Freqüentemente as condutas terapêuticas utilizadas no tratamento de patologias bucais são cirúrgicas, resultando em falhas de continuidade da mucosa bucal. A possibilidade de obtenção de epitélios transplantáveis, a partir do cultivo in vitro de células da mucosa bucal, abre novas perspectivas de utilização, não se restringindo somente ao seu local de origem, ou seja, a boca, mas também como material de reconstrução para outras regiões, tais como: uretra, córnea, superfície ocular e epitélio córneo-limbal. Os métodos utilizados para a obtenção dessas células ainda são controversos na literatura. Neste sentido, avaliamos e comparamos a eficiência de dois métodos, enzimático e explante, para a obtenção de queratinócitos de mucosa bucal humana. Os fragmentos utilizados para a obtenção dessas células foram obtidos durante procedimentos cirúrgicos de pacientes voluntários saudáveis. Os queratinócitos foram cultivados sobre uma camada de sustentação, feeder-layer, confeccionada com fibroblastos murinos irradiados (3T3 - Swiss albino). Neste estudo foram comparados: o tempo para a obtenção dos queratinócitos, o rendimento obtido entre os dois métodos, a duração da vida útil em cultura, a capacidade que estas células tiveram em formar um epitélio in vitro e a morfologia dos mesmos. Os resultados obtidos, na avaliação dos dois métodos, comprovaram a possibilidade de obtenção dos queratinócitos, a partir de um pequeno fragmento bucal, porém pode-se verificar que existem vantagens e restrições peculiares a cada um dos métodos estudados. / The therapeutic procedures frequently used in oral treatments for the pathological diseases are surgical, resulting in failures of the mucosal continuity.The possibility to obtain transplantable oral epithelia from an in vitro cell culture opens new utilization perspectives not only to where it comes from, but also as a reconstructive matherial for other parts of the human body, such as: urethra, epithelia corneo-limbal, cornea, ocular surface. Many researchers still use controversial methods for obtaining cells. It was therefore evaluated and compared the efficiency in both methods: enzimatic and direct explant to obtain oral keratinocytes from human oral mucosa. Fragments of intra oral epithelial tissues from healthy human subjects, undergoing dental surgeries, were donated to the research project. The keratinocytes were cultivated over a feeder-layer from a previously irradiated 3T3 Swiss albino fibroblasts. In this study it was compared the time needed in the cell obtaintion, the best cell amount between both methods, the life-span, the cell capacity to form an in vitro epithelia and its morphologic structure. The results in the accessment of both methods have shown the possibility to obtain keratinocytes from a small oral fragment, but at the same time we may verify the advantages and peculiar restrictions for each one of both analyzed methods.

Freqüentemente as condutas terapêuticas utilizadas no tratamento de patologias bucais são cirúrgicas, resultando em falhas de continuidade da mucosa bucal. A possibilidade de obtenção de epitélios transplantáveis, a partir do cultivo in vitro de células da mucosa bucal, abre novas perspectivas de utilização, não se restringindo somente ao seu local de origem, ou seja, a boca, mas também como material de reconstrução para outras regiões, tais como: uretra, córnea, superfície ocular e epitélio córneo-limbal. Os métodos utilizados para a obtenção dessas células ainda são controversos na literatura. Neste sentido, avaliamos e comparamos a eficiência de dois métodos, enzimático e explante, para a obtenção de queratinócitos de mucosa bucal humana. Os fragmentos utilizados para a obtenção dessas células foram obtidos durante procedimentos cirúrgicos de pacientes voluntários saudáveis. Os queratinócitos foram cultivados sobre uma camada de sustentação, feeder-layer, confeccionada com fibroblastos murinos irradiados (3T3 - Swiss albino). Neste estudo foram comparados: o tempo para a obtenção dos queratinócitos, o rendimento obtido entre os dois métodos, a duração da vida útil em cultura, a capacidade que estas células tiveram em formar um epitélio in vitro e a morfologia dos mesmos. Os resultados obtidos, na avaliação dos dois métodos, comprovaram a possibilidade de obtenção dos queratinócitos, a partir de um pequeno fragmento bucal, porém pode-se verificar que existem vantagens e restrições peculiares a cada um dos métodos estudados. / The therapeutic procedures frequently used in oral treatments for the pathological diseases are surgical, resulting in failures of the mucosal continuity.The possibility to obtain transplantable oral epithelia from an in vitro cell culture opens new utilization perspectives not only to where it comes from, but also as a reconstructive matherial for other parts of the human body, such as: urethra, epithelia corneo-limbal, cornea, ocular surface. Many researchers still use controversial methods for obtaining cells. It was therefore evaluated and compared the efficiency in both methods: enzimatic and direct explant to obtain oral keratinocytes from human oral mucosa. Fragments of intra oral epithelial tissues from healthy human subjects, undergoing dental surgeries, were donated to the research project. The keratinocytes were cultivated over a feeder-layer from a previously irradiated 3T3 Swiss albino fibroblasts. In this study it was compared the time needed in the cell obtaintion, the best cell amount between both methods, the life-span, the cell capacity to form an in vitro epithelia and its morphologic structure. The results in the accessment of both methods have shown the possibility to obtain keratinocytes from a small oral fragment, but at the same time we may verify the advantages and peculiar restrictions for each one of both analyzed methods.

A fosfolipase A2 (PLA2) é considerada uma enzima chave no metabolismo de fosfolípides, principais constituintes das membranas celulares. Alterações da atividade da PLA2 têm sido descritas no cérebro e sangue (soro, plasma e plaquetas) de pacientes com diversas doenças neuropsiquiátricas e também em matrizes biológicas como tecido cerebral de ratos e cultura de células neuronais. A inibição da atividade da PLA2 em cultura primárias de neurônios corticais de rato resultou em neurotoxicidade, o que demonstra o papel da PLA2 em processos de sobrevivência e desenvolvimento neuronal. Neste estudo foi padronizado um ensaio radioenzimático para caracterização dos três principais subtipos da PLA2 em cultura primária de neurônios: PLA2 secretória dependente de cálcio (sPLA2), PLA2 citosólica dependente de cálcio (cPLA2) e PLA2 intracelular independente de cálcio (iPLA2). Para isso foram testadas variáveis críticas para a reação enzimática e com os resultados obtidos houve um aprimoramento do método empregado. Foi encontrada ainda, uma predominância do subtipo iPLA2 (71%) nas culturas de neurônios. Dessa forma, apresentamos um modelo in vitro para determinação da atividade dos subtipos de PLA2 que pode ser considerado uma ferramenta para compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos nas doenças neuropsiquiátricas, nas quais a PLA2 encontra-se alterada. Além disso, a partir de modelos laboratoriais baseados em estudos com culturas de células, poderão ser evidenciados os efeitos de diversas substâncias químicas novas ou de uso tradicional, como drogas de interesse psiquiátrico, sobre os neurônios. / The phospholipase (PLA2) is considered a key enzyme in the metabolism of phospholipids, which are the main constitutes of cellular membranes. Alterations in PLA2 activity have been reported in the brain and blood cells of psychiatric patients and also in biological matrixes like rat brain tissues and cultures of neuron cells. Inhibition of PLA2 activity in primary cultures of rat neurons resulted in neurotoxicity, which demonstrates the role of PLA2 in survival processes and neuronal development. In this study, a radioenzymatic assay was standardized to detect the activity of the three main groups of PLA2, which are the calcium dependent secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), the cytosolic calcium dependent PLA2 (cPLA2) and the intracellular calcium independent PLA2 (iPLA2), in the culture of neurons. Critical variables for the enzymatic assay were tested and from the results the method used was modified. Our findings demonstrate that there is a predominance of iPLA2 subtype (71%) in cultures of rat neurons. So therefore we present an in vitro model which aims to determine the main activity of PLA2 subtypes and can be considered an investigative tool for comprehending the mechanisms involved in neuropsychiatric disorders that show alterations in PLA2 activity. Furthermore, the effects of new chemical and traditional substances, such as the drugs used in psychiatric treatments, can be evidenced in the neurons by the use of laboratorial models based on studies of neuron cultures.

