published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

Swedish cultural heritage policies put heritage of the Church of Sweden in an exceptional position. It is protected by law and managed by the Church of Sweden which receives a yearly economical compensation from the Swedish government to assure a continued protection and care. The purpose of this study has been to examine categories and definitions that are used in the formulations of the protection of this part of the national cultural heritage. The study also analyses the values and motives behind the distribution, which is being regulated by said definitions. To achieve this, I have answered questions about to what kind of projects the compensation has been distributed, focusing on the appointed object and intervention categories. These classifications have been compared to the projects actual character, and also to official guidelines and policies. The results of the study show that the distribution of the government compensation follow official guidelines more often than not, but also that the project categorizations are frequently misguiding in comparison to the actual character of the projects. In written statements from the Swedish National Heritage Board and the Church of Sweden a dissonance regarding their respective value perspectives has been shown. The big difference is found in a question of definitions regarding the nature of the religious heritage in policy documents. Definitions of cultural heritage are crucial in heritage management. The classification stated in policy documents and used during the management of the heritage of the Church of Sweden, is also defining what is included. These classifications and definitions are part of the traditional western heritage management discourse. By using theoretical frameworks like Authorized Heritage Discourse the results of the study has been put in a perspective of using categories as way to manifest material heritage. This is a two years master’s thesis in Archive, Library and Museum studies.

Since the late 1970s, archaeology has grown into an industry whose practitioners work in both public and private sectors. As an industry, modern archeology is commonly known as Cultural Resources Management, or CRM. CRM emerged from a surplus of employment opportunities made available to archeologists after the passing of National heritage legislation. This legislation defines the importance of discovering, documenting, and recovering the places and objects associated with people and events important to United States' history. As there are many different people who are considered to be important to United States' history (e.g., past presidents, Native Americans), there are as many different archeologists seeking to participate in its interpretation, each with various educational and experience backgrounds. While CRM has been successful in partially piecing back together history, its practitioners confront numerous challenges. These challenges are often associated with meeting the standards outlined by the legislation but also include challenges associated with industry personnel. In some cases, the industry's efforts to meet these standards have led to labor problems. As a result, many CRM employees today see a separation between industry managers and industry laborers that has made it increasingly difficult to fulfill the goals of the legislation and to ultimately contribute to our understanding of the past. Primarily, the role and contribution of field technicians to CRM is being debated by many CRM practitioners. This thesis explores the relationship between the two primary CRM personnel parties - the managers and laborers in an effort to define the labor problems confronting CRM personnel, how they have evolved, and what solutions are available to them (both managers and laborers). To this end, I surveyed industry managers and field technicians to better understand how each perceives the role of field technicians. Challenges confronting CRM personnel will be shown to partially stem from low industry wages, deficient safety policies and procedures, out-dated academic curricula, and a lack of communication between managers and field technicians. Investigations of the relationship between management and labor provide a unique opportunity to explore a multitude of questions related to CRM employment over the past two decades and in the future. / Graduation date: 2001

There is a widespread problem with looting and vandalism of cultural resources in the Pacific Northwest. To combat this problem law enforcement must have the assistance of the archaeological community. To be able to assist law enforcement, archaeologists and cultural resource specialists must have the proper training in cultural resource law and crime prevention. The focus of this study is to investigate the preparedness of archaeologists and cultural resource specialists within the federal government, specifically the United State Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, to assist in the investigation and prevention of cultural resource crime. To answer this question a survey was sent out to all of the aforementioned subjects within the Pacific Northwest. This survey asked for data concerning types of cultural resources affected by crime, prevention methods, training, opinions on quality of training, and demographic information. The respondent was also asked to reply to various fictitious scenarios concerning cultural resource crime, and the answers compared to a control group made up of law enforcement personnel. Information obtained from this survey showed that there is a lack of training among both of these agencies. A large percentage of the respondents feel that their training was either nonexistent or was lacking in depth and quality. The ability of the subject group to make decisions concerning the fictitious scenarios was closely analogous to those made by the law enforcement group. However, from information obtained from the respondents and from analysis of other data these scenarios may not have been a good indicator of the preparedness of the subject group. To improve their abilities at preventing and assisting in the investigation of cultural resource crimes, all archaeologists and cultural resource specialists need to have the opportunity to have access to quality training. These persons must also take it upon themselves to protect the resource using methods that are allowed by their respective agencies. / Graduation date: 1994

