Os cogumelos Lentinula edodes (shiitake) e Agaricus blazei (cogumelo-do-sol) apresentam substâncias no corpo de frutificação (basidiocarpo) e no micélio com atividades antibióticas e imuno-regulatórias, havendo uma série de relatos sobre a atuação das mesmas no controle de doenças em animais. Em vegetais, não há informações sobre o efeito protetor do cogumelo-do-sol contra fitopatógenos. No caso de shiitake, embora pouco numerosos, os estudos mostraram o potencial do cogumelo para o controle de doenças de plantas, tais como a murcha bacteriana do tomateiro, a murcha de feijão-lima, além de doenças fúngicas em sorgo e da bacteriose do maracujazeiro. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram o de avaliar o efeito de diferentes preparações obtidas a partir de L. edodes e de A. blazei em patossistemas agrícolas, visando o controle de moléstias de interesse econômico como a antracnose do pepineiro, a mancha bacteriana do tomateiro e o endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro. Obtida a proteção, os estudos buscaram elucidar o modo de ação das preparações de interesse, bem como purificá-las parcialmente, na tentativa de se concentrar o princípio ativo. Em plantas de pepino, extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos, obtidos a partir de diferentes isolados dos cogumelos, reduziram a severidade da antracnose, na dependência da concentração do extrato. Os extratos não afetaram adversamente o agente causal da doença, Colletotrichum lagenarium, mas provocaram o acúmulo de peroxidases e quitinases nas folhas tratadas e sistemicamente. Utilizando-se precipitação fracionada do extrato aquoso bruto de basidiocarpos de shiitake com sulfato de amônio e cromatografia de troca aniônica, obteve-se uma fração de proteínas, apresentando massa molecular de 29 a 35 kDa, com atividade elicitora de peroxidases em cotilédones de pepino. Em plantas de tomate, o isolado ABL 99/28 de A. blazei foi quem, em média, conferiu maior proteção contra Xanthomonas vesicatoria, a qual foi dependente das concentrações de extrato do cogumelo e de células bacterianas empregadas nos testes. Novamente, o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado efetivo não atuou diretamente sobre o patógeno, mas desencadeou o aumento na atividade de b-1,3- glucanases nas folhas tratadas, sugerindo que o mecanismo de ação em pepineiro e tomateiro envolveu a indução de resistência. Já no caso do maracujazeiro, os extratos de basidiocarpos, obtidos a partir de diferentes isolados de ambos os cogumelos, protegeram localmente plantas inoculadas mecanicamente com o Passion fruit woodiness vírus (PWV), por reduzirem a infectividade viral, o que foi comprovado em testes conduzidos com Chenopodium quinoa, hospedeiro de lesão local do vírus. Entretanto, não houve proteção sistêmica em plantas de maracujá, nos experimentos de inoculação mecânica, reduzindo as possibilidades do uso dos cogumelos para o controle dessa virose no campo. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram que os cogumelos L. edodes e A. blazei apresentam compostos que ativam as respostas de defesa em plantas e podem auxiliar no controle de doenças vegetais, dependendo da natureza do agente causal. / The mushrooms Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei have substances in the fruiting body and in the mycelia exhibiting antibiotic activity and others able to stimulate the immune system in animals. There are many reports about the performance of these substances in the control of animal diseases. In vegetables, there are no information about the protecting effect of the royal mushroom against plant pathogens. In the case of shiitake, although few in number, the studies showed the potential of the mushroom for the control of plant diseases, such as tomato bacterial wilt, sorghum leave spots and bacterial disease of the passion fruit plant. The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the effect of different preparations from L. edodes and A. blazei to control the diseases cucumber anthracnose, tomato bacterial spot and passion fruit woodiness. As the protection of the plants was obtained, the studies tried to elucidate the way of action of the preparations, as well as partially purify them, in an attempt to concentrate the active compound. In cucumber plants, fruiting body aqueous extracts, from different mushroom isolates, reduced anthracnose severity, depending upon the extract concentration. The extracts did not affect adversely the disease causal agent, Colletotrichum lagenarium, but induced the peroxidase and quitinase accumulation in the treated leaves and systemically. By using fractional precipitation of the shiitake fruiting body aqueous extracts with ammonium sulfate, and anion exchange chromatography, a protein fraction exhibiting molecular mass around 29 to 35 kDa and peroxidase elicitor activity in cucumber cotyledons was obtained. In tomato plants, the isolate ABL 99/28 of A. blazei was the one that, on average, gave higher protection against Xanthomonas vesicatoria, which was dependent upon the extract and bacterial cell concentrations. Again, the fruiting body aqueous extract of ABL 99/28 did not act directly onto the pathogen, but it caused an increase in b-1,3-glucanase activity in the treated leaves, suggesting that the mushroom action in cucumber and tomato plants involved the induced resistance. On the other hand, the fruiting body extracts, obtained from different isolates of both mushrooms, protected locally passion fruit plants inoculated mechanically with the Passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) by reducing viral infectivity, what was proven through tests carried out with Chenopodium quinoa, a PWV local lesion host. However, there was no systemic protection in passion fruit plants against the virus in the experiments involving mechanical inoculation, reducing the possibilities of the mushroom use for the PWV control in the field. In a general way, the results showed that the mushrooms L. edodes and A. blazei have substances that activate the plant defense mechanisms and they show some potential in the control of vegetable diseases, depending upon the nature of the pathogen.

