The Ministry of Education in Malawi introduced Life skills Education program with the intention to empower children with appropriate information and skills to deal with social and health problems affecting the nation including the fight against HIV infections. This study investigates factors affecting the implementation of the Life skills programme in four schools in the Zomba District, Malawi. A curriculum is not implemented within a contextual vacuum. I draw on Cornbleth‟s (1990) notions of the structural and social contexts to study the contexts of the school organisation, classroom environment and social-economic-political context in which the curriculum is implemented. Within this framework, I use Whitaker‟s(1993) identification of key role players in curriculum implementation, to consider the specific ways in which teachers, learners, principals, district officials and the community affect the implementation of this curriculum within the schools I chose to study. Findings suggest that the implementation of Life skills is constrained by a variety of social and structural contextual factors. Some of the crucial factors hampering the teaching of Life skills are the poor conditions under which teachers are working. Teachers are paid very little salaries and this affects their motivation to teaching making some of these teachers giving most attention to what they perceive as priority subjects only such as Maths and Languages at the expense of Life skills. The cascade model of training leaves the responsibility of training Life skills teachers to school principals who are not subject specialists. This adds to their already highly pressured roles in terms of managing their schools, resources and learners. The training of teachers in life skills curriculum involves two days of training. This short duration of the training is not sufficient to develop understanding of content and empower teachers to mediate sensitive topics with 3 confidence. This model of training also undermines professional responsibility of each teacher to empower themselves to become subject experts in the subjects they teach. The inaccessible language used within the Teachers‟ Guide contributes to the omission of areas of the curriculum by teachers who struggle to understand and teach certain topics. The case study shows that hunger experienced by learners affects their concentration in class and leads to frequent absences. It has been found that the Life skills curriculum is not supported by all sectors of the community. Certain teachers and their principals found a clash between rural communities‟ cultural beliefs and the Life skills programme. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS affects both the teachers of Life skills and their learners resulting in teachers feeling uncomfortable and reluctant to teach that which affect them and their learners. Some teachers believe that it is inappropriate to teach sexual matters to children of this age. This results in the teachers omitting the very issues that the Life skills curriculum has sought to address. Given these issues, the research finds significant challenges facing the implementation of the Life skills curriculum in Malawi and based on the findings, recommendations are made for improvement of the implementation of the Life skills program.

This qualitative, exploratory study aims to understand how grade three educators in Limpopo, South Africa, approach the curriculum implementation. The study recognizes the National Curriculum Statements (NCS) as the core curriculum guideline for basic education in South Africa and that the Curriculum and Assessment Policy (CAPS) offers practical implementation guidelines and directives to the NCS. Triangulated data collection techniques, involving interviews, classroom observations and document analysis, were employed to gather information. In an effort to understand the daily realities educators experience in their implementation of curriculum changes, Rogan and Grayson?s (2003) theory of curriculum implementation was applied to nine case studies. The Atlas.ti software package was used to analyse data. The analysis of data revealed that inconsistencies existed between the optimistic? view of the Department of Education to improve curriculum implementation despite continuously changing the curriculum, and the pessimistic? scenario where educators consistently speak of obstacles to curriculum implementation. The main findings of the study show that CAPS implementation is hampered by inadequate training of teachers, poor understanding of curriculum reforms, poor involvement of educators in the curriculum development processes, poor resources and work overload. The study argues for the necessity to stabilize curriculum changes given the associated implementation challenges of policy overload within the South African education system. The study further shows that in the highly politicized education context of South Africa, curriculum implementation takes a back seat to institutional political machinations. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Education Management and Policy Studies / MEd / Unrestricted

Sexual health education (SHE) in Canadian schools is a controversial subject. Thirty years have passed since the government mandated that SHE be taught in Canadian schools, yet the subject still struggles to secure its place in education as curriculum design remains stagnated. In British Columbia, the 2016 - 2018 curriculum update relocated health topics, specifically SHE, to physical education (PE), the subject now known as physical and health education (PHE). To date, little research is available on the implementation of SHE curriculum within Canadian schools. This qualitative case study examined how major stakeholders (district, administration, and teachers) are implementing SHE in one school district within British Columbia. Data collection methods included interviews with district staff, administrative staff and teachers as well as district documentation analysis. Data were analyzed using content comparison. Three resulting themes explicated how the school district utilized components of a top-down implementation approach, identified deficiencies in the sustainability of SHE and factors that supported and hindered the implementation of SHE. Comments from all three stakeholders highlighted the value of SHE delivery in schools but where and how to best intergrade this topic remains unclear. / Graduate

