Vip). Estas proteínas podem ser tóxicas para insetos e por meio de transgenia, a expressão em plantas, podem também proporcionar controle de importantes pragas agrícolas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de controle das proteínas Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Vip3A(1), Vip3A(2) e Vip3A(3) em uma população brasileira da lagarta-da-maçã, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), bem como o efeito subletal e efeito sinérgico entre estas proteínas e a proteólise pelo suco do intestino do inseto praga em estudo. Para tanto, clones de Escherichia coli recombinantes portadores de genes únicos foram cultivados em meio para a indução das proteínas e os lisados obtidos foram utilizados para as análises de toxicidade por meio de bioensaios. Diferentes concentrações protéicas foram utilizadas para conduzir os bioensaios. A mortalidade foi avaliada e obteve-se a CL50. Desta forma, observou-se que, dentre as proteínas testadas, Cry1Ac (CL50 39,89 ng.cm-2), Vip3A(2) (CL50 945,77 ng.cm-2) e Vip3A(3) (CL50 874,45 ng.cm-2 ) foram as mais tóxicas e houve correlação negativa entre a concentração de proteínas e o peso das lagartas. Nos ensaios referentes ao efeito sinérgico das proteínas, ativadas e não ativadas com tripsina comercial, foram encontradas possíveis combinações eficientes no controle da praga em estudo destacando-se Vip3A(2)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Ac, e Vip3A(2)/Cry1Ac. Os resultados referentes à interação das enzimas digestivas do intestino de H. virescens com as toxinas Cry1 e Vip3A permitiram constatar que as proteínas são ativadas / Abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces protein inclusions (Cry proteins) and vegetative proteins (Vip). Such proteins may act as toxic to some insects and through transgenesis plants they may be able to control important agricultural pests. Thus this work aimed to evaluate the control potential of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Vip3A(1), Vip3A(2) and Vip3A(3) proteins in a Brazilian population of Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as well as to analyze the sublethal and the synergic effects among these proteins and the proteolysis on the intestinal juice of this pest. In order to do this, Escherichia coli clones expressing each one of the above mentioned proteins were induced to produce them and the obtained lysates were used to determine the level of toxicity through bioassays with neonatal larvae of H. virescens. Different protein concentrations were used to carry out the bioassays. The mortality was evaluated and it was possible to detect the CL50. It was possible to observe that among the tested proteins, Cry1Ac (CL50 39.89 ng.cm-2), Vip3A(2) (CL50 945,77 ng.cm-2) and Vip3A (3) (CL50 874,45 ng.cm-2) were the most toxic and showed a negative correlation between the protein concentration and larvae weight. During the bioassays concerning the synergistic effect of these proteins, which were either previously activated or not using commercial trypsin, there we found efficient combinations for the control of the pest under study in this work, being that the combinations Vip3A(2)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Ac and Vip3A(2)/Cry1Ac were considered the best ones. The results with reference to the interaction of the digestive enzymes from the intestine of H. virescens larvae when using the toxins Cry1 and Vip3A allowed us to detect that these proteins are activated / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lemes_arn_me_jabo.pdf: 416795 bytes, checksum: 44abf4d7c9c15c73531d86dc762390a5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) possui a capacidade de produzir inclusões protéicas (proteína Cry) e proteínas vegetativas (Vip). Estas proteínas podem ser tóxicas para insetos e por meio de transgenia, a expressão em plantas, podem também proporcionar controle de importantes pragas agrícolas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de controle das proteínas Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Vip3A(1), Vip3A(2) e Vip3A(3) em uma população brasileira da lagarta-da-maçã, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), bem como o efeito subletal e efeito sinérgico entre estas proteínas e a proteólise pelo suco do intestino do inseto praga em estudo. Para tanto, clones de Escherichia coli recombinantes portadores de genes únicos foram cultivados em meio para a indução das proteínas e os lisados obtidos foram utilizados para as análises de toxicidade por meio de bioensaios. Diferentes concentrações protéicas foram utilizadas para conduzir os bioensaios. A mortalidade foi avaliada e obteve-se a CL50. Desta forma, observou-se que, dentre as proteínas testadas, Cry1Ac (CL50 39,89 ng.cm-2), Vip3A(2) (CL50 945,77 ng.cm-2) e Vip3A(3) (CL50 874,45 ng.cm-2 ) foram as mais tóxicas e houve correlação negativa entre a concentração de proteínas e o peso das lagartas. Nos ensaios referentes ao efeito sinérgico das proteínas, ativadas e não ativadas com tripsina comercial, foram encontradas possíveis combinações eficientes no controle da praga em estudo destacando-se Vip3A(2)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Ac, e Vip3A(2)/Cry1Ac. Os resultados referentes à interação das enzimas digestivas do intestino de H. virescens com as toxinas Cry1 e Vip3A permitiram constatar que as proteínas são ativadas / Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces protein inclusions (Cry proteins) and vegetative proteins (Vip). Such proteins may act as toxic to some insects and through transgenesis plants they may be able to control important agricultural pests. Thus this work aimed to evaluate the control potential of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry1Ca, Vip3A(1), Vip3A(2) and Vip3A(3) proteins in a Brazilian population of Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), as well as to analyze the sublethal and the synergic effects among these proteins and the proteolysis on the intestinal juice of this pest. In order to do this, Escherichia coli clones expressing each one of the above mentioned proteins were induced to produce them and the obtained lysates were used to determine the level of toxicity through bioassays with neonatal larvae of H. virescens. Different protein concentrations were used to carry out the bioassays. The mortality was evaluated and it was possible to detect the CL50. It was possible to observe that among the tested proteins, Cry1Ac (CL50 39.89 ng.cm-2), Vip3A(2) (CL50 945,77 ng.cm-2) and Vip3A (3) (CL50 874,45 ng.cm-2) were the most toxic and showed a negative correlation between the protein concentration and larvae weight. During the bioassays concerning the synergistic effect of these proteins, which were either previously activated or not using commercial trypsin, there we found efficient combinations for the control of the pest under study in this work, being that the combinations Vip3A(2)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Aa, Vip3A(1)/Cry1Ac and Vip3A(2)/Cry1Ac were considered the best ones. The results with reference to the interaction of the digestive enzymes from the intestine of H. virescens larvae when using the toxins Cry1 and Vip3A allowed us to detect that these proteins are activated

Orientadora: Janete Apparecida Desidério / Banca: Agda Paula Facincani / Banca: Irlan Leite de Abreu / Resumo: Como uma alternativa para diminuir as agressões constantes que o ecossistema vem sofrendo, devido à grande quantidade de produtos químicos utilizados no controle de pragas, pesquisas envolvendo microrganismos capazes de promover o controle biológico tem se intensificado. Dentre estes microrganismos a bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis tem se destacado. Essa bactéria caracteriza-se pela produção de proteínas tóxicas a representantes de diversas ordens de insetos. Em particular, as proteínas Vip3A, estão em amplo estudo devido a sua especificidade, alto potencial ativo e como alternativa para o controle da resistência de insetos às proteínas Cry. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar, a partir de 1080 isolados de diferentes regiões brasileiras, aqueles portadores de genes vip3A e obter a sequência de nucleotídeos completa dos mesmos. As linhagens padrão B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD1, B. thuringiensis var. tolworthi HD125 e o isolado I187 tiveram seus DNAs amplificados com oligonucleotídeos baseados na sequência de genes vip3A, descritos no banco de dados de B. thuringiensis e, a partir dos amplicons obtidos, a sequência completa de nucleotídeos dos mesmos foi determinada, utilizando-se da estratégia de "primer walking". A proteína Vip3Aa43 (GenBank: [HQ594534]) da linhagem HD1 demonstrou ser 100% idêntica às proteínas Vip3Aa já descritas. Já as proteínas Vip3Aa42 (GenBank: [HQ587048]) da linhagem HD125 e Vip3Ag5 (GenBank: [HQ542193]) do isolado I187 demonstraram similaridade de 99% com as proteínas descritas Vip3Aa35 e Vip3Ag2, respectivamente, demonstrando serem duas novas proteínas Vip3A, devido às substituições de aminoácidos ocorridas. Os três genes vip3A obtidos poderão ser utilizados na produção de plantas Bt, piramidadas ou não, visando ao manejo da resistência dos insetos praga / Abstract: As an alternative to decrease the constant aggressions that the ecosystem has suffered due to the large amount of chemical products used in pest control, researches involving microorganisms able to promoting biological control have been intensified. Among these microorganisms the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis has been stood out. This bacterium is characterized by the production of toxic proteins to representatives of several insect orders. In particular, the Vip3A proteins