Resumo: A agricultura familiar é representativa em termos de produção agrícola e otimização da utilização do solo, contribuindo significativamente para a oferta nacional de alimentos e matéria-prima, sendo responsável por grande parte da geração de emprego e renda na área rural. Essa capacidade produtiva pode ser observada nos produtores familiares assentados que, além de produzirem para subsistência, possuem potencial para geração de excedentes. Entretanto, ainda existem gargalos que impedem o aproveitamento deste potencial, como dificuldade de acesso a assistência técnica, linhas de crédito de custeio e aquisição de máquinas e implementos, mercado de seguro rural ainda restrito, entre outros. Na contramão dessa problemática, pode-se identificar produtores rurais, como os do Assentamento Reunidas, que buscam ser competitivos, adotando melhores tecnologias de produção. A partir de um acompanhamento detalhado dos custos de produção junto a alguns produtores familiares assentados foi possível identificar potencialidades técnicas e econômicas destes produtores. O presente trabalho objetivou realizar uma análise econômica da produção de pepino tipo alongado, na exploração em campo aberto e em estufa para identificar a viabilidade desta atividade dentro do assentamento. As duas técnicas de cultivo diferenciamse em termos técnicos. A renda obtida nestas atividades foi comparada com a classificação proposta para a agricultura familiar e observou-se que, dos produtores familiares assentados que participaram do estudo, um foi classificado como produtor familiar capitalizado e quatro foram classificados como produtores familiares em vias de capitalização. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os produtores familiares assentados possuem potencial para serem competitivos a partir das atividades desenvolvidas dentro de seus lotes...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The familiar agriculture is representative in terms of agricultural production and optimization of the soil utilization, it contributes significantly to the national offer of food and it is responsible for a great part of job creation and income in the rural area. This productive capacity may be observed in the settled familiar producers, who besides produce to the subsistence might have a great potential to creation of the excess. Nevertheless, there are still bottlenecks that obstruct the utilization of this potential, as a difficulty of the access to the technical assistance, cost line of credit and acquisition of machines and implements, market of rural insurance still restricted, among other things. Against this problematic, we can indentify rural producers, as in Assentamento Reunidas, who search to be competitive, adopting better technologies of production. Through a detailed follow-up of the production costs together some of the settled familiar producers, it was possible to identify the technical and economical potentialities of these products. Thus, this work aimed to accomplish an economic analysis of the production of cucumber in the exploration in open field and in the greenhouse to indentify the viability of this activity inside the settling. The two techniques of cultivation are different in technical terms. The gained income in these activities was compared with the classification propose to the familiar agriculture and it was observed that among the settled familiar producers, who participated of this study, one of them was classified as the capitalized producer and four of them were classified as the familiar producers in the way to capitalization. The obtained results present that the settled familiar producers owe a potential to be competitive through the developed activities inside their lots. The control of the costs is primordial to the profitability...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Maura Seiko Tsutsui Esperancini / Coorientador: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno / Banca: Maria Inez Espagnoli Geraldo Martins / Banca: Elias José Simon / Mestre

Loss is a fundamental part of the human experience, from the loss of security and innocence that comes with the necessary separation of child from parent to the ultimate loss of life. Along the way, there are the losses of jobs, of incomes, of homes; the losses of friendships, of family members, of lovers; the losses of direction, of control, of hope. As cognitive and caring beings, humans struggle to cope with these losses, to greater and lesser degrees of success. This is the theme at the heart of this thesis. Fire Ants is composed of ten short stories, fictive works, which differ in specific subject matter, yet deal unilaterally with issues of loss. Like the venomous creatures that threaten to eat B. D. Packard alive in the title story, life eats away at a number of characters in the collection who are deficient. The narrators in "Aftermath" and "Hues," for example, suffer psychological -- if not physical -- deaths. But not all of the characters lack coping mechanisms, unhealthy as they may sometimes be. As the stories unfold, some characters begin to gain small degrees of perspective and understanding, to learn that while life is full of loss, it is not always entirely bleak. As demonstrated in "Cross Creek," good exists, though it is not always where one might expect it. And life can be full despite loss, as depicted in "Stitches."