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master Of Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instructional Studies at the University Of Zululand, 2017 / This study was influenced by the persistently poor performance of learners in Accounting in the uThungulu district. The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education has revealed that in 2012 the poor performance in most districts was caused by teachers’ poor knowledge of the content in the subject of Accounting. The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Education has also revealed that the challenge of curriculum implementation is caused by the use of an unclear methodology. The main purpose of this study was to identify strategies that would improve the implementation of the Accounting curriculum to provide effective approaches for quality education. This study briefly aimed at (a) determining the level of teachers’ command of the content knowledge in teaching Accounting; (b) establishing whether teachers are equipped with appropriate teaching approaches to teach Accounting; and (c) identifying challenges experienced by the Accounting teachers’ in teaching the subject in the uThungulu district. This study provided new ideas to all role players in the implementation of the Accounting curriculum on how they can use approaches in curriculum implementation to improve learners’ academic performance. It also provided insight into shortcomings that might be a challenge in implementing the Accounting curriculum. Various items in the literature were reviewed to give depth to the study. The methods of the case study were used, and twelve teachers were interviewed and observed in the classroom from four circuits under one circuit management. The analysis of data from both structured interviews and observations was separately presented. Three themes, with subthemes, were formulated from both structured interviews and observations. The following are some of the recommendation that arose from this study: The Department of Basic Education must work in collaboration with the Department of Higher Education to sharpen teachers’ content knowledge; qualified trainers must be used to train teachers on teaching strategies; the Department of Basic Education must work with the Department of Higher Education and accounting professional bodies to develop a handbook on teaching strategies which may help in teaching accounting at high school; The matric Accounting paper must be divided into two; and the Department of Basic Education must review the curriculum content, hours for teaching EMS, and all other challenges on teaching and learning EMS.

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This exploratory case study investigated the ways non-Aboriginal teachers of Biology conceive of incorporating Aboriginal perspectives into their delivery of the Biology curriculum in Alberta. The participants in this study were non-Aboriginal Biology teachers teaching in schools with predominantly non-Aboriginal students. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each of the teacher participants and explored issues and challenges that they face infusing Aboriginal contexts into their teaching. The qualitative data generated were coded using themes developed from a conceptual framework for curriculum implementation. The majority of the teachers saw value in incorporating Aboriginal perspectives but shared concerns due to: unclear definitions of Aboriginal and Aboriginal perspectives; an inadequate knowledge base; and lack of material resources and professional development opportunities. Recommendations to help non-Aboriginal teachers include: better access to and targeted professional development and resources; greater clarification on the definitions of Aboriginal and Aboriginal perspectives; and greater amounts of administrative and governmental support.

In the past ten years the emergence of studies in the area of effective schools has focused a good deal of attention on the role adopted by principals in the process of change. Few can deny the importance of this role in the development and implementation of new/changing curriculum statements. This is especially noticeable in schools that are part of a large 'centralised' system. This study is concerned with the role adopted by four principals in schools in Wollongong N.S.W. where a new syllabus in Writing K-6 was being implemented. It examined the implementation activities used and then focused specifically on the role adopted by the principal in that process.1 To enable the success or otherwise of the implementation activities to be identified, the C-BAM techniques developed by Hall, Hord et al were modified and used. The role adopted by each of the four principals was then considered in an effort to identify the contribution it made to the implementation activities. The findings suggest that the principal does play a significant role in Curriculum Implementation and that he/she needs additional skills and understandings to enable the process used to be successful. It is recommended that the C-BAM techniques would be one useful tool that principals could use.

