Prediction of needle ice events requires an understanding of energy and water transfer between the atmosphere and the soil. A project in southwestern British Columbia was conducted during 1961-1968 for the purposes of (1) constructing a general model of needle ice growth, (2) characterizing the processes which combine to produce ice needle events, and (3) explaining the variations in ice needle morphology. The problem was approached by (1) comparing environmental conditions on event and non-event nights, (2) identifying the heat sinks which produce surface cooling and fusion, (3) determining the range of the variability in soil water and heat flow properties produced by changing soil water content, (4) statistically analyzing the event, non-event record, and (5) determining the time dependence of the components of the energy-water transfer system during needle ice growth. Statistical and physical analysis demonstrated the overriding control of the thermal and evaporative heat sinks in needle ice growth and indicated that the equivalent radiant temperature of the night sky must drop below -15°C before a needle ice event is probable. Further, it was demonstrated that after ice crystals form at the surface the magnitude of the surface heat sink (equilibrium surface temperature) and the soil water content control the depth of the normally frozen soil cap above the needles and the spatial homogeneity of needle growth. The statistical study of the event record produced a simple dew point-cloud cover empirical model for event prediction and a listing of favorable-unfavorable conditions for needle ice growth. A general model for needle ice growth was developed indicating the relationship between surface equilibrium temperature and soil water tension on the growth and the spatial temporal homogeneity of needle growth. Contributions to general micrometeorology were made by demonstrating the utility of combined measurement of surface temperature soil water tension and soil heave in the analysis of soil structural evolution during diurnal freeze-thaw cycles. Specifically, the anomalous positive "bump" which frequently occurs in nocturnal surface temperature curves was shown to be coincident with a thermally driven flux of warm subsoil water toward the surface and a sudden increase in soil water tension was demonstrated to occur at the time when heave (ice segregation) began. Finally specific problems which appear both tractable and rewarding were formulated for future investigators. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

We examine the surface configurations of sodium and cesium chloride using a simplified Born-Mayer-Huggins Interaction potential which neglects van der Waals forces and polarization. Displacements of the outer five layers normal to the {100} and {110} faces of sodium and cesium chloride respectively are considered. We adopt the procedure of determining the total force exerted by the planes of charge on an ion in a given plane as a function of their displacements and equate it to zero. Systems of simultaneous equations are thus arrived at and are solved by an iteration procedure. Two separate cases are considered: 1) nearest neighbor interaction only, and 2) second neighbor interaction. The effect of a free boundary on the variations in interionic spacings of the surface ions is found to decrease rapidly with increasing depth in the range considered. Both contraction and expansion of the surface layers is observed, and the configurations are found to depend highly on the form of the interaction potential. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Using EPR, the temperature dependence of the effective order parameter of the molecule vanadyl acetylacetonate in the nematic liquid crystal 4-methoxy benzylidene-n-butyl aniline was studied. In the resulting data, a discontinuity in slope of the curve of effective order parameter versus temperature was found, indicating a change to a more restricted type of motion at lower temperatures. Similar results were obtained from NMR T₁ measurements on the pure liquid crystal. The discontinuity cannot be interpreted solely as a viscosity effect. Two cholesteric liquid crystal mixtures containing vanadyl acetylacetonate were subjected to a high magnetic field (~20 kilogauss). Prom EPR measurements, a 1.75:1 mixture by weight of cholesteryl chloride and cholesteryl myristate was found to orient its helix axis parallel to the field direction. In a.2 percent by weight mixture of cholesteryl chloride in nematic 4-methoxy benzylidene-n-butyl aniline, the molecules tended to arrange their long axes parallel to the field thus making the helix axis perpendicular to the field. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The bend and splay elastic constants of the nematic liquid crystal octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) are measured as a function of temperature using an electric-field-induced deformation. The capacitance and birefringence of a sample cell, temperature controlled to 0.1mK, were simultaneously measured as a function of applied voltage. The splay constant is determined from the critical voltage at the onset of the deformation (the Freedericksz transition). The bend constant is found by fitting the data above the critical voltage to the theory of Deuling, which is derived in full. The data is also analysed in the high- and low-field limits of the theory. The bend elastic constant displays a pretransitional divergence near the nematic-smectic A phase transition due to smectic fluctuation effects. The divergent part is fit by a power law with a critical exponent of 1.0±0.1. The Deuling theory, which is based on the assumption of linear elasticity, shows systematic deviation from the data at high voltages at all temperatures, with the disagreement increasing rapidly as the smectic phase is approached. This result suggests that the linear elastic theory of Dueling/ fails for large deformations and where smectic fluctuations contribute signifigantly to the bend elasticity. The failure near the smectic transition may be explainable by the quenching of smectic fluctuations by the deformation. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