The response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants to various root and shoot environments (solution depth, temperature, ionic strength, nitrogen and calcium level and light intensity) were studied. Cucumber plants were grown in continuously circulating-solution in a heated-glasshouse. Dry weights of leaves, stems and roots, leaf area, leaf number, root length and root number were measured as well as uptake of potassium, calcium and nitrogen. The relationship between shoot and root in terms of functional equilibrium equations was also examined. The results presented show that: 1. Shoot growth of cucumber plants was reduced if grown in solutions of less than 50mm in depth; 2. When roots were grown in shallow solution depths at 1 or 5mm the dry weight allocated to the root increased. The ratio of root number/root length(no./cm) also increased. Lowering solution temperature to 12.5±2.5°C enhanced the production of root number relctive to root length, and 5 and 2% of full strength and 5% of full strength nitrogen level solution stimulated the growth of root length relative to root number; 3. Under low solution temperature treatment leaf number was maintained at the expense of leaf area. Under low total ionic strength and low nitrogen solution, enhanced root length growth was at the expense of leaf area growth; 4. Low solution temperature enhanced the dry weight allocated to the stem relative to the leaf. Low total ionic strength and low nitrogen solution increased the dry weight allocated to the leaf relative to the stem; 5. The specific activity of root, represented by specific absorption rate, increased when the shoot was under light stress and, the specific activity of shoot, represented by unit shoot rate, increased when the root was under nitrogen-stress; 6. The form of equation developed by Thornley (ΔM = fmΔW, where ΔM is the increment in weight of element M and ΔW the increment in total plant dry weight during a time period Δt with fm a constant) showed a better relationship than the equation developed by Davidson [root mass x rate(absorption) ∝ leaf mass x rate(photosynthesis)] and subsequently used by Hunt in the form of mass ratio(root/shoot) ∝ l/activity ratio; 7. The equation developed by Chung et al, total plant weight/(leaf number/leaf area) ∝ total "k"/(root number/root length), where k represents the total contents of elements or compounds, showed a good approximation of the relationship between shoot and root under all the environmental stresses imposed with the exception of calcium uptake. The results support the concept that the activity of the root or shoot in carrying out its function is influenced by the demand created by the opposite organ and appears to be a better assumption than that which proposes that the activity of an organ is solely dependent on its own size.

Diploma work is based on constructing of electronic informative system about greenhouse growns damaging pests - growtheal vegetables, concretely forced on forwarding cucumbers and tomatoes. The aim of diploma work is to make out the given information system with division of pests according to kind of the growth, place of damage and integrated locator of pests based on their Czech or Latin title, eventually based on information about pests and bioagens. The system contains detailed information about individual pests, their bionomii, enlargement and protection, including the biological protection. A part of this informative system is a large number of photographs of individual pests, biological preparations or injured plants with apparent symptoms.