After the researcher listened to the voices of curriculum, texts and teachers, who found that language fields of mandarin in primary school was generally ignored the teaching of 'listen and speak'. And also, very few relevant researches can be found. Therefore, second grade pupils of primary school, taught by the researcher, were selected as the collective subjects of the study. Based on the example of ¡¥Talking Carnival¡¦ (the material complied by the researcher), to proceed with 21 sections of ¡¥Listen and Talking Courses¡¦. Furthermore, via the mode of action research, to probe into the following three directions and degree actively is the main purpose of this research: 1.To probe into the relevant and essential factors of ¡¥Listen and Talking Courses¡¦ teaching design. 2.To interpret the process of curriculum implementation and reflective revision of ¡¥Listen and Taking Courses¡¦. 3.To evaluate the study effect and restriction of ¡¥Listen to and Taking Courses¡¦ Relating to three study programs- ¡¥Knock the Door¡¦¡B¡¥Open the Door¡¦ and ¡¥Enter the Door¡¦, the researcher tracked and reflected on the teaching design¡Bcurriculum implementation and revision was all explained in the process of research. In addition, via all the qualitative data collection (observational records¡Breflective journals¡Bpupils¡¦ scrapbooks¡B pupils¡¦ mood-diary¡B parents/pupils investigated questionnaires and etc.) to interpret¡Banalyze¡Bconclude and summarize. And, the result of study is found as follows: A: The part of teaching design: 1.Curriculum design adopted the naturalistic process. (Glatthorn, 1987). According to build up high-quality experiences of talking, synchronously, to proceed the choices of goal¡Bactivity and material. 2.In accordance with the teaching of listen and talking, to carry out goal management and analysis in order to conform to the principles of curriculum¡¦s vertical organization. 3.In the initial stage, it could be started by imitation. It could be revised, gradually; it can be built up to personal style. 4.The curriculum of ¡¥Listen and Talking¡¦ for lower grade pupils can be designed as game activities, which can fit in with the pupils development of body and mind. B: The part of curriculum implementation: 1.Examine teachers¡¦ viewpoints: to establish a new relationship (as teacher and also as a friend). The efficiency of teaching at random is greater than the existing plan. Had students to try making mistakes, then, to propose the possible solution. Five kinds of teaching concepts, such as interactive question-and-answer drill¡Blittle stimulation¡Bgreat motivation and etc., was the way to promote the teaching efficiency of ¡¥Listen and Talking¡¦. 2.Convey pupils¡¦ viewpoints: the learning of initiative¡Bthe function of game-teaching, the promotion of cooperative learning¡Bthe production of scaffolding¡Bthe display of multiple intelligences are all additional learning of the curriculum of ¡¥Listen and Talking¡¦ C: The part of the efficiency and restriction: 1.Implementing innovative curriculum of ¡¥Talking Carnival¡¦, the ones that can really build and construct pupils¡¦ concentration¡Bmemory¡Bimitation¡Blasting¡Bsensitivity¡Bcomprehension. 2.Implementing innovative curriculum of ¡¥Talking Carnival¡¦ can really improve pupils¡¦ speak ability and promote fluent speaking and steady demeanor. 3.Because of the restriction of curriculum materials and activity design, there is limited space of the development in the area of ¡¥speaking response and the power of expression¡¦. Besides, the full text adopted the narration and based on 208 talking groups¡¦ establishment as a main body, to link from ¡¥initial¡¦¡B¡¥conversation¡¦¡B¡¥appearance¡¦¡B ¡¥performance¡¦ ¡B¡¥seminar¡¦ and ¡¥spread¡¦. Due to this innovative way of writing, with any luck, it can offer a new life for this study. Key Words: Speaking Teaching, Listening Teaching, Curriculum Implementation, Action Research.

The purpose of this study was to explore Teachers¡¦ Acceptance of Innovation (TAI), Curriculum Content (CC) of Alternative Learning Periods (ALP), and Curriculum Implementation (CI) of ALP in elementary schools. The independent variables were analyzed to investigate if there were any significant differences among TAI, CC and CI. Furthermore, the predictability of TAI about CI was also discussed. Analytic approach of the content and questionnaire survey were conducted. ¡§Analytic Table of the Curriculum Content of ALP¡¨ originating with the researcher was adopted to analyze the curriculum content of ALP in elementary schools in Kaohsiung City. The population was the elementary school teachers in Kaohsiung City, including 513 teachers from 87 schools. There were 452 valid samples among 88% returned questionnaires. The instrument was ¡§The Questionnaire of Teachers¡¦ Acceptance of Innovation, Curriculum Content and Curriculum Implementation of Alternative Learning Periods in elementary schools in Kaohsiung City¡¨. The collected data were analyzed by statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, multiple responses, Chi Square, Independent T-test, one-way ANOVA, and simple Multiple-Regression. The main findings were: 1.The promotion of TAI was needed. 2.The curriculum content of ALP showed: (1)The scheming of ALP met the regulations of ALP, both weekly and semiannual teaching hours in most grades. (2)There were differences between the practical curriculum and the curriculum that teachers expected first. (3)The most popular school-based curriculum in ALP was reading. (4)Students¡¦ characters, needs, and interests were prior to other factors when the curriculum in ALP was schemed out. (5)Teachers adopted multiple manners in applying ALP teaching methods, finding teaching resources, and assessing students. (6)The most helpful way for students was self-expression and communication and sharing. 3.The curriculum implementation of ALP showed: (1)Teachers held positive attitudes towards the curriculum implementation of ALP. (2)Teachers responded positively towards curriculum comprehension and implementation. (3)Teachers were willing to involve the teaching in ALP, and they could exchange as well as share their experience with others. (4)The environment and the leaders of organizations could provide support promptly. The educational authority should offer more flexible space for teachers to scheme and implement ALP curriculum. 4.There were significant differences of the acceptance of innovation because of the distinction of teachers¡¦ genders, the teaching years and the school scales. 5.There were apparent dissimilarities in the viewpoints towards how to scheme the curriculum of ALP among teachers from various grades. 6.There were significant differences in the opinions towards the implementation of ALP among teachers with various teaching years and from the schools with diverse scales. 7.TAI is predicable towards CI of ALP. Based on the findings of this study, some suggestions were offered to the educational applications and further studies.

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