In ancient Egypt, the Nile was both a lifeline and a highway. In addition to its crucial role for agriculture and water resources, the river united an area nearly five hundred miles in length. It was an avenue for asserting imperial authority over the vast expanse of the Nile valley River transport along the inland waterways was also an integral aspect of daily life and was employed by virtually every class of society; the king and his officials had ships for commuting, as did the landowner for shipping grain, and the 'marsh men' who lived in the northernmost regions of the Nile Delta. Considering the role of water transport in ancient Egypt we know surprisingly little about the maritime environment along the inland waterways of the Nile Delta. The physical interface between man and river is frequently obscured by the dearth of evidence for Delta waterways and fluvial harbors, and a lack of awareness for ancient hydrological conditions. This thesis provides a preliminary reconstruction of the maritime cultural landscape of one Egyptian city, Thmuis, located in Egypt's eastern Nile Delta during the Hellenistic and Roman periods. It will demonstrate how the inhabitants of Greco-Roman Thmuis perceived, utilized, and interacted with their maritime environment, by incorporating available archaeological, material, geological, and textual evidence from Tell el- Timai (Thmuis). These sources indicate that the Egyptians developed numerous ways to harness the dynamic riverine landscape of the eastern Nile Delta. Methods of irrigation were employed to divert and control the fruitful waters of the flood. Canalization enhanced the connectivity of the Nile Delta when the primary branches of the river were not suitable for sailing. Harbors were specially adapted to the shifting riverine conditions. When physical effort would not suffice, gods and goddesses were invoked to assist in the perils associated with life along the Nile, but also to ensure favorable conditions for navigating the inland waterways and the seas. After three thousand years of interaction with the Nilotic landscape, the Delta people developed a rich and complex relationship with their riverine environment that is evident in the Mendesian ideology, infrastructure, and history.

Eastern Blacksea region has substantial and regional sources with its natural, historic and traditional properties. Contrary to urban settlement, rural areas and settlements have formed in time due to interaction with nature, ethnic cultures and traditional living styles. The village settlements that subject this study have historical and cultural values with architectural buildings in regional character, formed natural tissue and local traditions. Mezras and Yaylas related with village settlements however, provide natural values with diversity of flora, climate and landscape. All these areas that have different status in traditional living style have different values and problems. All the same, these areas that at the present are unoccupied have been degenerating rapidly represent different opportunities and potentials. In this study / characteristic components of a typical Eastern Blacksea rural village settlement are analyzed, values of these components are determined and their conservation problems are identified through a case study in Karacakaya village. In the last chapter solutions are asked for the questions how village settlements take a function upon rural areas in the region scale and how natural, architectural and cultural values are need to be conserved in conservation-use balance.

In collaboration with members of the Comcaac (Seri Indians) community of the central coast of Sonora, Mexico, it has been possible to join oral historical evidence with archaeological, ethnographic, and documentary data towards a better understanding of the Comcaac past and its continuity into the present. Collaborative research creates opportunities for innovative frameworks and methodologies that can integrate diverse historical narratives while responding to Comcaac perspectives and desires. The research approach emphasizes the historical and social context-dependent dialectical nature of material culture and its acquired meaning through social practice. It defines a cultural landscape as an environmental setting that is simultaneously the medium for, and the outcome of, social action. The Comcaac cultural landscape is tied to history, culture, and society, where places localize, commemorate, and transmit traditional knowledge derived from the people's historical memory that is anchored to the land. This study formally, spatially and temporally documented a vast range of social practices that constructed and continues to construct the Comcaac cultural landscape. In tandem with standard archaeological survey techniques, we developed a distinctive methodology for simultaneously recording oral histories and traditions along successive landscape segments. This project improves the discipline of anthropology through methodological advances to build theory that better understands object and people relationships in the past and today. The results not only exemplify a productive collaboration endeavor but also enhance archaeological knowledge of the poorly known Comcaac region.

This dissertation is a study of the values and meanings people attach to places and why exploring those values is important in trails and historic preservation planning. From a foundation in critical humanistic geography and values based preservation literatures, the dissertation examines three rails to trails projects as case studies. Primary research questions include: how does a landscape become valued, devalued, and/or revalued through time? In what ways do different values of different people or groups intersect in rails to trails landscapes and how do they shape the landscape? How do historic values intersect with economic, social, political, and other values as these relate to landscape preservation? A subset of questions deals with the interactions between trails, historic preservation, and geography. What common ground do these three areas already share and what is the potential for further connections between and through them? The project contributes to the geographical tradition of interpreting ordinary landscapes but also works towards bringing together the common ground of three disparate endeavors: cultural geography, historic preservation, and trails planning around the theme of “values in place.”

Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere VI (HOPE VI) is dramatically changing the face of public housing. The HOPE VI program proposes to replace barracks-style and high rise apartments with a new public housing landscape built on the planning principles of New Urbanism: small-scale developments of single family homes and townhouses with front lawns and porches. Academic and governmental analyses of HOPE VI have used economic, political, and social perspectives to analyze this significant financial investment, radical landscape alteration, and change in residents lives. This dissertation analyzes the process of HOPE VI and its attendant landscapes using a critical humanist perspective focused on the human, emotional dimension of public housing policy. By bringing together geography, psychology, sociology, and philosophy literatures on emotion with geographic literatures on critical humanism and the cultural landscape this dissertation shows that specific emotions such as disgust, fear, shame, and enjoyment permeate, shape, and direct public housing policy and appearance in different places and across time. More specifically, the dissertation shows that 1) disgust, fear, shame, and enjoyment constitute both the political and economic logic essential to HOPE VI and 2) disgust, fear, shame, and enjoyment are articulated through and crystallized in reactions to the public housing landscape its aesthetic and social context. The overall contribution of the project is to first, challenge the binaries that often structure academic and governmental analyses of HOPE VI including rational-emotional, outsiders-residents, creation-implementation, and national-local. In challenging these binaries, the project offers an alternative way to think about and understand HOPE VI and housing policy. And second, the dissertation contributes to the methods literature by exploring how to analyze emotion through discourse analysis and how to ask people about emotions.

Esta dissertação busca desenvolver uma etnogeografia sobre a presença dos Galpões no cotidiano de alguns grupos sociais no Vale do Rio Três Forquilhas (Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul), para tanto se aporta em Bonnemaison (2002), como referencial para o entendimento dos acontecimentos na área delimitada, para analisar não somente a arquitetura contemporânea de algumas casas, mas também ressaltar a importância da etnicidade e período das ocupações “não nativas” como vetores dos processos de hibridismo. Para este conceito (hibridismo) serão utilizados textos de Canclini (2006) e Burke (2008). O “Galpão” investigado não é somente o “Galpão gaúcho”, mas também os espaços do habitar, trabalho e lazer de vários grupos étnicos e sociais presentes nesta região (Japoneses, alemães, açorianos, quilombolas e pescadores). Amalgamando-se culturalmente, estes grupos constituem seus territórios domésticos e representações sociais dentro do hibridismo. Os acontecimentos que motivam a ascensão dos diferentes espaços domésticos de representação social, em análise, constroem esta pesquisa; seus vetores, razões e as diversas composições da paisagem cultural (CLAVAL, 2007), como feição praticada do processo geográfico de (re) construção do espaço. / This dissertation aims to develop an ethnogeography about the presence of Galpões on the daily life of some social groups in Três Forquilhas River Valley (North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul). To do so, it is contributed in the formulation of ideas of Bonnemaison (2002) as referential to the understanding of the events in that delimited area in order to analyse not only the contemporary architecture of some houses, but also to highlight the importance of ethnicity and “non native” occupation periods as values of the hybridity process. For the concept of hibridity, Canclini’s (2006) and Burke’s (2008) conception will be used. The investigated “Galpão” is not only the “Galpão Gaúcho”, but also places of habitation, work and leisure of many ethnic and social groups that inhabit that region (japanese, german, azoreans, quilombolas and fishermen). Culturally amalgamating, these groups constitute their domestic territory and social representations inside the hybridity. The events that motivate the rise of distinct domestic spaces of social representation, in analysis, constitute this research; their vectors, reasons and the various compositions of the cultural landscape (CLAVAL, 2007), as practiced feature of the geographical process of (re)construction of spaces.

Esta dissertação busca desenvolver uma etnogeografia sobre a presença dos Galpões no cotidiano de alguns grupos sociais no Vale do Rio Três Forquilhas (Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul), para tanto se aporta em Bonnemaison (2002), como referencial para o entendimento dos acontecimentos na área delimitada, para analisar não somente a arquitetura contemporânea de algumas casas, mas também ressaltar a importância da etnicidade e período das ocupações “não nativas” como vetores dos processos de hibridismo. Para este conceito (hibridismo) serão utilizados textos de Canclini (2006) e Burke (2008). O “Galpão” investigado não é somente o “Galpão gaúcho”, mas também os espaços do habitar, trabalho e lazer de vários grupos étnicos e sociais presentes nesta região (Japoneses, alemães, açorianos, quilombolas e pescadores). Amalgamando-se culturalmente, estes grupos constituem seus territórios domésticos e representações sociais dentro do hibridismo. Os acontecimentos que motivam a ascensão dos diferentes espaços domésticos de representação social, em análise, constroem esta pesquisa; seus vetores, razões e as diversas composições da paisagem cultural (CLAVAL, 2007), como feição praticada do processo geográfico de (re) construção do espaço. / This dissertation aims to develop an ethnogeography about the presence of Galpões on the daily life of some social groups in Três Forquilhas River Valley (North Coast of Rio Grande do Sul). To do so, it is contributed in the formulation of ideas of Bonnemaison (2002) as referential to the understanding of the events in that delimited area in order to analyse not only the contemporary architecture of some houses, but also to highlight the importance of ethnicity and “non native” occupation periods as values of the hybridity process. For the concept of hibridity, Canclini’s (2006) and Burke’s (2008) conception will be used. The investigated “Galpão” is not only the “Galpão Gaúcho”, but also places of habitation, work and leisure of many ethnic and social groups that inhabit that region (japanese, german, azoreans, quilombolas and fishermen). Culturally amalgamating, these groups constitute their domestic territory and social representations inside the hybridity. The events that motivate the rise of distinct domestic spaces of social representation, in analysis, constitute this research; their vectors, reasons and the various compositions of the cultural landscape (CLAVAL, 2007), as practiced feature of the geographical process of (re)construction of spaces.