The surface anchoring of the nematic liquid crystal 5CB aligned tangentially on two different glass substrate treatments is studied. These two treatments are obliquely evaporated SiO and buffed poly(vinyl formal) deposited from solution. The latter is believed to be a new treatment and of possible importance to the twisted nematic liquid crystal display industry. Two methods are employed to measure the strength of the surface anchoring potential. The first was originally developed by Yokoyama and van Sprang, and yields the coefficient of the Rapini-Papoular anchoring potential. The second is a new method based on the Frank-Oseen elasticity theory. It is an extension of Deuling's 1972 solution of the splay Freedericksz transition. The second yields the functional form of the anchoring potential. Both methods are based on measurements of the bulk dielectric constant and the effective refractive index of a nematic sample that has undergone a splay Freedericksz transition. The first method requires both these measurements, and the second requires one or the other; both can be employed as a verification of results. The latter method is found to be very sensitive to the value of the dielectric anisotropy; this is believed to be due to not allowing for spatial variations in the scalar order parameter. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

New liquid crystals have been synthesized and their transition phases have been studied. It was found that a family of (-)-2-methyl 2R,3S-epithio-4'-alkoxybiphenyl pentanoates are liquid crystals but a similar system of ( + )-2-methyl 2S,3R-epoxy-4'-alkoxybiphenyl pentanoates are not. Of the liquid crystals, MEAOBP-S-7 exhibits smectic A and B phases; MEAOBP-S-8 and MEAOBP-S-9 show only the smectic B phases; MEAOBP-S-10 shows a monotropic chiral smectic C phase. This distinction is in agreement with the argument that the internal dipolar interaction of the molecule plays an important role in determining liquid crystalline behaviour of this ester system. The reaction rate of the racemization of optically active binaphthyl can be moderately increased in the presence of finely divided titanium dioxide (anatase) powder. This first order catalyzed reaction has a proportional relationship with the concentrations of both the catalyst and the binaphthyl. The catalyzed reaction can be poisoned permanently by the addition of polynuclear aromatic compounds and the poisoning efficiency is dependent of the number of the aromatic rings the poison posesses. By comparison with the catalyzed racemizations of binaphthyl by platinum, nickel and carbon and from the kinetic and mechanistic studies on the titanium dioxide catalyzed racemization, we conclude that (1) this catalytic phenomenon is common among heterogeneous inorganic solids and can be extended to other simple reactions, and that (2) the mechanism of the catalysis probably involves a radical anion intermediate. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

Interferometric measurements to determine the refractive indices of the nematic liquid crystals EBBA and BEPC as a function of temperature are described utilizing modified Rayleigh and conoscopic interferometers. Theory is presented relating the refractive indices and density to the orientational order, local field parameter and molecular properties. The results of simple thermal expansivity measurements are also given for EBBA. The Lorentz-Lorenz coefficient for SF₆, and GeH₄, has been determined from refractive index and density measurements. The method utilizes a prism shaped high pressure cell which can be removed from a temperature controlled holder and weighed on a precision balance. The results indicate a variation of 0.5% for SF₆, and 0.8% for GeH₄, over the density range covered. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

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