Cultural mapping is a technique in the field of conservation that is currently gaining popularity. Cultural maps provide a means to better understand an area and produce easily understood documentation of an area’s tangible and intangible cultural assets. These serve as an inventory for the local knowledge and resources of an area. As cities continue to grow and develop, it becomes ever more important to document local traditions and historical sites before they disappear and are forgotten. Cultural mapping provides the means to do this. As the field of cultural heritage conservation has emerged and evolved in Hong Kong, numerous aspects of this city’s heritage and culture have been examined. These have included analyses of Hong Kong’s market culture, temples, food culture, architectural styles and local traditions. One aspect, however, that has been somewhat ignored is Hong Kong’s drinking culture. This is an unfortunate oversight since through the analysis of an area’s drinking culture, a greater understanding of an area as a whole can be achieved. Lockhart Road has a history spanning eighty years and throughout this history it has had a reputation as an entertainment centre. A key feature of this entertainment has involved the consumption of alcohol. In a city such as Hong Kong that has witnessed much change over the last century, it is intriguing to find an area with such continuity in its tradition. It is on account of this that Lockhart Road is an appropriate study area in order to better understand Hong Kong’s drinking culture. This dissertation will focus on 20-86 Lockhart Road as its case study. The purpose is to analyse the area in order to understand its history and evolution, establish its tangible and intangible features, highlight the role and impact of drinking culture and thoroughly document the area to help in making decisions about its future and serve as a model for other similar studies. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

 With the increasing recognition of the importance of heritage conservation, it would not be adequate merely to control archaeological discoveries or to preserve items of historical interest. In this society where resources are scarce, rules have to be made for enabling the selection of what to keep and what not to, and if to be kept, how the heritage resources could be sufficiently protected. Under the present system, for instance, graded buildings afforded no legal protection save for Grade 1 buildings which may be qualified and ready to be declared as “monuments”. Also, there is no system for appeal if the building is graded against the owner’s will. Through the years, the Ordinance had not been reviewed to meet with the social development and has become obsolete and out-of-date. It is no longer able to give sufficient legal protection to the heritage conservation in Hong Kong. Following the Queen’s Pier incident and the Court of First Instance decision which will be discussed in details, the need for a more proper and comprehensive heritage protection legislation becomes more intense and imminent. One may recall that the Chief Executive had announced a range of initiatives on heritage conservation in the 2007-2008 Policy Address which was delivered on 10th October 2007. Yet, it is submitted that a policy initiative no matter how ambitious cannot be achieved without the foundation of a concrete legal framework. Objective standard and guidelines have to be established for future precedent. It is only by then certainty and sustainability on conservation can be achieved. The issues that we are going to discuss in this article is, by examining the development of heritage protection law of Hong Kong, whether Hong Kong, being part of China and a State Parties which have adhered to the World Heritage Convention, has afforded and taken sufficient legal measures in securing our cultural heritage. The recent judgment of the Court of First Instance has thrown light to the fact that our heritage legislation, namely the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance is inadequate to safeguard some of the historically significant heritage in Hong Kong. There are of course counter-argument that conservation is a hindrance to urban development and possible impingement of private property right. In this dissertation, we will examine, from a legal point of view, how the legal framework of our system, insofar as heritage conservation is concerned, can be improved and/or modified or even advanced. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Intangible cultural heritage (henceforth ICH), a living expression of indigenous culture and traditions, have been orally transmitted through generations. As the heritage bearers are usually aged and have mere opportunities to pass on their knowledge to young practitioners, ICH are disappearing at a rapid pace. Safeguarding ICH is a battle against time. Since the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (henceforth the Convention) was adopted in 2003, China has been proactive in participating in the Convention and safeguarding its ICH. Ratified the Convention on 2 December 2004, China was the sixth out of the 143 State Members deposited the Convention1. China’s prompt response to the Convention could show how determined she was in safeguarding its ICH. Hong Kong agreed to apply the Convention in December 2004 but the early adoption of the Convention did not help Hong Kong to keep its pace on safeguarding ICH. During the 6 years practice of safeguarding ICH since 2006, China had already built its ICH inventory through announcing 3 batches of National ICH List and inscribing 2500 plus elements, established a ICH Transmitters List with 1400 plus transmitters, and most importantly, adopted the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law (henceforth the China ICH Law). In contrast, Hong Kong has not even completed its territory-wide survey until now for its first batch of inventory, not to mention setting up a safeguarding ICH policy. Hong Kong’s achievement in safeguarding ICH so far is inscribing Cantonese Opera onto The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (henceforth the UNESCO Representative List) with joint effort from Macao and Guangdong in 2009; inscribing Cantonese Opera and Chinese Herbal Tea onto the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List (henceforth the National ICH List) with joint effort from Macao and Guangdong in 2006. However, the first time Hong Kong successfully inscribe ICH elements onto the National ICH List with its own effort was in 2011, five years after its ICH safeguarding ICH work kicked off. Meanwhile, Hong Kong has paid a lot more effort in safeguarding Cantonese Opera. There have been research to preserve scripts and masterpieces; there is an advisory committee and a fund set up to dedicatedly support Cantonese Opera; new Cantonese Opera venues are developing by the Government; a programme developing young troupe for inheriting the skills from Cantonese Opera masters is set up. In this dissertation, I will study the safeguarding ICH progress made in UNESCO, China, Hong Kong and safeguarding Cantonese Opera progress in Hong Kong in terms of different safeguarding measures as defined by UNESCO. From the comparison between the safeguarding progress of Hong Kong on ICH and Cantonese Opera respectively, answers can be found to improve the safeguarding ICH situation in Hong Kong. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation