Repetitive DNA comprises substantial part of the eukaryotic genome. ?Junk DNA?, as it was originally understood at the beginning of its discovery has attracted a lot of attention lately due to many studies proving its functional perspectives. Analysis of its dynamics, characteristics and distribution has been widely studied in organisms with monocentric chromosomes. Holokinetic system, however, was left behind in these efforts and whole image of repetitive DNA distribution and dynamics in this system remains to be elucidated. In this thesis various approaches were used to isolate and characterise repetitive DNA in the genome of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Satellite DNA CPSAT-1 was successfully isolated, characterised with Dot blot and Southern blot and mapped with FISH in the genome of C. pomonella. 17 microsatellite probes were used to localize microsatellite arrays in the genome of C. pomonella. Method of microsatellite FISH revealed distribution of all tested microsatellites in C. pomonella complement.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2015-11-13T15:58:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3412121 bytes, checksum: d4875d943921f77f6c31abeefcc4a7cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-13T15:58:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3412121 bytes, checksum: d4875d943921f77f6c31abeefcc4a7cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-05 / O aumento da produção brasileira de maçã, nas últimas décadas, tornou o país um dos principais produtores mundiais. A introdução de pragas quarentenarias pode ser considerada consequência de um processo intensivo de produção. Cydia pomonella e praga-chave da cultura, presente em praticamente todos os países produtores, incluindo tradicionais exportadores ao Brasil, como Argentina, Chile e Uruguai. A praga foi detectada em áreas urbanas da região Sul do Brasil, no início dos anos 1990, o que levou a criação do Programa Nacional de Erradicação da Cydia pomonella (PNECP). Esta dissertação objetivou avaliar as ações implementadas no âmbito do PNECP, a partir do levantamento de normas e procedimentos utilizados e de entrevistas com atores da cadeia produtiva, levando-se em conta aspectos ambientais, econômicos e sociais. As respostas das entrevistas foram analisadas pelo software ALCESTE. Os resultados mostram que a base legal e adequada às normas internacionais e que ações como o Sistema de Mitigação de Risco (SMR) na Argentina, a participação de Fiscais Federais Agropecuários em inspeções na origem, o monitoramento da praga e a erradicação de plantas hospedeiras em áreas urbanas contribuíram para uma efetiva diminuição de Cydia pomonella no Brasil. Ficou evidente a importância da organização da cadeia produtiva brasileira da maçã na efetivação das políticas públicas do Ministerio da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento para o controle e a erradicação da praga. Pode-se dizer que o PNECP alcançou o objetivo da não introdução da praga no Brasil, o que deve levar a sua erradicação no país, mas e necessário o contínuo monitoramento da praga, de forma a evitar sua reintrodução. / The Brazilian apple increasing production in the last decades ranked the country nowadays as one of the most important producers in the world. The introduction of quarantine pests can be understood as a consequence of an intensive production system. Cydia pomonella is a key pest for apples, that is present in most of the producer countries included Brazilian traditional exporters like Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. The pest was detected in the beginning of the 90's, in urban areas in the South region of Brazil, resulting in the implementation of the National Program of Control and Eradication of Cydia pomonella (PNECP). The present dissertacion intends to evaluate the actions developed in the PNECP, with a review of the legislation and procedures in use and interviews with the participants of the process, taking note on environmental, economic and social issues. The answers from the interviews were analised by the ALCESTE software. The results show that the legal basis is adequate to the international standards, and that actions like the System Approach in Argentina, the participation of Brazilian Federal Inspectors in the origin and the pest monitoring and the eradication of host plants in urban areas, lead for an effective control of Cydia pomonella in Brazil. It is showed the importance of the brazilian production chain organization in the implementation of the public policies from the Ministry of Agriculture Cattle and Supply of Brazil for the control and eradication of the pest. As a conclusion, it can be told that the PNECP has reached the objective of the no-introduction of the pest in Brazil, what can be lead to a Cydia pomonella status changing to pest eradicated, being necessary a continuous monitoring of the pest, to avoid its reintroduction. / Não foi encontrado a URL do currículo lattes do autor e nem documento de identificação.

