Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin, 1967. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.

This study examines the environmental and socio-economic effects associated with the planting of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. (Oldman saltbush) in the karoo. This is the first study of its kind on oldman saltbush and serves as an important scoping exercise in assessing the impact of saltbush on its surrounds and in identifying additional aspects which require investigation. The environmental parameters investigated include microclimatic effects, soil induced changes, salinity effects on the germination of selected karoo species and compositional changes in the indigenous plant community within a saltbush plantation. When compared to indigenous karoo plant species oldman saltbush is found to ameliorate soil temperatures and increase surface soil salinity (specifically sodium chloride), on an individual plant basis. Salinity is shown to have a differential effect on the germination of selected karoo shrubs. The indigenous plant community within a forty year old saltbush plantation is impoverished with both density of individuals and species richness being markedly reduced. Saltbush is identified as an unsuitable nurse plant for the majority of karoo shrubs. Farm size in relation to both actual and intended area established to saltbush is considered. The area of saltbush already established in the karoo is considered too insignificant to have any wide socio-economic impact. Farmers who intend planting large areas of their farms to saltbush are in the minority. It is those farmers who already have some saltbush planted, who intend planting more. Ecologically based management guidelines are presented, suggesting practices which minimize the detrimental effects of saltbush on soil salinity and the indigenous plant community. These guidelines are practical and in keeping with the overall objectives of optimum resource utilisation and the national grazing strategy for South Africa.

Cultivated seafood is a potential alternative protein source that can address the rising global food demand with exponentially rising human population growth. Cultivated seafood is made by growing animal cells in vitro using stem cells for edible food, eliminating the need to raise the entire animal. A crucial first step in developing cultivated seafood is creating a well-characterized cell line that can continuously grow and differentiate into desired cell types. Due to difficulties in determining optimal primary cell culture conditions, no continuous cell lines of food-relevant mollusks have been established so far. This study used the adult Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as a model bivalve to study the decontamination, cell dissociation, and culture conditions suited for mollusk adductor muscle cells. Oyster adductor (OAD) cells were obtained via tissue explant, mechanical and enzymatic digestion. The cells were routinely monitored using an inverted microscope for phase-contrast and fluorescence imaging. Culture vessels were coated with surface proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, matrigel, and poly-d-lysine to promote cell attachment. The tissue decontamination with Penicillin-Streptomycin (100 µg/mL), Amphotericin B (0.25 µg/ml), and algaecide solution (0.03%) was effective in controlling microbial growth. OAD cells grew best at lower nutrient levels in a one-to-one ratio of Lebovitz L-15 media and artificial seawater. Lower fetal bovine serum levels, 1-5%, provided a high number of cell attachments and consistent growth in combination with 1% adult oyster whole-body or larvae extract. The tissue explant method resulted in the optimal cell dissociation from the three methods, and proceeding cultures had attached cells surviving for up to 10 days. All the plate coatings promoted cell attachment, but fibronectin provided optimal cell attachment of OAD cells. Fibroblast-like, neuron-like, epithelial-like, and rounded cells were observed. Fluorescence cell staining confirmed the presence of cytoskeleton and nuclei in the OAD cell cultures. These advances in primary cell culture methods of OAD cells may be beneficial for establishing mollusk cell lines for cultivated seafood production. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / For sustainable seafood production, alternative sources of seafood proteins are essential in ensuring food security in the future. Cultivated seafood is an alternative protein source to address this rising food demand without the need to raise, farm, or slaughter animals. In developing cultivated seafood, self-renewing stem cells of the animal of interest are grown and made into edible products. A crucial first step in making cultivated seafood is understanding the growth conditions of the primary cells taken from animal tissue. Marine mollusk composes a significant part of seafood consumption, and developing cultured mollusks can address the growing food demand as a seafood alternative. However, there are many gaps in understanding the biological and physiological requirements of mollusk cells. No continuous, self-renewing mollusk cells of food-relevant species have yet been established. This study used the adult Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as a model bivalve to study the tissue decontamination, cell dissociation, and culture conditions suited for oyster adductor muscle (OAD) cells. OAD cells were obtained via three cell dissociation methods. Cell growth was routinely monitored using an inverted microscope. Cell-surface proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, matrigel, and poly-d-lysine were used to promote cell attachment. The tissue decontamination was effective with Penicillin-Streptomycin, Amphotericin B, and algaecide. OAD cells grew best at lower nutrient levels in the one-to-one ratio of Lebovitz L-15 media and artificial seawater. Lower fetal bovine serum levels, 1-5%, provided a high number of cell attachments and consistent growth in combination with 1% adult oyster whole-body or larvae extract. Various cell morphologies were observed in the OAD cell cultures. Fluorescence cell staining confirmed the presence of cytoskeleton and nuclei in the OAD cell cultures. These advances in cell culture methods of OAD cells may be beneficial for establishing mollusk cell lines for cultivated seafood production.