are in large study due to its specificity, and high active potential as an alternative to control of insect's resistance to Cry proteins. According to this, the aim of this work was to select from 1080 isolates in different Brazilian regions, those carrying vip3A genes and obtain the complete nucleotide sequence of the same. The standard strains B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD1, B. thuringiensis var. tolworthi HD125 and the isolate I187 had their DNA amplified with primers based on vip3A gene sequence described in database of B. thuringiensis, and from the amplicons obtained, the full sequence of nucleotides was determined, by the use of the strategy of "primer walking". The protein Vip3Aa43 (GenBank: [HQ594534]) of HD1 strain showed to be 100% identical to Vip3Aa proteins already described. However, the proteins Vip3Aa42 (GenBank: [HQ587048]) of HD125 strain and Vip3Ag5 (GenBank: [HQ542193]) of the isolate I187 showed 99% similarity with the Vip3Aa35 and Vip3Ag2 proteins described, respectively, showing been two new Vip3A proteins due to amino acid substitutions occurred. The three vip3A genes obtained can be used in the production of Bt crops, pyramidal or not, aiming to resistance management of pest insects / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:25:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_mc_me_jabo.pdf: 784728 bytes, checksum: a9d8c2237ee21059f774f2a73b627b7f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O controle biológico utilizando microrganismos vem sendo estudado como uma alternativa ao uso de agroquímicos. Estes pesticidas poluem o ambiente, além de serem tóxicos a diversas espécies vegetais e animais. Diante disso, a bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis é um importante entomopatógeno que vem sendo utilizado na agricultura pelo fato de secretar proteínas que são tóxicas a insetos pertencentes a diversas ordens. Dentre os diversos genes de B. thuringiensis que codificam proteínas tóxicas, as classes vip1, vip2 e cry3 destacam-se como alternativa para o controle de insetos-praga da ordem Coleoptera. O presente trabalho objetivou a identificação e caracterização molecular, por meio da técnica de PCR-RFLP, dos genes cry3, vip1, vip2 e vip1/vip2 em uma coleção de B. thuringiensis, quanto a possíveis polimorfismos existentes, procurando relacioná-los à toxicidade em larvas de Anthonomus grandis. Da análise de 1078 isolados de B. thuringiensis, foram encontrados 151 isolados positivos para os genes em estudo e 14 perfis polimórficos, indicando a presença de subclasses destes genes. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de toxicidade indicam que os polimorfismos gênicos podem apresentar interferência na toxicidade das proteínas, sendo que a toxina Cry3 apresentou uma maior efetividade na mortalidade em larvas de A. grandis. Os resultados também evidenciaram que a PCR-RFLP mostrou-se apropriada para a detecção da variabilidade genética em B. thuringiensis, permitindo a identificação de haplótipos / Biological control using microorganisms is being studied as an alternative to the use of agrochemicals. These pesticides pollute the environment, being toxic to many species of plants and animals. For these reasons, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is an important entomopathogen that has been used in agriculture, once it produces proteins that are toxic to many target insect orders. Among several genes from B. thuringiensis that encode toxic proteins there are vip1, vip2 and cry3 classes that stand as an alternative for controlling insect pests belonging the Coleoptera order. The objective of this work was to identify and characterize molecularly, through PCR-RFLP, the genes cry3, vip1, vip2 and vip1/vip2 in a collection of B. thuringiensis, for possible polymorphisms exist, trying to relate them to the toxicity in Anthonomus grandis larvae. Analysis of 1078 isolates of B. thuringiensis, were found 151 positive isolates for the genes under study and 10 polymorphic profiles, which indicate the presence of subclasses of the genes. These results obtained in tests toxicity indicate that polymorphisms gene may have interference with the toxicity of the protein, and the toxin Cry3 showed a greater effectiveness in mortality in A. grandis larvae. These results also showed that the PCR-RFLP proved to be suitable for the detection of genetic variability in B. thuringiensis, allowing the identification of haplotypes

Resumo: O controle biológico utilizando microrganismos vem sendo estudado como uma alternativa ao uso de agroquímicos. Estes pesticidas poluem o ambiente, além de serem tóxicos a diversas espécies vegetais e animais. Diante disso, a bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis é um importante entomopatógeno que vem sendo utilizado na agricultura pelo fato de secretar proteínas que são tóxicas a insetos pertencentes a diversas ordens. Dentre os diversos genes de B. thuringiensis que codificam proteínas tóxicas, as classes vip1, vip2 e cry3 destacam-se como alternativa para o controle de insetos-praga da ordem Coleoptera. O presente trabalho objetivou a identificação e caracterização molecular, por meio da técnica de PCR-RFLP, dos genes cry3, vip1, vip2 e vip1/vip2 em uma coleção de B. thuringiensis, quanto a possíveis polimorfismos existentes, procurando relacioná-los à toxicidade em larvas de Anthonomus grandis. Da análise de 1078 isolados de B. thuringiensis, foram encontrados 151 isolados positivos para os genes em estudo e 14 perfis polimórficos, indicando a presença de subclasses destes genes. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de toxicidade indicam que os polimorfismos gênicos podem apresentar interferência na toxicidade das proteínas, sendo que a toxina Cry3 apresentou uma maior efetividade na mortalidade em larvas de A. grandis. Os resultados também evidenciaram que a PCR-RFLP mostrou-se apropriada para a detecção da variabilidade genética em B. thuringiensis, permitindo a identificação de haplótipos / Abstract: Biological control using microorganisms is being studied as an alternative to the use of agrochemicals. These pesticides pollute the environment, being toxic to many species of plants and animals. For these reasons, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is an important entomopathogen that has been used in agriculture, once it produces proteins that are toxic to many target insect orders. Among several genes from B. thuringiensis that encode toxic proteins there are vip1, vip2 and cry3 classes that stand as an alternative for controlling insect pests belonging the Coleoptera order. The objective of this work was to identify and characterize molecularly, through PCR-RFLP, the genes cry3, vip1, vip2 and vip1/vip2 in a collection of B. thuringiensis, for possible polymorphisms exist, trying to relate them to the toxicity in Anthonomus grandis larvae. Analysis of 1078 isolates of B. thuringiensis, were found 151 positive isolates for the genes under study and 10 polymorphic profiles, which indicate the presence of subclasses of the genes. These results obtained in tests toxicity indicate that polymorphisms gene may have interference with the toxicity of the protein, and the toxin Cry3 showed a greater effectiveness in mortality in A. grandis larvae. These results also showed that the PCR-RFLP proved to be suitable for the detection of genetic variability in B. thuringiensis, allowing the identification of haplotypes / Orientador: Janete Apparecida Desidério / Coorientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Maria Inês Tiraboschi Ferro / Banca: José Roberto Postali Parra / Mestre

Les propriétés insecticides du Bacillus thuringiensis, découvert par ShigentaneIshiwatari, ont été utilisées pendant des décennies comme biopesticides et cette utilisation a augmenté rapidement en raison de préoccupations au sujet des effets environnementaux négatifs des pesticides chimiques. Actuellement, la toxine Bt dans la forme de biopesticides et des plantes transgéniques Bt peut compléter ou remplacer les pesticides chimiques. Il y a peu d’indication que la toxine Bt a un effet nocif pour l'environnement ou la santé humaine. Néanmoins, il ya des préoccupations que les cultures transgéniques commerciales peuvent avoir des effets néfastes sur l'environnement. Après son introduction dans le sol l'exsudation racinaire et la dégradation des résidus végétaux, la toxine Bt interagit avec les particules de sol. Les interactions de la toxine Bt avec des particules de sol influencent sa mobilité, sa biodisponibilité, sa persistance et sa toxicité.Dans cette étude, nous visons à établir l'importance relative des facteurs biologiques et physico-chimiques dans la détermination de la dynamique des protéines Cry détectables dans les sols, de clarifier si la protéine adsorbée conserve ses propriétés insecticides et d'identifier les propriétés du sol qui déterminent le devenir des protéines Cry dans le sol. Les résultats montrent que les protéines Cry ont une forte affinité sur la surface du sol. Cependant, il y avait peu de relation entre l'affinité pour le sol ou le rendement d'extraction et les propriétés du sol, y compris la teneur en argile, teneur en carbone organique et le pH du sol. Il y avait peu de rapport entre l'affinité et le rendement d'extraction. Les protéines diffèrent à la fois dans leur affinité pour les sols et leurs rendements d'extraction.Une évaluation du rôle du sol et des facteurs environnementaux dans le sort des protéines Cry de la formulation de biopesticides commerciale a montré un déclin rapide de la protéine Cry détectable soumise aux rayons du soleil sous la condition de laboratoire, alors que peu d'effet a été observé dans des conditions de terrain. La demi-vie des protéines