O desenvolvimento da agricultura, a modernização dos meios dos cultivos, buscando atender a um mercado exigente, tem-se baseado no uso de insumos agrícolas para garantir a produção de alta qualidade e de quantidade. Tais culturas demandam o uso de pesticidas, cujos resíduos, principalmente em hortaliças e frutas, são motivo de preocupação com a saúde dos consumidores e de operários que necessitam retornar às culturas tratadas com esses agrotóxicos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: a) estudar o comportamento dos resíduos de deltametrina, de diferentes formulações, em frutos, folhas e solo; b) avaliar os resíduos deslocáveis do inseticida nas folhas, como ponto de partida para estudos de exposição ocupacional; c) correlacionar os teores de deltametrina nos frutos com o controle da broca-das-cucurbitáceas e d) correlacionar os resíduos nos frutos com o limite máximo de resíduo (LMR) e o intervalo de segurança (período de carência) estabelecidos pela legislação. Os tratamentos foram: a) testemunha; b) três aplicações da formulação em concentrado emulsionável Decis 25 CE na dosagem de 30 mL p.c.100 L-1 de água (0,75 g i.a. deltametrina.100 L-1 de água); c) três aplicações da formulação em concentrado emulsionável Decis Ultra 100 CE na dosagem de 7,5 mL p.c.100 L-1 de água (0,75 g i.a. deltametrina.100 L-1 de água); e d) três aplicações da formulação em suspensão concentrada Decis 200 SC na dosagem de 3,75 mL de p.c.100 L-1 de água (0,75 g i.a. deltametrina 100 L-1 de água). As amostras de fruto e de solo foram colhidas a (-1); zero; 1; 3; 5 e 7 dias após a última aplicação; as amostras de folhas e as de para estudos de resíduos deslocáveis nestas foram tomadas a (-1); zero; 1; 3; 5; 7 e 14 dias. O método analítico constou da extração dos resíduos de deltametrina de acetato de etila, limpeza dos extratos por técnica de cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), com eluição feita com uma mistura de acetato de etila/ciclohexano. A determinação quantitativa por cromatografia de gás. Para a avaliação da eficiência do inseticida, foram feitas seis levantamentos de infestação, determinando-se a porcentagem de frutos brocados. Os resultados indicaram que os resíduos de deltametrina no fruto, embora em baixos níveis, encontravam-se acima do LMR (0,03 mg.kg-1), mesmo um dia após o término do intervalo de segurança (2 dias) para as formulações do inseticida. Nas folhas, os resíduos resultantes das aplicações da formulação SC foram sempre maiores do que ambas CE (10-20 vezes), sendo de 15-80 vezes mais altas do que nos frutos. No solo, os resíduos foram também baixos (0,01-0,05 mg.kg-1), e semelhantes nas três formulações, entretanto, com baixa dissipação. Os resíduos deslocáveis de deltametrina nas folhas foram muito elevados quando de aplicações em SC, comparadas com as formulações CE (4-20 vezes), com valores de meias-vida de 2,8; 3,8 e 32,2 dias, respectivamente para as formulações Decis 25 CE, Decis Ultra 100 CE e Decis 200 SC. O inseticida, nas formulações em que foi aplicado, foi eficiente no controle da praga durante todo o período de avaliação. / The agriculture development, the modernization of cultivation means, trying to meet a demanding market, has been based on the use of agricultural supplies to assure a high quality and quantity production. Such crops demand the use of pesticides, whose residues, especially in fruit and vegetable production, raise worries about the consumers’ health and of the workers who need to return to the treated crop with these pesticides. The objectives of this study were: a) to study the behavior of deltamethrin residues applied in different formulations in fruits, leaves and soil; b) to evaluate the dislodgeable residues of the insecticide in leaves, as a starting point for occupational exposure studies; c) to correlate deltamethrin concentration in fruit with the pickleworm control and d) to correlate residues in fruit with the maximum residue level (MRL) and the safety interval established by the legislation. The treatments were: a) control ; b) three applications of the emulsifiable concentrate formulation Decis 25 CE.100-1 at the dosage of 30 mL of c.p.100 L-1 water (0.75 g a.i. deltamethrin.100L-1 water); c) three applications of the emulsifiable formulation of Decis Ultra 100 CE at the dosage of 7.5 mL of p.c.100 L-1 water (0.75 g a.i. deltamethrin.100. L-1 water) and d) three applications of the concentrate suspension formulation Decis 200 SC at the dosage of 3.75 mL of c.p.100.L-1 water (0.75 g a.i. deltamethrin 100L-1 water). The fruit and soil samples were taken at (-1); zero; 1; 3; 5 and 7 days after the last application; leaf samples and also those for the studies of dislodgeable residues on them were collected at (-1); zero; 1; 3; 5; 7 and 14 days after the last application. The analytical method consisted of the extraction of deltamethrin residues in ethyl acetate, clean-up of the extracts by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), with elutition made with a mixture of ethyl acetate/cyclohexane. The quantitative determination was made by gas chromatograph. To evaluate the insecticide efficacy six infestation surveys were carried out, based on the percentage of infested fruit . The results indicate that the deltamethrin residues in fruit, though in low levels, were found higher than the MRL (0.03 mg.kg-1), for the three insecticide formulations, even a day after the end of the safety interval (2 days). In the leaves the resulting residues of the applications of SC formulation were always bigger than both CE (10-20 times), being 15-80 times higher in the fruits. In the soil, the residues were also low (0.01-0.05 mg kg-1), and similar in the three formulations, however with low dissipation. The dislodgeable residues of deltamethrin in leaves were higher in SC as compared to both CE (4-20 times), with half-life values of 2.8; 3.8 and 32.2 days, respectively for the formulation Decis 25 CE, Decis Ultra 100 CE and Decis 200 SC. The insecticide in the formulations applied was efficient in the pest control during the whole evaluation period.

