In this thesis I provide an interpretation of Aristotle’s account of moral vice and argue (1) that Aristotle's account is consistent, and (2) that Aristotle is not committed to the view that all vicious agents are incapable of improving their characters. The main argument attempts to show that a proper interpretation of Aristotle's account of vice must observe a distinction between what Aristotle recognizes as two distinct sorts of vicious agents: those who are capable of change, and those who are not. I argue that this distinction amounts to the same thing as what I call the distinction between curably and incurably vicious agents. Recognizing this distinction and drawing out the ideas which ground it, I argue, shows that Aristotle's account of vice is consistent, and that he is not committed to the view that all vicious agents are incapable of improving their characters.

Computer-aided design and simulation software are used in this thesis. AutoCAD is used to create pattern and mask; Pro/E is applied to build 3D model. TracePro software is used to simulate the optical performance. We use software for simulation and analysis. The data from simulation and analysis will be helpful to increase the strike-rate in process. Photolithography process is applied in this thesis for gapless crack polygonal lens array fabrication. In this process, photo resistance, AZ-4620 is spun on the substrate, and expose it after mask alignment, followed by the developing process. The cylinder column with the same size in diameter is formed after this process. Next, apply heat to photo resist. The cylinder structure becomes semi-sphere due to surface tension effect. Then, sputter silver layer on the semi-sphere. The semi-sphere becomes metal mold after nickel electroforming. Nickel alloy core is formed after electroplaing. Then, apply UV cuve resin on the nickel alloy core, and spinning out the extra UV glue. Then, cure it with UV light. Gapless crack polygonal lens array is completed after this series process. The result shows that it can be applied on different optical devices.

Macromonomers bearing oligomerizable C=C functionality have been prepared by the nucleophilic displacement of allylic bromide functionality on brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR). Whereas commercial grades of isobutylene-rich elastomers do not cure under the action of peroxides, these materials undergo simultaneous cross-linking and degradation when activated by radical initiators, with the competitive balance dictated by the reactivity of the oligomerizable group. Vinyl benzoate, vinyl imidazolium, and acrylate functionalities cure rapidly to high cross-link density whereas the maleimide graft is too reactive and unstable for any utility. Methacrylate and itaconate macromonomers cure to moderate extent while maleate esters and unactivated terminally unsaturated groups are unable to significantly counteract the degradation mechanism and do not afford any appreciable cross-link density to BIIR. The most reactive macromonomers display the potential for scorch, an effect that is efficiently mitigated with the introduction of (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) to quench free radical cure activity. Furthermore, an acrylated adduct, AOTEMPO, is able to recover more of the cross-link density that would otherwise be lost to irreversible free radical coupling. These nitroxyls display longer than expected induction times, likely due to the catalytic nature of TEMPO when alkoxyamine decomposition is significant. A suite of elastomeric ionomers bearing N-functional imidazolium bromide functionality have been prepared in order to investigate the N-alkylation dynamics with brominated poly(isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene) (BIMS) as well as the subsequent peroxide cure activity of the reactive ionomer. A functional imidazole bearing a methacrylate group displayed moderate alkylation rate and good cure activity whereas a 4-vinylbenzyl analogue provides fast alkylation at the expense of storage stability. N-Allylimidazole is rapidly alkylated by BIMS in both solution and solvent free processes and the resulting ionomer displays unique cure dynamics. This phenomenon is investigated by model compound polymerization and is likely due to the unique free radical reactivity of allyl imidazolium moieties. The cross-linked ionomer displays many of the beneficial physical properties associated with a hybrid ionic/covalent network including good resistance to stress relaxation and thermal stability. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-01-29 17:09:42.428

Möjligheten att syntetisera UV-härdande bindemedel från enbart förnyelsebara startmaterial (syra A och alkohol A) eller från kombinationer av dessa med konventionella monomerer (syra B, C och D; alkohol B, C, D, E samt cyklisk ester A) utvärderades. Effekten av två katalysatorer, tenn(II)oktanoat och butyltenn, på direkt förestring och på ringöppning utvärderades. Totalt framställdes 22 polyestrar som analyserades med avseende på syratal, medelmolekylvikt (SEC), kulörindex (Gardner), och strukturell sammansättning (NMR). Bindemedlen formulerades med UV-initiator och härdades med UV-ljus. De torra filmerna utvärderades med avseende på hårdhet (pendelhårdhet), flexibilitet och kemisk resistens.   Det var möjligt att framställa polyestrar baserade på ovan nämnda monomerer. Några monomer gav bäst egenskaper med avseende på pendelhårdhet och flexibilitet medan andra byggstenar resulterade i bättre kemisk resistens.