Through the passing of time we gain perspective of the past and thus we gain knowledge. Through the interpretation of this knowledge we can inform and evaluate our visions of and goals for the future. ‘Our knowledge of time lies in the very heart of our humanity. We learn from the past, we pass on that wisdom to the future, that has been the bedrock of our civilisation’ (OXLEY, P., & KAKU, M.,2007). This knowledge, also known as our cultural heritage, can take numerous forms such as literature, art, architecture, traditional dances, festivals, folk tales, cuisine, etc. Our cultural heritage is to be preserved for posterity and ‘should be protected and made publicly available, subject to requirements of security and privacy, and where this is culturally appropriate’ (Burra Charter,1999:Article 32). The phenomenon of slavery forms part of the cultural heritage of the world, Mauritius and specifically the Le Morne peninsula. Following the area’s inscription as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a need arose for an Interpretation Centre to provide more information on the culturally significant area’s history. For the design of this facility, this thesis study proposes an experiment in interaction of space and emotion, where the container interacts with the user and induces sensations associated with the artefacts, taking the form of multi-media exhibitions, therefore using a variety of tools to induce a holistic, subjective and objective learning experience. Through this proposal the cultural heritage is to be interpreted and displayed to inform contemporary concepts and visions of the future amongst locals and tourists alike. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Cattle are widely used in cultural landscape management in Sweden today. However, there are few recent studies concering what types of cattle or what breeds of cattle that are being used for cultural landscape management. The aim of this study is to examine the use of cattle in cultural landscape management in Sweden, focusing on the aims and the types of cattle and cattle breeds that are used. I will also examnine why these specific types of cattle and cattle breeds are being used. To answer these questions a literature study, combined with three case studies and interviwes was conducted. The results show that there are a series of aspects that effect what type of cattle that is being used for cultural landscape management. These aspects range from the aim of the cultural landscape management, the modern breeding objectives, animal welfare and the milk and meat yield of the different breeds. The result also show a need for further studies on the subject.

Cultural landscapes are built over time and reflect the direct interaction between political, economic, social, and environmental factors that affect communities on a daily basis. Many communities maintain a fragile daily balance within these landscapes as they are exposed to hazards and risks such as, lack of access to healthcare and affordable housing options, inadequate public health, and lack of fair wage employment and education. These daily hazards and risks create a fragile balance between sustainability and vulnerability within communities. The destructive power of an acute large scale disturbance, such as a hurricane, can shatter this balance and severe the communities connection to their landscape. Communities that lack the entitlement and access to resources necessary to recover and reconnect to their landscape post-disaster may become displaced from their cultural landscape temporarily or permanently. The void left by displacement post-disaster is often filled by different communities permanently altering the cultural landscape, removing an individual's sense of place. This thesis evaluates the post-hurricane communities of Biloxi, Mississippi and Galveston, Texas, in order to understand the influence of internal and external organizations on the communities' abilities to reconnect to their landscape post-hurricane. The research was done using a mixed method approach that incorporated literature reviews and academic writing reviews, in order to set the framework for site visits to the cities of Biloxi, Mississippi and Galveston, Texas. During the site visits, qualitative data was collected through first-hand observation, photography, and interaction with the various communities and organizations in Biloxi and Galveston. Through this research I gained a better understanding of the paradigms applied to disaster recovery, and the influence of internal and external organizations on the process of reconnecting to the landscape. The purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of the factors affecting a community's ability to recover, rebuild, and reconnect to the landscape post-hurricane in order to enable a more holistic approach to preparedness and recovery from disaster in other communities in the future. The research suggests that designers, policy makers, community members, and other internal and external organizations must take a pre-emptive approach to the destabilizing effect of hurricanes. By empowering communities to reduce daily risk, and by creating a stronger sense of place and connection to the landscape, communities can decrease vulnerability, increase sustainability, and adapt to the uncertain future brought about by the effects of climate change and coastal development on the destructive power of hurricanes.