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AAbbssttrraacctt:: The mammalian organism is entirely dependent on ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) on the inner mitochondrial membrane. OXPHOS is composed of respiratory chain complexes I-IV, ATP synthase and also include two electron transporters cytochrome c and coenzyme Q. Disorders of mitochondrial energy metabolism caused by OXPHOS defects are characterized by extreme heterogeneity of clinical symptoms, variability of tissues affected and the severity of the defect at the level of individual tissues. The mitochondrial disorders are not always clearly expressed at the level of available tissue or most easily available cultured fibroblasts and/or currently available methods are not capable to detect the defects on the fibroblasts level. The aim of this master thesis was to identify by biochemical methods, especially by high sensitive polarography, OXPHOS disorders in cultured fibroblasts. Cell lines from 10 patients with isolated (SURF21, SCO1 ND1, ND5) or combined defects of OXPHOS complexes whose biochemical defect was confirmed in muscle tissue as well as 14 patients with non- mitochondrial diseases (8 patients with Huntington disease, 6 patients with disorder of sulphur amino acids metabolism) were analysed. Furthermore impact of various cultivation conditions on OXPHOS...

Orientador: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Banca: Sandra Helena Unêda Trevisoli / Banca: Ivana Marino Bárbaro / Resumo: O milho é a terceira cultura mais cultivada no mundo e ocupa o primeiro lugar em produção e produtividade entre as principais culturas produtoras de grãos. Sua importância agronômica e econômica estimula diversos estudos, entre eles a densidade populacional, em decorrência das alterações no espaçamento entre e dentro de linhas. Esse estudo remete a uma série de implicações, por exemplo, o desenvolvimento de cultivares adaptadas a diferentes condições, considerando sua arquitetura, assim como o estudo dos fatores abióticos e, fundamentalmente, a interação genótipo x ambiente. Baseado nisso, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a dissimilaridade ambiental em variedades de milho submetidas ao cultivo em diferentes densidades populacionais. Os experimentos foram instalados com quatro densidades populacionais em diferentes ambientes no delineamento de blocos casualizados, avaliando-se os caracteres relacionados ao ciclo, altura e produtividade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância conjunta, seguida das análises de dissimilaridade ambiental e de correlação. Observou-se que existe uma tendência de, com o aumento da densidade, os genótipos interagirem mais com o ambiente, principalmente para os caracteres relacionados à produtividade, apresentando interação genótipo x ambiente. Portanto, não se faz possível a recomendação precisa e uniforme de densidade populacional para os genótipos nas distintas épocas de cultivo / Abstract: Maize is the third most grown crop in the world and ranks first in production and productivity of the main grain crops. Their agronomic and economic importance stimulates several studies, including population density, due to the changes in spacing. This study refers a series of implications, for example, the development of cultivars adapted to different conditions, considering architecture as well as the study of abiotic factors and, crucially, the genotype x environment interaction. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the environmental dissimilarity in maize varieties subjected to cultivation in different population densities. The experiments were conducted with four population densities in different environments in a randomized block design, evaluating traits related to cycle, height and productivity. The data were submitted to analysis of variance followed by environmental dissimilarity and correlation analysis. It was observed there is a tendency of genotypes interact more with the environment with increasing density, especially for traits related to yield. Therefore, the populations density can't be recommended in a precise and uniform way for genotypes in different growing seasons / Mestre

Orientador: Antonio Orlando Di Mauro / Coorientador: Sandra Helena Unêda Trevisoli / Banca: Antonio Sergio Ferraudo / Banca: Everton Luis Finoto / Resumo: A soja é a oleaginosa mais importante cultivada no planeta. Dela são retirados inúmeros derivados, que compõem a alimentação humana e animal. Dentre os principais estão o farelo e o óleo que têm sua cotação influenciada pela razão demanda/produção no cenário mundial. Desde sua introdução no Brasil em 1882, a soja vem passando por um processo constante de melhoramento genético, o que permitiu que a cultura expandisse a área de cultivo que era basicamente a região Sul até a década de 70 para a região dos cerrados que corresponde ao Triângulo Mineiro, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Tocantins, sul do Maranhão, sul do Piauí e oeste da Bahia. Para um programa de melhoramento genético, a obtenção de estimativas de parâmetros genéticos é de grande importância, pois possibilita conhecer a magnitude dos efeitos que controlam o carácter além da possibilidade de predizer qual será o ganho com a seleção. O ganho genético para o melhorista tem grande importância, pois com os valores deste parâmetro pode-se efetuar alterações no critério seletivo adotado, visando adequar a população selecionada aos objetivos do programa de melhoramento. Avaliar as características agronômicas da soja e analisar todos os parâmetros ao mesmo tempo em função das informações coletadas durante o ensaio, se torna interessante quando o objetivo é selecionar genótipos superiores, uma vez que muitos fatores estão relacionados de maneira que seus diferentes efeitos são melhor interpretados se estudados em conjunto. A estatística multivariada permite identificar quais caracteres estão diretamente correlacionados com a produtividade de grãos e discriminar os genótipos levando em consideração a similaridade dos múltiplos caracteres avaliados, ajudando no processo seletivo. A análise, a descrição e a inferência são realizadas com base nas respostas simultâneas, valendo-se da estrutura de correlação ... / Abstract: Soybean is the most important cultivated oilseed crop on the planet, it is extracted numerous derivatives that make up the human and animal food. Among the main ones are the bran and oil that have influence your quote according to the reason of demand and production on the world stage. Since its introduction in Brazil in 1882, the soybean has been undergoing a constant process of genetic breeding, which allowed the culture expand the area of cultivation which was basically South in the 70 years for the Cerrado region that corresponds to Triangulo Mineiro, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goias, Tocantins, Maranhao south, south west of Piaui and Bahia. For a breeding program, obtain estimates of genetic parameters is of great importance, as they allow to know the magnitude of the effects that control the character and the ability to forecast the gain with selection. The genetic gain for the breeder is very important, because with the values of this parameter can make changes to the selection criteria adopted in order to adjust the improved population for the objectives of the breeding program. Evaluate the agronomic characteristics of soybean and analyze all parameters at the same time in function on the information collected during the test becomes interesting when the goal is to select superior genotypes, since many factors are correlated so that their different effects are best interpreted if studied together. The Multivariate statistics allows to identify which characters are directly correlated with grain yield and discriminate the genotypes taking into account the similarity of multiple traits evaluated, helping in the selective process. The Analysis, description and inference are performed based on the simultaneous responses, taking advantage of the correlation structure between the variables. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters in advanced soybean lines, identify characters directly and ... / Mestre

O presente trabalho constitui um esforço em entender de que formas as plantas cultivadas e perdidas dos Asurini do Rio Xingu (Amazônia) exercem papéis sociais, simbólicos e identitários para este povo, e como estas plantas são incorporadas pelos Asurini em narrativas sobre o seu passado recente. Através de trabalho de campo nas aldeias Itaaka e Kwatinemu Novo, a pesquisa se utilizou das seguintes abordagens: o levantamento bibliográfico sobre a agricultura Asurini; a observação de práticas agrícolas em roças atuais e a visita a roças antigas; a realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres e homens Asurini; a análise de microvestígios botânicos (grãos de amido e fitólitos) de etapas do processamento de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) observadas em campo, especialmente da produção de farinha. Os dados obtidos por estes diferentes métodos são discutidos tendo em vista o papel social que as plantas atualmente cultivadas e as plantas perdidas na história recente exercem entre os Asurini na atualidade. É também discutido de que forma o estudo da agricultura e o consumo de plantas cultivadas entre os Asurini no passado possa ser uma abordagem frutífera para se pensar o presente e o futuro deste povo. / The present work constitutes an effort in understanding in what ways do the cultivated and lost plants of the Asurini of the Xingu River (Amazon) play important social, symbolic and identitary roles for this people, and how these plants are incorporated by the Asurini in narratives regarding their recent past. Through fieldwork in the villages of Itaaka and Kwatinemu Novo, the research utilized the following approaches: a bibliographical survey regarding Asurini agriculture; the observation of agricultural practices in current cultivating fields and the visiting of old fields; the conducting of semi-structured interviews with Asurini women and men; the analysis of botanical microvestiges (starch grains and phyoliths) from manihot (Manihot esculenta Crantz) processing stages observed in the field, especially of flour production. The data obtained by these different methods are discussed regarding the social role that currently cultivated plants and plants lost in recent history exert on the Asurini in modern days. It is also discussed in what way can the study of agriculture and cultivated plant use amongst the Asurini in the past be a fructiferous approach for reflecting on the present and future of this people.