Um dos principais problemas em Periodontia refere-se à redução microbiana subgengival e tornar a superfície radicular biocompatível, a qual pode ser realizada por raspagem e alisamento radicular, tratamentos químicos, laser em alta intensidade ou terapia fotodinâmica. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi de comparar os efeitos de raízes humanas tratadas por diferentes técnicas como terapia fotodinâmica, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, raspagem e alisamento radicular e ácido cítrico + tetraciclina, na proliferação de fibroblastos gengivais (FGH) e células de granulação óssea (GO) humanos. Para tal, foram preparados 45 fragmentos radiculares de 25 dentes extraídos por razões periodontais e que foram divididos em 6 grupos: controle com células (CC), controle com fragmento raspado (CD), laser de Er:YAG (ER - 60mJ, 10pps, varredura, distância focal 12mm, 10Hz, 10s, 2940nm), laser de Nd:YAG (ND - 0,5W, contato, 15Hz, 10s, 1640nm), terapia fotodinâmica (PDT - laser de InGaAIP - 30mW, distância focal &#x2264;1mm, 45J/cm2, 30s, 660nm + azul de toluidina O), e ácido cítrico com tetraciclina (AC). As células foram cultivadas em meio DMEM com 10% de soro fetal bovino, 1% de solução antibiótica e 0,5% de anfotericina B. Foram plaqueadas 2 x 103 células, na sexta passagem, em placas de 96 poços. Após 24h o meio foi substituído por meio condicionado pelos fragmentos tratados, com exceção do grupo controle de células (CC), que recebeu meio convencional. A viabilidade celular foi medida através do teste do MTT nos períodos de 24, 48, 72 e 96h. Os dados em forma de densidade óptica e porcentagem de crescimento foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA a três critérios complementado pelo teste de Tukey a um nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Não houve diferenças entre os grupos controle CC e CD (p>0,05). Para as células FGH em relação ao controle, houve maior estímulo após 48 e 72h no grupo PDT, após 72h no grupo ND, e após72 e 96h no grupo AC (p<0,05). Para as células GO, em relação ao controle, houve maior crescimento apenas no período de 72h para o grupo ND (p<0,05). Ao comparar os grupos experimentais e ambos os tipos celulares, após transformação em porcentagem de crescimento, houve diferença estatisticamente significante para o grupo ER nos períodos de 72 e 96h para as células FGH (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que todos os tratamentos, com exceção da raspagem e alisamento radicular, estimularam a proliferação de fibroblastos gengivais humanos e somente o tratamento com Nd:YAG estimulou a proliferação de células de granulação óssea humana. / One of the main problems in Periodontics is how to eliminate the subgingival bacteria and to convert the root surface in a biocompatible environment. These results can be achieved by scaling and root planning, chemical treatment, high energy lasers or photodynamic therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of human root fragments treated by different techniques as photodynamic therapy, Er:YAG, Nd:YAG, scaling and root planning and citric acid plus tetracycline on proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human osseous granulation cells (OG). Forty-five root fragments from 25 human teeth extracted by periodontal indication were divided in six groups: control with cells (CC), scaled fragment control (SC), Er:YAG laser (ER - 60mJ, 10pps, scanning, focal distance 12mm, 10Hz, 10s, 2940nm), Nd:YAG laser (ND 0.5W, contact, 15Hz, 10s, 1640nm), fhotodynamic therapy (PDT InGaAIP, 30mW, 45J/cm2,30s, 660nm, toluidine blue O), citric acid plus tetracycline (CA). The cells were grown in DMEM medium with 10% of bovine fetal serum, 1% of antibiotic solution and 0.5% amphotericin B. In 96-weIl plates 2 x 103 cells in the sixth passage were plated. After 24h the medium was replaced by medium conditioned by the treated fragments with exception of cell control group (CC) which received regular medium. Cell viability was measured by MTT test at 24, 48, 72 and 96h. Data was described in optic density and percentage of growth and was analyzed by ANOVA test complemented by Tukeys test at a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). There was no statistical differences between control groups CC and SC (p>0.05). For HGF cells in relation to control, there was a higher growth after 48h and 72h at PDT group, after 72h at ND group, after 72h and 96h at CA group (p<0.05). For OG cells in relation to control, there was a higher growth only at 72h-period at ND group (p<0.05). After transformation in percentage of growth and comparison among experimental groups and both cell types, there was a statistical significant difference at ER group at 72h and 96h-period (p<0.05). It was concluded that all treatments but scaling and root planning stimulated the proliferation of human gingival fibroblasts and only the Nd:YAG treatment stimulated the proliferation of human osseous granulation cells.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-07-31T17:39:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Daniela Huller.pdf: 7341256 bytes, checksum: bc3fb4b0384732e16979ef2cc0bd4ae3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T17:39:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Daniela Huller.pdf: 7341256 bytes, checksum: bc3fb4b0384732e16979ef2cc0bd4ae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A utilização do ouro na forma nanoparticulada vem sendo uma forma promissora alternativa para o tratamento de condições inflamatórias. Devido as suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias se justifica a possibilidade do emprego das nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) no tratamento de inflamações pulpares. Entretanto, para utilização na Odontologia, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito real das AuNPs sobre a polpa dental e seus componentes celulares. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: caracterizar as nanopartículas de ouro sintetizadas, avaliar seu potencial citotóxico, atividade antimicrobiana e anti-inflamatória. Para a caracterização, foram realizados testes de espectroscopia de absorção no ultravioleta-visível (UV–VIS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (FEG–SEM) e potencial Zeta. O potencial citotóxico foi avaliado em cultura de células indiferenciadas da polpa dental humana. Os grupos experimentais avaliados foram: nanopartículas de ouro reduzidas com citrato de sódio (Au@CS); nanopartículas de ouro revestidas com polivinilpirrolidona (Au@CS+PVP), ambas em diferentes concentrações (100; 50; 25; 12,5; 6,25 e 3,12 μg/mL); citrato de sódio (agente redutor e surfactante) e PVP (agente estabilizante). Para avaliar o potencial citotóxico, foram analisados parâmetros de viabilidade, morfologia e potencial de reparo celular. A capacidade antimicrobiana foi analisada através dos testes de difusão em ágar e microdiluição. O potencial anti-inflamatório foi avaliado através do efeito das AuNPs na liberação de mediadores inflamatórios (TNF-α) em macrófagos. Os dados para as variáveis quantitativas paramétricas foram analisados usando a análise de variância de uma via (ANOVA), e aplicado pós-teste de Tukey. Os dados quantitativos não paramétricos e qualitativos ordinais foram analisados usando a análise de Kruskal-Wallis com pós teste de Dunn. Significância estatística foi estabelecida em p<0,05. Os resultados mostraram que as dispersões coloidais de nanopartículas sintetizadas possuem formato esférico, diâmetro médio aproximado de 20 nm e são altamente estáveis. Os grupos Au@CS e Au@CS+PVP, nas concentrações analisadas, não apresentaram potencial citotóxico para as células indiferenciadas da polpa dental humana, sem redução da viabilidade celular e alteração morfológica para os períodos analisados. As nanopartículas não interferiram na proliferação e migração celular, mas apresentaram aumento na quantidade de proteínas para as menores concentrações de Au@CS+PVP. As nanopartículas de ouro nas concentrações testadas não apresentaram halos de inibição ou redução do crescimento microbiano de maneira expressiva. As Au@CS demonstraram potencial anti-inflamatório em sua maior concentração avaliada (100 μg/mL) e as Au@CS+PVP nas duas maiores concentrações (50 e 100 μg/mL). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, nas condições experimentais do trabalho aqui apresentado, as Au@CS e Au@CS+PVP não foram citotóxicas e apresentam potencial anti-inflamatório discreto. As Au@CS não apresentam potencial antimicrobiano. / The use of gold in nanoparticulate form has been an promising alternative way to treat inflammatory conditions. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, the possibility of the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the treatment of pulpal inflammation is justified. However, for use in dentistry, little is known about the actual effect of AuNPs on dental pulp and its cellular components. The objectives of this study were: to characterize the synthesized gold nanoparticles, to evaluate their cytotoxic potential, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity. For the characterization, were performed ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (FEG–SEM) and Zeta potential. The cytotoxic potential was evaluated in culture of undifferentiated cells of the human dental pulp. The experimental groups evaluated were: gold nanoparticles reduced with sodium citrate (Au@CS); gold nanoparticles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (Au@CS+PVP), both at different concentrations (100; 50; 25; 12,5; 6,25 and 3,12 μg/mL); sodium citrate (reducing agent and surfactant) and PVP (stabilizing agent). To evaluate the cytotoxic potential, parameters of viability, morphology and cell repair potential were analyzed. The antimicrobial capacity was analyzed through agar diffusion test and microdilution. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated through the effect of AuNPs on the release of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α) in macrophages. Data for the parametric quantitative variables were analyzed using one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-test. Non-parametric quantitative data and ordinal qualitative data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis analysis with Dunn's post-test. Statistical significance was set at p<0,05. The results showed that the colloidal dispersions of synthesized nanoparticles have a spherical shape, average diameter of approximately 20 nm and are highly stable. The groups Au@CS and Au@CS+PVP, in the evaluated concentrations, showed no cytotoxic potential for the undifferentiated cells of the human dental pulp, with no reduction of cell viability and morphological alteration for the analyzed periods. The nanoparticles did not interfere in cell proliferation and migration, but showed an increase in the amount of proteins for the lowest concentrations of Au@CS+PVP. Nanoparticles of gold at the concentrations evaluated did not present halos of inhibition or reduction of microbial growth in an expressive way. Au@CS showed anti-inflammatory potential at its highest concentration (100 μg/mL) and Au@CS+PVP at the two highest concentrations (50 and 100 μg/mL). The results suggest that, in the experimental conditions of the study presented here, Au@CS and Au@CS+PVP were not cytotoxic and have a discrete anti-inflammatory potential. Au@CS did not present antimicrobial potential.