dans le sol dans des conditions naturelles était d'environ 1 semaine. Des effets de la température forts ont été observés, mais ils diffèrent pour les biopesticides et la protéine purifiée, indiquant différentes étapes limitantes. Pour le biopesticide, la baisse observée était ralenties par des facteurs biologiques, y compris éventuellement sporulation. En revanche pour des protéines purifiées, augmentation de la température améliorée des changements conformationnels de la protéine adsorbée du sol, conduisant à une fixation et, par conséquent diminué efficacité d'extraction qui a diminué avec le temps. En outre, l'étude de la persistance de diverses protéines Cry dans les sols contrastés a été réalisée par immuno-détection et dosage biologique a montré que la toxine extractible diminue avec incubation allant jusqu'à quatre semaines. L'activité insecticide était toujours maintenue à l'état adsorbé, mais a disparue après deux semaines d'incubation à 25°C. La baisse de la protéine extractible et la toxicité était beaucoup plus faible à 4°C à 25°C. La stérilisation du sol n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur la persistance de la toxine Cry indiquant que le déclin observé était provoqué par la fixation en fonction du temps de la protéine adsorbée ce qui diminue la quantité de toxine Cry extractable, la dégradation de la protéine par l’activité microbienne jouant un rôle plus mineur.L’exposition des insectes aux protéines Cry sous la forme adsorbé pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur les insectes cibles et même les insectes non cibles, et devrait être plus étudiée afin de déterminer son impact potentiel. / The insecticidal properties of Bacillus thuringiensis, discovered by Shigentane Ishiwatari, have been used for decades as biopesticides and this use has been increasing rapidly because of concerns about the negative environmental effects of chemical pesticides. Currently, Bt toxin in the form of both biopesticides and Bt transgenic plantsmay supplement or replace chemical pesticide. There is little evidence to demonstrate that Bt toxin has any harmful effect to the environment or to human health. Nevertheless, there are concerns that commercial transgenic crops may have harmful impacts on the environment. After release into soil via root exudation and breakdown of plant residues, Bt toxin interacts with soil particles. The interactions of Bt toxin with soil particles influence its mobility, its bioavailability, its persistence and its toxicity. In this study, we aim to establish the relative importance of biological and physicochemical factors in the determination of the dynamics of detectable Cry proteins in soils, to clarify if adsorbed protein maintains its insecticidal properties and to identify the soil properties that determine the fate of Cry proteins in soil. The results show that Cry proteins have strong affinity on soil surface. However, there was little relationship between affinity for soil or the extraction yield and soil properties including clay content, organic carbon content and soil pH. There was little relationship between the affinity and the extraction yield. The proteins differ in both their affinity for soil and their extraction yields.An assessment of role of soil and environmental factors in the fate of Cry protein from commercial biopesticide formulation showed a rapid decline of detectable Cry protein subjected to direct sunlight under the laboratory condition, whereas, little effect was observed under field conditions. The half-life of proteins in soil under natural conditions was about one week. Strong temperature effects were observed, but theydiffered for biopesticide and purified protein, indicating different limiting steps. For biopesticide, the observed decline was due to biological factors, possibly including sporulation. In contrast for purified proteins, increased temperature enhanced conformationalchanges of the soil-adsorbed protein, leading to fixation and hence extraction efficiency decreased that decreased with time. Moreover, the study of persistence of various Cry proteins in contrasting soils was carried out by immuno-detection and bioassay showed that extractable toxin decreased with incubation of up to four weeks. Insecticidal activity was still retained in the adsorbed state, but lost after two weeks of incubation at 25°C. The decline in extractable protein and toxicity was much lower at 4°C than 25°C. There was no significant effect of soil sterilization to persistence of Cry toxin indicating that decrease in detectable Cry toxin in soil may be time-dependent fixation of adsorbed protein as well as decreasing solubilization in larva midgut, but not microbial breakdown.Exposition to Cry in the adsorbed form could have a significant impact on target and even non target insects and should be investigation to determine the potential impact.