Os cogumelos Lentinula edodes (shiitake) e Agaricus blazei (cogumelo-do-sol) apresentam substâncias no corpo de frutificação (basidiocarpo) e no micélio com atividades antibióticas e imuno-regulatórias, havendo uma série de relatos sobre a atuação das mesmas no controle de doenças em animais. Em vegetais, não há informações sobre o efeito protetor do cogumelo-do-sol contra fitopatógenos. No caso de shiitake, embora pouco numerosos, os estudos mostraram o potencial do cogumelo para o controle de doenças de plantas, tais como a murcha bacteriana do tomateiro, a murcha de feijão-lima, além de doenças fúngicas em sorgo e da bacteriose do maracujazeiro. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram o de avaliar o efeito de diferentes preparações obtidas a partir de L. edodes e de A. blazei em patossistemas agrícolas, visando o controle de moléstias de interesse econômico como a antracnose do pepineiro, a mancha bacteriana do tomateiro e o endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro. Obtida a proteção, os estudos buscaram elucidar o modo de ação das preparações de interesse, bem como purificá-las parcialmente, na tentativa de se concentrar o princípio ativo. Em plantas de pepino, extratos aquosos de basidiocarpos, obtidos a partir de diferentes isolados dos cogumelos, reduziram a severidade da antracnose, na dependência da concentração do extrato. Os extratos não afetaram adversamente o agente causal da doença, Colletotrichum lagenarium, mas provocaram o acúmulo de peroxidases e quitinases nas folhas tratadas e sistemicamente. Utilizando-se precipitação fracionada do extrato aquoso bruto de basidiocarpos de shiitake com sulfato de amônio e cromatografia de troca aniônica, obteve-se uma fração de proteínas, apresentando massa molecular de 29 a 35 kDa, com atividade elicitora de peroxidases em cotilédones de pepino. Em plantas de tomate, o isolado ABL 99/28 de A. blazei foi quem, em média, conferiu maior proteção contra Xanthomonas vesicatoria, a qual foi dependente das concentrações de extrato do cogumelo e de células bacterianas empregadas nos testes. Novamente, o extrato aquoso de basidiocarpos do isolado efetivo não atuou diretamente sobre o patógeno, mas desencadeou o aumento na atividade de b-1,3- glucanases nas folhas tratadas, sugerindo que o mecanismo de ação em pepineiro e tomateiro envolveu a indução de resistência. Já no caso do maracujazeiro, os extratos de basidiocarpos, obtidos a partir de diferentes isolados de ambos os cogumelos, protegeram localmente plantas inoculadas mecanicamente com o Passion fruit woodiness vírus (PWV), por reduzirem a infectividade viral, o que foi comprovado em testes conduzidos com Chenopodium quinoa, hospedeiro de lesão local do vírus. Entretanto, não houve proteção sistêmica em plantas de maracujá, nos experimentos de inoculação mecânica, reduzindo as possibilidades do uso dos cogumelos para o controle dessa virose no campo. De forma geral, os resultados mostraram que os cogumelos L. edodes e A. blazei apresentam compostos que ativam as respostas de defesa em plantas e podem auxiliar no controle de doenças vegetais, dependendo da natureza do agente causal. / The mushrooms Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei have substances in the fruiting body and in the mycelia exhibiting antibiotic activity and others able to stimulate the immune system in animals. There are many reports about the performance of these substances in the control of animal diseases. In vegetables, there are no information about the protecting effect of the royal mushroom against plant pathogens. In the case of shiitake, although few in number, the studies showed the potential of the mushroom for the control of plant diseases, such as tomato bacterial wilt, sorghum leave spots and bacterial disease of the passion fruit plant. The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the effect of different preparations from L. edodes and A. blazei to control the diseases cucumber anthracnose, tomato bacterial spot and passion fruit woodiness. As the protection of the plants was obtained, the studies tried to elucidate the way of action of the preparations, as well as partially purify them, in an attempt to concentrate the active compound. In cucumber plants, fruiting body aqueous extracts, from different mushroom isolates, reduced anthracnose severity, depending upon the extract concentration. The extracts did not affect adversely the disease causal agent, Colletotrichum