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Wood composites are widely used in construction applications because of their superior dimensional and structural attributes over raw wood products. However, current wood composite manufacturing practices, which rely on thermal-curing of adhesives, are expensive, energy intensive, time consuming and are prone to manufacturing defects. Use of radiation curable adhesives (RCAs) could potentially answer all of these issues. Specifically, use of electron-beam (e-beam) radiation has been increasing in areas of research and industry where rapid, low-temperature polymerization is required and low energy consumption is desired. For e-beams to be used in wood composites, however, it must be determined whether or not the wood is structurally impacted by irradiation, and to what extent. Maple beams irradiated with a range of e-beam dosages were studied in three-point bend tests to assess the changes in bulk properties of the wood, and were further studied with infrared spectroscopy to identify chemical changes resulting from the radiation treatments. Also, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed on maple veneers treated with the same doses of radiation to characterize changes in the viscoelastic properties. Furthermore, while RCAs and their curing have been studied, it is important to understand if the presence of wood will impede the polymerization of these adhesives, and to what extent. Maple veneers impregnated with one of two resins were cured with the same e-beam dosages and investigated by means of DMA and FTIR spectroscopy. Swelling tests were conducted to detect interaction between the resins and the wood, which would indicate good interfacial bonding in the composite matrix. Notable loss of strength was observed in the irradiated wood, especially at 180kGy. Monitoring the glass transition temperature (Tg) and activation energy (Ea) derived from DMA revealed that the most destructive trends in the wood began around 80kGy. Cure of resins in the composites was hindered by the presence of the wood, but both resins did eventually reach complete cure at doses higher than what the neat resins required. Interaction between the resins and the wood was evident. In the end, results indicate that there is a range of radiation dosages in which the resin in a wood composite can be cured without destroying the structural integrity of the wood.

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Magnetic components such as inductors and transformers are generally the largest circuit elements in switch-mode power systems for controlling and processing electrical energy. To meet the demands of higher conversion efficiency and power density, there is a growing need to simplify the process of fabricating magnetics for better integration with other power electronics components. The potential benefits of additive manufacturing (AM), or more commonly known as three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, include shorter lead times, mass customization, reduced parts count, more complex shapes, less material waste, and lower life-cycle energy usage—all of which are needed for manufacturing power magnetics. In this work, an AM technology for fabricating and integrating magnetic components, including the design of manufacturing methodology and the development of the feedstock material, was investigated. A process flow chart of additive manufacturing functional multi-material parts was developed and applied for the fabrication of magnetic components. One of the barriers preventing the application of 3D-printing in power magnetics manufacturing is the lack of compatible and efficient magnetic materials for the printer's feedstock. In this work, several magnetic-filled-benzocyclobutene (BCB) pastes curable below 250 degree C were formulated for a commercial multi-material extrusion-based 3D-printer to form the core part. Two magnetic fillers were used: round-shaped particles of permalloy, and flake-shaped particles of Metglas 2750M. To guide the formulation, 3D finite-element models of the composite, consisting of periodic unit cells of magnetic particles and flakes in the polymer-matrix, was constructed. Ansoft Maxwell was used to simulate magnetic properties of the composite. Based on the simulation results, the pastes consisted of 10 wt% of BCB and 90 wt% of magnetic fillers—the latter containing varying amounts of Metglas from 0 to 12.5 wt%. All the pastes displayed shear thinning behavior and were shown to be compatible with the AM platform. However, the viscoelastic behavior of the pastes did not exhibit solid-like behavior, instead requiring layer-by-layer drying to form a thick structure during printing. The key properties of the cured magnetic pastes were characterized. For example, bulk DC electrical resistivity approached 107 Ω⋅cm, and the relative permeability increased with Metglas addition, reaching a value of 26 at 12.5 wt%. However, the core loss data at 1 MHz and 5 MHz showed that the addition of Metglas flakes also increased core loss density. To demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating magnetic components via 3D-printing, several inductors of differing structural complexities (planar, toroid, and constant-flux inductors) were designed. An AM process for fabricating magnetic components by using as-prepared magnetic paste and a commercial nanosilver paste was developed and optimized. The properties of as-fabricated magnetic components, including inductance and DC winding resistance, were characterized to prove the feasibility of fabricating magnetic components via 3D-printing. The microstructures of the 3D-printed magnetic components were characterized by Scanning-electron-microscope (SEM). Results indicate that both the winding and core magnetic properties could be improved by adjusting the formulation and flow characteristics of the feed paste, by fine-tuning printer parameters (e.g., motor speed, extrusion rate, and nozzle size), and by updating the curing profile in the post-process. The main contributions of this study are listed below: 1. Developed a process flow chart for additive manufacturing of functional multi-material components. This methodology can be used as a general reference in any other research area targeting the utilization of AM technology. 2. Designed, formulated and characterized low-temperature curable magnetic pastes. The pastes are physically compatible with the additive manufacturing platform and have applications in the area of power electronics integration. 3. Provided an enhanced understanding of the core-loss mechanisms of soft magnetic materials and soft magnetic composites at high frequency applications. / Ph. D.