Large scale drainage and pasture improvement in the past and present-day neglect of the floristically diverse wet grasslands in south west England have caused a significant decrease, approximately 92% since 1900. in the total area of this ecologically valuable semi-natural plant community. The plant community, which is locally called Culm grassland, consists of acid purple moor grassland, soft rush meadows and wet heaths. Conservation and restoration of these grasslands requires careful planning and efficient use of resources. This study was aimed at developing strategies for regional planning authorities and nature conservation agencies and developed a management tool for the selection of potential Culm grassland restoration locations and for the prediction of species composition based on the environmental characteristics of a site. Three separate sections of the research could be distinguished. The first section studied the relationships between the wet grassland location and the landscape topography, catchment hydrology and soil physical characteristics, with the use of Geographical Information Systems. Landscape topography was expressed as the ln(a/tan^) topographic index, in which 'a' is the upslope area draining through the point for which the index is calculated and 'fi' is the local slope angle. Culm grassland sites were generally found on positions with a topographic index larger than eight. A quantification of soil saturation periods was carried out by modelling the surface water dynamics with the hydrological model TOPMODEL, which was based mainly on the topographic index. Soil hydrological characteristics were described by applying the Hydrology Of Soil Types (HOST) classification to the soil map of the area. Results indicated that Culm grassland was mainly associated with poorly drained soils and topographic hollows on level or gently sloping grounds. The second section investigated the species composition In relation to environmental parameters and grazing regime. A field study involving collection of vegetation, soil and site data was carried out on existing Culm grassland sites. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to relate vegetation gradients to the environmental parameters. Results showed that grazing pressure, soil pH and soil water were the factors most responsible for species composition within the Culm grassland communities. The third section integrated the results into a decision support system, which indicated where potentially suitable restoration sites were located and the species composition that could develop based given the environmental parameters. The procedure was tested by application of the decision rules to an independent area and comparison of the potentially suitable sites to historical data, field observations and land use information. From this study, given readily obtainable soil and topographic data a, good first selection of areas for further Culm grassland development could be made. However, relationships between vegetation and environmental parameters will need more detailed field investigation to obtain completely reliable results.

This is an architectural thesis exploring bamboo not just as a material, but asking what the temporal nature of the material could mean for design. While bamboo is often considered sustainable because of its considerable growth rate, few really embrace the nature of bamboo. To exhibit this concept this project follows the line from source to destination, and from germination to structure; not representing a fi nished object in single moment, but an idea that spans time. To do this, bamboo acts as a catalyst for a cultural center. It grows and matures and is harvested, it changes the space; and as it is used, degrades, and fi nally taken down, it changes the design. From seed to opera house and back again to the earth, the cycle breaths continuous life into the site. The project, located near 7th and H Street, NW, in Washington, DC is a dual program - both cultural center and public garden. The "bookends" or exterior buildings on the site are a balancing force to the ephemeral nature of the bamboo. The terracotta bearing walls buffer the peaceful inside from the outside. Their roles serve as stage to the street, gatehouse to the garden, and armature for the bamboo structures to be built upon. Their solidity holds in and allows the movement of time to ebb and flow with that of the bamboo grove. / Master of Architecture

No description available.

Univ., Diss.--Plymouth, 2002.