lagenarium, but induced the peroxidase and quitinase accumulation in the treated leaves and systemically. By using fractional precipitation of the shiitake fruiting body aqueous extracts with ammonium sulfate, and anion exchange chromatography, a protein fraction exhibiting molecular mass around 29 to 35 kDa and peroxidase elicitor activity in cucumber cotyledons was obtained. In tomato plants, the isolate ABL 99/28 of A. blazei was the one that, on average, gave higher protection against Xanthomonas vesicatoria, which was dependent upon the extract and bacterial cell concentrations. Again, the fruiting body aqueous extract of ABL 99/28 did not act directly onto the pathogen, but it caused an increase in b-1,3-glucanase activity in the treated leaves, suggesting that the mushroom action in cucumber and tomato plants involved the induced resistance. On the other hand, the fruiting body extracts, obtained from different isolates of both mushrooms, protected locally passion fruit plants inoculated mechanically with the Passion fruit woodiness virus (PWV) by reducing viral infectivity, what was proven through tests carried out with Chenopodium quinoa, a PWV local lesion host. However, there was no systemic protection in passion fruit plants against the virus in the experiments involving mechanical inoculation, reducing the possibilities of the mushroom use for the PWV control in the field. In a general way, the results showed that the mushrooms L. edodes and A. blazei have substances that activate the plant defense mechanisms and they show some potential in the control of vegetable diseases, depending upon the nature of the pathogen.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Sea cucumbers have been found to contain bioactive compounds such as saponin, fucoidan, frondoside, and glycosides that have pharmacological properties like antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammation, and antihyperglycemic activity. Although several species of sea cucumbers have been studied and reared for the food and medicinal industries, not much research has been conducted on the species in the waters of the Eastern United States. In this research, physiological and immunological parameters of coelomic fluid from <em>Cucumaria</em> <em>frondosa</em>, <em>Isostychopus</em> <em>badionotus</em>, and <em>Pentacta</em> <em>pygmaea</em> were compared to find the most promising candidate with these properties and pharmacological benefits. We found that <em>C. frondosa</em> was the species with the best immunological and physiological parameters among the three studied. <em>C. frondosa</em> illustrated that its coelomic fluid contains the highest concentrations of cells and lysozymes that had the highest activity. Using <em>C. frondosa</em>’s tissue extracts and coelomic fluid, the ability of the extracts and coelomic fluid to inhibit murine melanoma cells (B16-F10) and modulate T-lymphocytes <em>in vitro</em> were investigated. Although no significant differences were seen statistically, the experiments illustrated that T-lymphocytes were highly activated at higher concentrations (0.001g/uL-0.0002g/uL) for tissue extracts and at lower concentrations (0.000008g/uL) for coelomic fluid. On the other hand, melanoma cells were inhibited highest at lower concentrations (0.000008g/uL-0.0000016/uL). In addition to these studies, the antibacterial activity of <em>C. frondosa</em> extract was tested on ten pathogenic bacterial species. Antibacterial activity of the <em>C. frondosa</em> extract was not seen in this experiment. However, hemolytic activity by compounds present in <em>C. frondosa</em> extracts was seen in blood agars culturing <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em> and <em>Enterococcus faecalis</em> in our experiment. Lastly, an <em>in vivo </em>study was conducted to see if <em>C. frondosa</em> extract can modulate stress in Nile tilapia. In our experiment, we observed that <em>C. frondosa</em> extract was able to enhance the activity of one of the parameters, phagocytic capacity significantly. However, we are not able to conclude that <em>C. frondosa</em> extract was able to mitigate chronic stress from the results obtained. Overall, observing the results from the projects, we cannot conclude that <em>C. frondosa</em> extracts illustrated pharmacological properties. Extensive studies are recommended and required to use <em>C. frondosa</em> extract for medicinal purposes. </p>