Fong Shu Pan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-167). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / LIST OF PUBLICATIONS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ABSTRACT [IN CHINESE] --- p.vii / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.ix / LISTS OF FIGURES --- p.xv / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xxi / LIST OF ABBREVATIONS --- p.xxii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Embryonic stem (ES) cells --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Stem cell plasticity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Differentiation and trans-differentiation of lineage-restricted stem cells --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Multilineage differentiation in-vitro --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Trans-differentiation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Prospective applications of stem cells --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Basic research on development --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Study of human disease --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Cancer research --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Drug screening --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2.5 --- Cell therapy --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Neuro-degenerative diseases and cell therapy --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Neuro-degenerative diseases --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Neuro-regeneration --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Cell sources for neuro-regenerative therapy --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Comparison of stem cells --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Stem cells in neuro-regenerative therapy --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- In-vitro derivation into neural lineage --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- In-vitro induction strategies available --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Chemical agents --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1.1.1 --- Retinoic acid (RA) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1.1.2 --- Ascorbic acid --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Growth factors/cytokines --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1.2.1 --- Neurotrophins --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1.2.2 --- Stimulants --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1.2.3 --- Signalling molecules --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Culture Selection --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.3.1 --- Conditions --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.3.2 --- Medium --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.1.4 --- Transfection of regulator genes using viral vector --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4.1.5 --- Stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA) --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Aims --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Hypothesis and study objectives --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Soliciting an optimal method for ES cell propagation --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Pursuing alternative SDIA --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Chemicals and Reagents --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Immunohistochemistry and staining --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Molecular Biology --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2 --- Consumable --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Cell lines --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Feeder cells --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- STO --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- L Cells --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.1.4 --- L-Wnt-3A Cells --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.1.5 --- C17.2 --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- ES cells --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- ES-D3 --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- ES-E14TG2a --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- In-house prepared solutions --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- "Stock solution of Insulin, Transferrin, Selentine (ITS) Supplement" --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Enriched Knock-Out Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (KO DMEM) --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Mitomycin C solution --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Gelatin solution 0.1% --- p.42 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- p-mercaptoethanol solution --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- (3-mercaptoethanol solution 0.1M --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- P-mercaptoethanol solution 0.1M --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- p-mercaptoethanol solution 0.1M for preparation of culture medium --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- ALL-trans