A produção de etanol de primeira geração já está consolidada em nosso país e a crescente necessidade de aumento de produção tem movimentado pesquisadores da academia e da indústria em direção ao desenvolvimento da tecnologia de etanol de segunda geração a partir do aproveitamento do bagaço e da palha de cana-de-açúcar. O colmo da cana-de-açúcar é constituído de feixes fibrovasculares dispersos em tecido parenquimatoso e envolvido em sua parte externa pela casca. Embora esteja concentrada no tecido parenquimatoso, a extração do caldo é realizada a partir do esmagamento de todo o colmo. Este processo exige o emprego de maiores pressões de esmagamento e fornece um material (bagaço) bastante heterogêneo que dificulta a possível separação das frações fibra e medula. Visando a obtenção de frações mais homogêneas, bem como facilitação do processo de extração, este trabalho propõe a separação prévia das frações externas (casca) e internas (miolo) da cana-de-açúcar e posterior tratamento das mesmas por processos de deslignificação (polpação). A produção das amostras foi realizada a partir de colmos de cana-de-açúcar pela produção de discos de um centímetro de espessura, cortados perpendicularmente à direção do crescimento. A partir dos discos e empregando punções de diferentes diâmetros foram produzidos anéis externos (casca) e discos internos (miolo) com diferentes espessuras/diâmetros. Cada um dos anéis/discos foi esmagado em prensa hidráulica e as frações resultantes submetidas a dois processos de polpação (Soda e Organossolve). O caldo obtido pelo esmagamento das diferentes frações foi analisado quanto ao volume produzido, concentração de açúcares e presença de extrativos. A prensagem das frações miolo permite a recuperação de um caldo mais claro e na mesma quantidade que a obtida da prensagem da fração integral. A fração casca concentra os extrativos (principalmente ceras) e apresenta baixo teor de umidade (da ordem de 40%) quando comparado às frações integral e miolo. A polpação soda foi realizada a 160°C durante 60 minutos e a polpação organossolve a 190°C durante 150 minutos. Nestas condições, a polpação Soda preservou em maior extensão as hemiceluloses e, como consequência, produziu polpas com maiores rendimentos quando comparado com o processo Organossolve. As polpas obtidas das frações casca e das frações miolo, apresentaram, respectivamente, as maiores e as menores concentrações de lignina residual. A separação prévia das frações casca e miolo podem levar a economia no processo de obtenção de etanol de 1ª geração. Os resíduos da prensagem (bagaço fracionado) podem se constituir de substratos mais adequados para aproveitamento da fração fibrosa (casca) e para produção de etanol de 2ª geração (a partir da fração miolo). / The production of first generation ethanol is already consolidated in our country and the growing need for increased production has moved researchers from academia and industry toward the development of technology for second generation ethanol from sugarcane bagasse and straw. The stalk of sugarcane consists of fibrovascular bundles dispersed parenchymal tissue and involved in their outer hulls. Although concentrated in parenchymal tissue, the extraction of the juice is made from the crushing of the whole stalk. This process requires the use of high pressures and provides a crushed material (bagasse) that is quite heterogeneous and difficults the separation of the fiber and pith fractions. In order to obtain more homogeneous fractions as well as facilitation of the extraction process, this work proposes the previous separation of the external (rings) and internal fractions (core) of sugarcane and the subsequent treatment of the fractions by using delignification (pulping) processes. The production of the samples was made from stalks of raw sugarcane by cutting discs of about one centimeter thick, perpendicular to the direction of growth. The external layer (rings) were separated from the internal one (disks) by using punches with different diameters. Each of the rings/disks were crushed in a hydraulic press and the resulting fractions were submitted to two pulping processes (Soda and Organosolv). The juice obtained by crushing the different fractions was analyzed by determining the volume produced, sugar concentration and presence of extractives. The pressing of the disks allows the recovery of a lighter juice and the same volume as the obtained from the integral fraction (whole stalk). The bark fraction concentrates the extractives (mainly waxes) and has a low moisture content (around 40%) when compared to the integral and disk fractions. The soda pulping was carried out at 160°C for 60 minutes and the organosolv pulping at 190°C for 150 minutes. Under these conditions, soda pulping preserved in a greater extent the hemicelluloses and as a consequence, produced pulps with higher yield when compared to the organosolv process. Pulps obtained from the bark and core fractions showed, respectively, the higher and lower concentrations of residual lignin. The previous separation of the bark and core fractions can lead to savings in the process of obtaining first generation ethanol. The residue from the crushings (fractionated bagasse) may be more appropriate to valorize the fiber fraction (bark) and for production of second generation ethanol (from the core).

