Orientador: Maria do Carmo Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T22:42:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter_SilvanadaSilva_M.pdf: 2873175 bytes, checksum: b6a093f5fd737b7919417a5e55da89da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram estudadas blendas cristalinas de poli(1-buteno) com o copolímero de poli(propileno-co-1-buteno-co-etileno). A influência do tempo de envelhecimento nas características estruturais e nas propriedades térmicas e mecânicas do iPB puro e das blendas de iPB/copolímero foram estudados por difratometria de raios X, termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA). O efeito da adição de copolímero e das condições de cristalização sobre a morfologia dos cristais de iPB foi avaliada por microscopia óptica (MO) e por microscopia de força atômica com modo de força pulsada digital (DPFM). A estabilidade térmica apresentada pelas blendas de iPB/copolímero foi similar à dos polímeros puros. O iPB recém-preparado apresentou cristais de forma II que foram transformados em cristais termodinamicamente estáveis de forma I com o envelhecimento à temperatura ambiente. O grau de cristalinidade obtido para os cristais de forma II e I não foi alterado com a adição de copolímero. Porém, o módulo de armazenamento aumentou com o tempo de envelhecimento e reduziu com o aumento da concentração de copolímero. O iPB apresentou morfologia esferulítica nas diferentes condições de cristalização utilizadas, porém a temperatura de cristalização afetou a densidade de núcleos e a taxa de cristalização. As técnicas microscópicas evidenciaram a segregação do copolímero entre os feixes de lamelas e entre os esferulitos de iPB. Em blendas com concentração superior a 30% de copolímero foram identificados domínios de segregação de fases no estado fundido e que o processo de cristalização ocorreu a partir de nucleação heterogênea. Foi também observado que a transição cristalina do iPB alterou a morfologia das blendas, promovendo a distribuição mais uniforme dos domínios da fase amorfa entre os cristais de iPB. Os parâmetros de Avrami calculados confirmaram a formação de estruturas esferulíticas e a sobreposição de nucleação primária e secundária com o crescimento dos esferulitos. Concluindo, o conjunto de resultados obtidos permite propor que blendas de iPB/poli(propileno-co-1-buteno-co-etileno) apresentaram miscibilidade parcial em concentrações de copolímero inferiores à 20% e imiscibilidade em concentrações mais altas. / Abstract: In this work crystalline blends of isotactic poly(1-butene) and poly(propylene-co-1-butene-co-ethylene) copolymer has been studied. The effect of aging time on the structural and thermal characteristics of these blends has been investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry (TG), differencial scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The effect of the addition of copolymer as well as the crystallization conditions on the morphology of iPB crystals was evaluated by polarized light microscopy (OM) and atomic force microscopy in digital pulsed force mode (DPFM). The thermal stability presented by the blends of iPB/copolymer was closed to that one of the pure copolymer. The as-crystallized iPB sample showed crystals of the kinetically favored tetragonal form II, which were transformed to the stable hexagonal crystalline form I with increasing aging time at room temperature. The degree of crystallinity for form II crystals did not change with the addition of the copolymer. However, storage modulus was increased with the increase of the aging time and decreased with the increase of the copolymer concentration. The iPB samples presented spherulitic morphology for different crystallization conditions, however, the crystallization temperature affected the nucleus density and crystallization rate. The microscopic techniques demonstrated that the copolymer segregation occurred between iPB crystalline lamellae and at the interspherulitic regions. In blends containing copolymer concentration higher than 30wt% it were identified phase segregation domains in the melt state and that the crystallization process occurred through heterogeneous nucleation. It was also observed that the iPB crystalline transformation changed the blend morphology, promoting a more uniform distribution of amorphous phase domains in the iPB crystals. The Avrami parameters calculated confirmed the formation of spherulitic structures and the combination of primary and secondary nucleation during the spherulite growing. Based on the obtained results, it is proposed that the iPB/ poly(propylene-co-1-butene-co-ethylene) blends presented partial miscibility at copolymer concentration lower than 20% and immiscibility at higher copolymer concentrations. / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Cette étude constitue une contribution à la recherche de nouveau matériau composite originaire des ressources naturelles végétales. Elle vise alors à l’exploitation des fibres naturelles extraites de la plante d’Alfa avec une matrice biopolymère thermoplastique de type Mater-Bi® afin d’élaborer des biocomposites. Trois types de fibres courtes extraites de la plante d’Alfa sont préparés ; non traitées et traitées par un traitement alcalin à 1 et 5%. Les diverses techniques utilisées pour la caractérisation des fibres ont révélé une augmentation de la rugosité, du taux de cellulose, de l’indice de cristallinité ainsi de la stabilité thermique après le traitement alcalin. Les matériaux composites sont préparés par extrusion bivis suivi d’une opération d’injection en faisant varier le pourcentage des fibres de 0 à 25%. Les analyses thermiques des biocomposites ont montré un accroissement significatif de la vitesse de cristallisation suite à l'incorporation des fibres d’Alfa ainsi une amélioration de la stabilité thermique pour les matériaux à base de fibres traitées. La résistance à la traction et le module de Young des biocomposites ont augmenté alors que la ténacité et l’allongement à la rupture ont diminué avec l'augmentation du taux de fibres. Les micrographies MEB des surfaces fracturées indiquent une bonne adhésion entre la matrice et les fibres d’Alfa traitées ou non. L’étude de la cinétique de cristallisation des différents biocomposites a prouvé le fort effet nucléant des fibres d’Alfa traitées ou non / This study is a contribution to the search for new composite material from vegetable natural resources. It aims at the exploitation of natural fibers extracted from the Alfa plant with a bioplastic of the Mater-Bi® type in order to develop biocomposites. Three kinds of short fibers extracted from Alfa plant were prepared; untreated, 1% and 5% alkali treated. The various techniques used for fibers characterization showed an increase in the roughness, cellulose level, crystallinity index and thermal stability after the alkali treatment. The composite materials were prepared by twin screw extrusion flowed by an injection operation by varying the fiber contents of 0 to 25%. Thermal analysis showed significant increase of the crystallization rate with the incorporation of Alfa fibers and enhancement of thermal stability by alkali treatment. Modulus and tensile strength of biocomposites also improved whereas toughness and elongation at break decreased upon increasing the fibers fraction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on fractured surfaces indicated good adhesion between the matrix and the treated or untreated Alfa fibers. The study of crystallization kinetics of biocomposites showed strong nucleating effect of treated or untreated Alfa fibers.