retinoic acid --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.6.1 --- ALL-trans retinoic acid stock solution 0.01M --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.6.2 --- ALL-trans retinoic acid working solution lμM --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.7 --- Paraformaldehyde solution 4% (PFA) --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.8 --- TritoxX-100 solution --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.8.1 --- Tritox X-100 solution 3% --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.8.2 --- Tritox X-100 solution 0.3% --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.9 --- Popidium iodide solution lug/mL (PI) --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4.10 --- Geneticin solution --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.10.1 --- Geneticin solution 50mg/mL --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.10.2 --- Geneticin solution 5mg/mL --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.11 --- Poly-L-ornithine solution --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.12 --- Laminin solution --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.13 --- Maintenance medium for cell feeders --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.14 --- Mitomycin C inactivation medium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.15 --- Freezing medium --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.16 --- Propagation medium for ES cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.16.1 --- Serum-based propagation medium for ES cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.16.2 --- Serum-free propagation medium for ES cells --- p.47 / Chapter 3.4.16.3 --- Serum-free induction medium for ES cells --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.16.3.1 --- Serum-free induction medium 1 --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.16.3.2 --- Serum-free induction medium II --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.16.3.3 --- Serum-free induction medium III --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Equipments --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Methods --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Cell Culture --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6.1.1 --- Preparation of round cover-slips --- p.50 / Chapter 3.6.1.2 --- Gelatinization of tissue culture wares --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1.3 --- Poly-L-ornithine and laminin coating --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1.4 --- Thawing frozen cells --- p.51 / Chapter 3.6.1.5 --- Passage of adherent culture --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6.1.6 --- Cell count --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6.1.7 --- Cytospin --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.1.8 --- Cell viability test --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.1.9 --- Cryopreservation --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6.1.10 --- Preparation of primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (PMEF) --- p.54 / Chapter 3.6.1.11 --- Mitomycin C inactivation of feeder cells --- p.55 / Chapter 3.6.1.12 --- Gamma irradiation of various feeders --- p.55 / Chapter 3.6.1.13 --- Preparation of CM from feeder cells --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6.1.14 --- Propagation of ES cells in serum-based medium --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6.1.15 --- Propagation of ES cell in serum-free medium --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6.1.16 --- Neural differentiation using all-trans retinoic acid --- p.57 / Chapter 3.6.1.17 --- Stromal cells-derived inducing activity --- p.58 / Chapter 3.6.1.18 --- BrdU labeling of the cell products --- p.59 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Molecular analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- RNA extraction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- RNA quantitation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6.2.3 --- Reverse Transcription of the First Strand complementary DNA --- p.61 / Chapter 3.6.2.4 --- Polymerase chain reaction --- p.61 / Chapter 3.6.2.5 --- RNA Integrity Check --- p.66 / Chapter 3.6.2.6 --- Electrophoresis and visualization of gene products --- p.66 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Immunofluoresent staining --- p.66 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- In-vivo studies --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.4.1 --- Induction of cerebral ischaemia in mice --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.4.2 --- Transplantation --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.4.3 --- Assessment of learning ability and memory --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Histological analysis --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.5.1 --- Animal sacrifice for brain harvest --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.5.2 --- Cryosectioning --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.5.3 --- Paraffin sectioning --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.5.4 --- Haematoxylin and eosin staining --- p.72 / Chapter 3.7 --- Data analysis --- p.73 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- ES cell maintenance --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Serum effect --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Feeder effect --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Serum-free and feeder-free condition --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Overall effect --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- ES cell Induction --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Retinoic acid --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Stromal cell-derived inducing activity --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Molecular characterization of candidate stromal cells --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Direct contact co-culture --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Non-contact co-culture --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Cultures in CM --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3. --- ES cell Differentiation --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4 --- In vivo study of ES cell-derived cell products --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Animal preparation --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cell preparation --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Cell implantation --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Behaviour Monitoring --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Histology of cell-implanted brain --- p.125 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.129 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.144 / References --- p.147

INTRODUÇÃO: As alterações cromossômicas são a primeira suspeita etiológica em indivíduos com múltiplas anomalias congênitas, atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou deficiência cognitiva. Verifica-se que em alguns pacientes esse fenótipo está associado a alterações pigmentares como as manchas cutâneas. Porém, nem sempre o resultado do cariótipo em sangue periférico para esses pacientes revela alterações cromossômicas. Dessa forma, a análise cromossômica de outro tecido, como a cultura e cariotipagem dos fibroblastos da pele, torna-se importante para verificar a ocorrência de mosaicismo oculto que poderia explicar o fenótipo clínico. OBJETIVOS: Padronizar e implantar um protocolo para cultura de fibroblastos de pele humana, oriunda de manchas cutâneas de pacientes com atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou malformações. Estabelecer o método de cariotipagem molecular de fibroblastos em tecido epitelial e realizar a correlação com o fenótipo. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram provenientes do ambulatório de Genética do Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICR-HCFMUSP). Foram realizados cariótipos de fibroblastos de pele de 15 pacientes com cariótipo de sangue periférico normal, portadores de manchas cutâneas associadas ao atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou malformações. A análise citogenética dos fibroblastos foi feita a partir de biópsia cutânea das manchas, seguida dos seguintes procedimentos: cultura de fibroblastos, processamento, cariotipagem por bandamento G e análise citogenética molecular. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 15 casos estudados, 8 apresentaram isocromosomo de 12p (síndrome de Pallister-Killian), 1 apresentou um mosaicismo sexual atípico e os outros 6 apresentaram resultado normal. CONCLUSÃO: A análise cromossômica de fibroblastos foi imprescindível para o diagnóstico de pacientes com manchas cutâneas associadas à múltiplas anomalias congênitas, atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor e/ou deficiência cognitiva. A abordagem diagnóstica adequada é fundamental para conduzir o tratamento de forma apropriada e para definir o prognóstico desses pacientes, sendo também imprescindível para a realização do aconselhamento genético / INTRODUCTION: Chromosomal aberrations are the first suspected etiology in individuals with multiple congenital anomalies, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability. This phenotype is sometimes associated with pigmentary skin anomalies. However, in some cases the peripheral blood cells karyotype is normal. Therefore, the cytogenetic analysis of other tissues such as culture and karyotyping of skin fibroblasts is important to verify the occurrence of cryptic mosaicism that may explain the clinical phenotype. OBJECTIVES: To standardize and set a protocol for culture of human skin fibroblasts. To perform molecular karyotyping of fibroblasts and establish the correlation with phenotype. METHODS: Patients were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Genetics Unit of Instituto da Criança do Hospital das Clínicas d Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (ICR-HCFMUSP). The karyotypes of skin fibroblasts were performed in 15 patients with normal blood karyotype, presenting with pigmentary skin anomalies associated with developmental delay and/or malformations. The cytogenetic analysis of fibroblasts was made from skin biopsy of the spots, followed by fibroblast culture, processing, karyotyping by G-banding analysis and molecular cytogenetics. RESULTS: Among the 15 cases studied, 8 showed isochromosome 12p (Pallister-Killian syndrome), 1 had atypical sexual mosaicism and the other 6 had normal results. CONCLUSION: The cytogenetic analysis of skin fibroblasts is crucial for the diagnosis of patients with pigmentary skin anomalies associated with developmental delay and/or malformations. The proper diagnosis is fundamental for the appropriate treatment, to define prognosis for these patients and essential for the genetic counselling

Ph.D.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-142). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-154).