The aim of my thesis was to compare selectid allotment, Botanical composition of allotmnet and prortion were monitored. Assessment of medium water content in soil. For parametrs of burning was to find number of fertile and sterile culm. In literal research are summarized common data about biomass and particular grass used for energetic purposes. Detailed description of reed canary grass and its description, agrotechnology and harvest. It is also important to mention processing of biomass in to the shape briquet and pelets. In the last part of research is description of burning device for used biomass. The practice part description to optain sample particular lokalities and these results and compares them.

A produção de etanol de primeira geração já está consolidada em nosso país e a crescente necessidade de aumento de produção tem movimentado pesquisadores da academia e da indústria em direção ao desenvolvimento da tecnologia de etanol de segunda geração a partir do aproveitamento do bagaço e da palha de cana-de-açúcar. O colmo da cana-de-açúcar é constituído de feixes fibrovasculares dispersos em tecido parenquimatoso e envolvido em sua parte externa pela casca. Embora esteja concentrada no tecido parenquimatoso, a extração do caldo é realizada a partir do esmagamento de todo o colmo. Este processo exige o emprego de maiores pressões de esmagamento e fornece um material (bagaço) bastante heterogêneo que dificulta a possível separação das frações fibra e medula. Visando a obtenção de frações mais homogêneas, bem como facilitação do processo de extração, este trabalho propõe a separação prévia das frações externas (casca) e internas (miolo) da cana-de-açúcar e posterior tratamento das mesmas por processos de deslignificação (polpação). A produção das amostras foi realizada a partir de colmos de cana-de-açúcar pela produção de discos de um centímetro de espessura, cortados perpendicularmente à direção do crescimento. A partir dos discos e empregando punções de diferentes diâmetros foram produzidos anéis externos (casca) e discos internos (miolo) com diferentes espessuras/diâmetros. Cada um dos anéis/discos foi esmagado em prensa hidráulica e as frações resultantes submetidas a dois processos de polpação (Soda e Organossolve). O caldo obtido pelo esmagamento das diferentes frações foi analisado quanto ao volume produzido, concentração de açúcares e presença de extrativos. A prensagem das frações miolo permite a recuperação de um caldo mais claro e na mesma quantidade que a obtida da prensagem da fração integral. A fração casca concentra os extrativos (principalmente ceras) e apresenta baixo teor de umidade (da ordem de 40%) quando comparado às frações integral e miolo. A polpação soda foi realizada a 160°C durante 60 minutos e a polpação organossolve a 190°C durante 150 minutos. Nestas condições, a polpação Soda preservou em maior extensão as hemiceluloses e, como consequência, produziu polpas com maiores rendimentos quando comparado com o processo Organossolve. As polpas obtidas das frações casca e das frações miolo, apresentaram, respectivamente, as maiores e as menores concentrações de lignina residual. A separação prévia das frações casca e miolo podem levar a economia no processo de obtenção de etanol de 1ª geração. Os resíduos da prensagem (bagaço fracionado) podem se constituir de substratos mais adequados para aproveitamento da fração fibrosa (casca) e para produção de etanol de 2ª geração (a partir da fração miolo). / The production of first generation ethanol is already consolidated in our country and the growing need for increased production has moved researchers from academia and industry toward the development of technology for second generation ethanol from sugarcane bagasse and straw. The stalk of sugarcane consists of fibrovascular bundles dispersed parenchymal tissue and involved in their outer hulls. Although concentrated in parenchymal tissue, the extraction of the juice is made from the crushing of the whole stalk. This process requires the use of high pressures and provides a crushed material (bagasse) that is quite heterogeneous and difficults the separation of the fiber and pith fractions. In order to obtain more homogeneous fractions as well as facilitation of the extraction process, this work proposes the previous separation of the external (rings) and internal fractions (core) of sugarcane and the subsequent treatment of the fractions by using delignification (pulping) processes. The production of the samples was made from stalks of raw sugarcane by cutting discs of about one centimeter thick, perpendicular to the direction of growth. The external layer (rings) were separated from the internal one (disks) by using punches with different diameters. Each of the rings/disks were crushed in a hydraulic press and the resulting fractions were submitted to two pulping processes (Soda and Organosolv). The juice obtained by crushing the different fractions was analyzed by determining the volume produced, sugar concentration and presence of extractives. The pressing of the disks allows the recovery of a lighter juice and the same volume as the obtained from the integral fraction (whole stalk). The bark fraction concentrates the extractives (mainly waxes) and has a low moisture content (around 40%) when compared to the integral and disk fractions. The soda pulping was carried out at 160°C for 60 minutes and the organosolv pulping at 190°C for 150 minutes. Under these conditions, soda pulping preserved in a greater extent the hemicelluloses and as a consequence, produced pulps with higher yield when compared to the organosolv process. Pulps obtained from the bark and core fractions showed, respectively, the higher and lower concentrations of residual lignin. The previous separation of the bark and core fractions can lead to savings in the process of obtaining first generation ethanol. The residue from the crushings (fractionated bagasse) may be more appropriate to valorize the fiber fraction (bark) and for production of second generation ethanol (from the core).

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-06T15:51:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA054.pdf: 1294038 bytes, checksum: fababdbd931875c25f9cf6033b6c6963 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-06T15:51:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF15MA054.pdf: 1294038 bytes, checksum: fababdbd931875c25f9cf6033b6c6963 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-10 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy potential of biomass of two species of bamboo from briquettes, coal and culms in natura. The species analyzed were: Bambusa vulgaris and Phyllostachys bambusoides with three years old. selected were 5.0 individuals of each species and collected portions of 1.0 m to 1.5 m long at the base, middle and top of the stems. The Bambusa vulgaris was collected at the Experimental Farm Ressacada the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC. The Phyllostachys bambusoides was collected in Fomio Honda property in Frei Rogério - SC. In culms in natura we were determined moisture content properties (TU); Basic density (DB); particle size (L); power higher calorific (PCS); immediate analysis (AI) and chemical composition (AQ). The bamboo was carbonized in the laboratory, and coal was analyzed for gravimetric yield (RG); moisture content (TU), bulk density (DA); power higher calorific (PCS) and immediate analysis (AI). The briquettes were made in hydraulic briquetter laboratory and analyzed properties were apparent density (AD) and compressive strength (RC). With the results we calculated the energy density (DE) for each product type and compared the best way to use species for the generation of energy. The culms of Bambusa vulgaris and Phyllostachys bambusoides had TU 39% and 36 %; DB 0.624 and 0.719 g / cm3 ; volatile content (TV ) of of 82.25% and 81.88%; fixed carbon (FC) 15.26% and 17.28%; ash content (CT) 2.49% 0 and 90%; and PCS 4571 and 4694 kcal / kg, respectively. The extractives content was 16.26% and 16.24% and the lignin content of 25.76% and 25.54, respectively. Charcoal had RG 36.40% and 33.35%; DA 0.372 and 0.367 g / cm³; TV 27.55% and 27.26%; CF of 67.32% and 31.09%; CT 5.12% and 1.65%, and PCS 7431 and 7587 kcal / kg, respectively. The briquettes were DA 1111 and 1170 kg / m³, and RC 4,961 and 4,677 MPa respectively. DE The culms was 11.91 and 14.14 MJ / m³. For coal of 11.60 and 11.66 MJ / m³, and the briquettes 21.31 and 22.99 MJ / m³, respectively. Bamboo species have similar quality for power generation. The species Phyllostachys bambusoides proved better than Bambusa vulgaris species in use in natura. Increased energy efficiency bamboo use was in the form of briquettes, followed by the use in nature, and later in the form of charcoal / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial energético da biomassa de duas espécies de bambu a partir de briquetes, carvão e colmos in natura. As espécies analisadas foram: Bambusa vulgaris e Phyllostachys bambusoides, com três anos de idade. Foram selecionados 5,0 indivíduos de cada espécie e coletadas porções de 1,0 m a 1,5 m de comprimento na base, no meio e no topo dos colmos. O Bambusa vulgaris foi coletado na Fazenda Experimental Ressacada da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, em Florianópolis, SC. O Phyllostachys bambusoides foi coletado na propriedade de Fomio Honda, em Frei Rogério – SC. Nos colmos in natura foram determinadas as propriedades de teor de umidade (TU); densidade básica (DB); granulometria (G); poder calorífico superior (PCS); análise imediata (AI) e composição química (AQ). O bambu foi carbonizado em laboratório, e o carvão foi analisado quanto ao rendimento gravimétrico (RG); teor de umidade (TU), densidade aparente (DA); poder calorífico superior (PCS) e análise imediata (AI). Os briquetes foram confeccionados em briquetadeira hidráulica de laboratório, e as propriedades analisadas foram: densidade aparente (DA) e resistência à compressão (RC). Com os resultados obtidos foi calculada a densidade energética (DE) para cada tipo de produto e comparada a melhor forma de utilização das espécies para a geração de energia. Os colmos de Bambusa vulgaris e Phyllostachys bambusoides tiveram TU de 39%, e 36%; DB de 0,624, e 0,719 g/cm3; teor de voláteis (TV) de 82,25%, e 81,88%; teor de carbono fixo (CF) de 15,26% e 17,28%; teor de cinzas (TC) de 2,49% e 0 90%; e PCS de 4571 e 4694 kcal/kg, respectivamente. O teor de extrativos totais foi de 16,26% e 16,24% e o teor de lignina de 25,76% e 25.54, respectivamente. O carvão vegetal teve RG de 36,40% e 33,35%; DA de 0,372 e 0,367 g/cm³; TV de 27,55% e 27,26%; CF de 67,32% e 31,09%; TC de 5,12% e 1,65% e PCS de 7431 e 7587 kcal/Kg, respectivamente. Os briquetes tiveram DA de 1111 e 1170 kg/m³, e RC 4,961 e 4,677 Mpa, respectivamente. A DE do colmos foi de 11,91 e 14,14 MJ/m³; para o carvão de 11,60 e 11,66 MJ/m³, e para os briquetes de 21,31 e 22,99 MJ/m³, respectivamente. As espécies de bambu possuem qualidade similar para geração de energia. A espécie Phyllostachys bambusoides mostrou-se melhor que a espécie Bambusa vulgaris no uso in natura. A maior eficiência energética do uso do bambu foi na forma de briquete, seguido do uso in natura, e posteriormente na forma de carvão vegetal

Fine-grained sediment accumulation in the interstices of gravel beds is a key factor in degrading riverine habitats. However, interstitial deposits are highly dynamic and are not sufficiently understood. This work enhances the understanding of interstitial fine sediment deposition by investigating interstitial storage and ingress, flow, suspended sediment and gravel bed character. Furthermore, this work introduces a numerical suspended sediment deposition model with the power to predict patterns of interstitial ingress. The investigation of interstitial deposition were carried out on two levels. Both data orginating from flume experiments and from three locations of the River Culm, Devon, UK was collected. The experimental data showed the significant influence of small scale variations in flow and bed character and their influence on interstitial ingress. The field investigation showed clear differences in interstitial fine-grained sediment for the different river reaches and an overall higher interstitial ingress compared to recent published data. The numerical model development was realised in a two-step approach. First, the model was coded and calibrated for the flume scale processes and, second, an upscaled reach scale model was devolped for the field data. This reach scale suspended sediment deposition model included flow information, for which depthaveraged two dimensional hydrodynamic models were developed with the software Delft3D. The overall explanatory power of the model at this state is not satisfactory with regards to local deposition distribution. A separate chapter discusses the possible causes and implications of this short coming for further research from a data aquisition and modelling perspective.