Selon leur formulation et leur mise en forme et grâce à leur complexité microstructurale induite, les polymères thermoplastiques bénéficient d’une grande diversité de propriétés thermomécaniques. Cependant, l’évolution de la microstructure de ces matériaux au cours de leur utilisation reste difficile à identifier. Afin de mieux comprendre les modifications microstructurales ayant lieu au cours de sollicitations thermomécaniques, différentes techniques non destructives de caractérisation en temps réel et in situ ont été développées. Dans ce contexte, un Poly (Ethylène Téréphtalate) (PET) amorphe et semi-cristallin a été étudié afin de mettre en évidence l’effet de la microstructure sur les propriétés macroscopiques du matériau. Pour ce faire, plusieurs couplages de techniques expérimentales de caractérisation ont été mis en œuvre tels que la spectroscopie Raman et la diffraction/diffusion des rayons X couplées au système de VidéoTraction™ ou la spectroscopie Raman couplée à la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC) pour une caractérisation des micromécanismes de déformation et du comportement thermique du matériau respectivement. Le suivi de différentes bandes vibrationnelles judicieusement identifiées a permis d’établir un nouveau critère robuste et capable de mesurer avec exactitude le taux de cristallinité du matériau ou de remonter aux températures caractéristiques de sa morphologie (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tf) grâce aux informations extraites d’un spectre Raman. De plus, un système de caractérisation relaxationnelle par un couplage de la spectroscopie diélectrique dynamique avec un essai de traction a été utilisé afin de mettre en évidence l’effet de la mobilité moléculaire sur la déformation élasto-visco-plastique du PET. D’un point de vue mécanique, les principaux micromécanismes de déformation ont été étudiés en temps réel pendant un essai de traction à différentes températures et vitesses de déformation vraies constantes : l’orientation macromoléculaire, l’endommagement volumique, le développement de mésophase et la cristallisation induite sous contrainte, ont été observés et quantifiés in situ en utilisant les couplages précédents au synchrotron Petra III de Hambourg et au synchrotron Elettra de Trieste. En parallèle, une étude de la mobilité moléculaire (paramètre déterminant à la prédominance de tel ou tel micromécanisme de déformation) a été menée via des analyses relaxationnelles réalisées au cours de la déformation du matériau. En complément, des expériences en temps réel, des études post mortem par les techniques précédemment citées et par radiographie X, microscopie électronique à balayage et tomographie X ont été réalisées afin d’apprécier l’influence de la relaxation mécanique du PET. / According to their formulations and forming processes and thanks to the complexity of their induced microstructure, thermoplastic polymers show a wide range of thermomechanical properties. However, the identification of the evolution of the microstructure of these materials during their use remains difficult. To better understand the microstructural changes occurring during thermomechanical loadings, various in situ and non-destructive techniques of characterization have been used. In this context, a Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) amorphous and semi-crystalline was studied in order to highlight the effect of the microstructure on the macroscopic properties of the material. This way, different coupling systems combining several experimental characterization techniques have been implemented such as Raman spectroscopy and X-rays diffraction/scattering coupled to the VidéoTraction™ system or Raman spectroscopy coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the characterization of the deformation micro-mechanisms and the thermal behavior of the material respectively. Monitoring specific vibrational bands thoroughly identified allowed the establishment of a new robust criterion which enables to accurately measure the crystallinity ratio of the material and the identification of the characteristic temperatures of its morphology (Tg, Tc, Tcc, Tm). In addition, a relaxational characterization system by coupling dynamic dielectric spectroscopy to a tensile test has been used in order to highlight the effect of molecular mobility on the elasto-visco-plastic deformation of PET. From a mechanical point of view, the main deformation micro-mechanisms have been studied in real time during a tensile test at different temperatures and constant true strain rates: macromolecular orientation, volume damage, development of mesophase and strain induced crystallization were observed and quantified in situ using the coupled characterization technics presented previously at Petra III (Hambourg) and Elettra (Trieste) synchrotrons. In parallel, a study of the molecular mobility (a determining parameter for the predominance of one deformation micromechanism to another) was conducted via relaxational analysis performed during the deformation of the material. In addition to in situ experiments, post mortem analysis by the previously mentioned technics and by X radiography, scanning electron microscopy and X tomography were performed to assess the influence of the mechanical relaxation of the polymer.