L’étude de la dynamique spatiale des bioagresseurs doit permettre, à terme, de prendre en compte le paysage afin de concevoir une gestion plus efficace en intégrant à la fois l’organisation spatiale des pratiques de lutte et des aménagements paysagers défavorables aux ravageurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la dynamique spatiale du carpocapse (Cydia pomonella), le principal insecte ravageur des vergers de pommiers et poiriers dans le sud-est de la France. Nous avons recherché, par une approche exploratoire à l’échelle du bassin de production, quels étaient les effets du paysage sur les densités de ce ravageur. Nous avons développé une approche de modélisation théorique pour approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes de la dynamique spatiale. Nous avons également analysé la répartition spatiale des larves de carpocapse à l’échelle du verger pour appréhender d’autres processus plus locaux. Il est apparu des effets significatifs du paysage à l’échelle du bassin de production comme à l’échelle du verger. Les effectifs de carpocapse étaient influencés négativement par la densité de vergers conventionnels dans l’environnement. Nous avons montré que cette relation pouvait être liée à une différence de dynamique locale des populations entre vergers en agriculture biologique et verger en agriculture conventionnelles, associée à des évènements de migration. Les effectifs étaient également plus faibles dans les zones protégées du vent. Au sein de certains vergers, nous avons détecté une hétérogénéité dans la répartition spatiale des larves de carpocapse. Dans ces vergers particuliers, les effectifs tendaient à être plus faibles à proximité d’une haie, effet en partie lié à la diversité floristique de la haie. Enfin, nous avons modélisé les dégâts sur fruit en fonction de la dynamique temporelle du ravageur. Les dégâts étaient positivement et significativement reliés aux captures d’adultes ; mais cette relation était influencée par des facteurs locaux (phytoprotection) et paysagers. / Studying pest spatial dynamics should help developing efficient integrated management including organization of spatial distribution of crop protection strategies at the landscape scale, and selection of landscape structures unfavorable for pest. In this thesis, we focused on spatial dynamics of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the main insect pest of apple and pear orchards in southeastern France. We studied the landscape effects on the densities of this pest using a correlative approach at the scale of a fruit growing area. We developed a theoretical model of spatial dynamics in order to infer ecological mechanisms from correlative patterns. We also analyzed the spatial distribution of larvae at the orchard scale and studied local landscape effects. Codling moth densities were significantly related to landscape characteristics both at large and local scales. The number of codling moth was negatively correlated to the proportion of conventional host orchards in the surroundings. We showed that this relation may be a result of landscape heterogeneity and dispersal of the pest. The number of codling moth was also lower in those areas protected from the dominant wind. In some orchards, codling moth larvae were significantly aggregated and tended to be fewer in the proximity of the hedgerows with a potential effect of the flora diversity in the nearest hedgerow. Finally, we modeled fruit damage as a function of adult codling moth temporal dynamics. Damages were positively related to the number of trapped adults but this relation depended on local (crop protection) and landscape factors.

La résistance aux agents de biocontrôle est un problème majeur dans les cultures du monde entier. Ainsi, le carpocapse du pommier, Cydia pomonella, a développé des résistances contre des traitements répétés au Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) dans plusieurs pays d’Europe. Ces résistances posent la question de la durabilité de ce type de lutte contre les ravageurs. Ce travail porte sur l’étude de plusieurs aspects des interactions granulovirus/hôtes : en premier lieu, sur l’étude des différences de sensibilité au CpGV entre des colonies d’insectes de laboratoire afin de mieux cerner les mécanismes d’apparition de résistances. Concernant le virus, le génome complet de cinq isolats viraux utilisés au cours de ces travaux a été séquencé et une analyse des gènes positivement sélectionnés a été conduite afin de découvrir de nouveaux gènes potentiellement importants pour la valeur sélective du virus. L’adaptabilité du CpGV à un hôte C. pomonella résistant ainsi qu’à un hôte d’une espèce proche, Cydia molesta a également été étudiée. Enfin, l’efficacité, sur différentes colonies d’insectes, de populations de génotypes viraux mélangées ainsi que de leurs générations successives ont été analysés. Ces études nous ont permis de mettre en évidence une diversité génétique très étendue chez le CpGV ainsi que des phénomènes de co-infections d’une même cellule et de recombinaison. Ainsi, s’il semble impossible de certifier une méthode de biocontrôle d’une efficacité constante, il apparait que les capacités évolutives des virus permettront de supporter des phénomènes de résistance des hôtes. Un suivi annuel afin de permettre une évolution dirigée du virus sera toutefois obligatoire. / Resistance to biocontrol agents is a critical issue worldwide in orchards. Thereby the codling moth Cydia pomonella developed resistances under repeated treatments with Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) in several European countries. These resistances raise the issue of the durability of such a pest control. This work aims to investigate various aspects of granulovirus/host interactions: first by studying the susceptibility variations to CpGV infection between different laboratory insect colonies in order to assess the mechanisms of resistances apparition; to investigate the virus diversity, complete genomes of five viral isolates used over this work have been sequenced and an analysis of the positively selected genes has been carried out as to come up with new genes potentially important for the fitness of the virus. The adaptability of CpGV to a resistant C. pomonella host as well as to a related specie, Cydia molesta has also been studied. Finally, the efficiency, on different insect colonies, of mixed populations of viral genotypes as well as their successive offspring have been analyzed. These studies allowed highlighting a wide genetic diversity among CpGVs, together with co-infection within cell and recombination phenomenon. Thus, if it seems impossible to certify a biocontrol method with constant efficacy, it appears that the evolutive capacities of viruses will allow overcoming host resistance phenomenon. However, one will need to keep one step ahead from the virus, which means an annual survey to permit a directed evolution of the virus.

Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a key pest in pome fruit orchards in South Africa. In the past, broad spectrum insecticides were predominantly used for the local control of this moth in orchards. Concerns over human safety, environmental impact, widespread dispersal of resistant populations of codling moth and sustainability of synthetic pesticide use have necessitated the development and use of alternative pest management technologies, products and programmes, such as the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) for the control of codling moth. Entomopathogenic nematodes belonging to either Steinernematidae or Heterorhabditidae are ideal candidates for incorporation into the integrated pest management programme currently being developed for pome fruit orchards throughout South Africa with the ultimate aim of producing residuefree fruit. However, these lethal pathogens of insects are not exempted from governmental registration requirements and have therefore not yet been commercialized in South Africa. A nontarget survey was conducted to find suitable isolates of EPNs from local soils and to test their effectiveness as control agents against the codling moth. Soil samples were collected from several habitats and regions throughout South Africa and nematodes were recovered using the insect baiting technique. All EPN isolates obtained were identified to species level using a molecular taxonomic approach. Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered from 20 of the 200 soil samples (10 %). Of these, eight (40 %) yielded Steinernema spp., identified as three isolates of S. khoisanae and five undescribed Steinernema spp. The other 12 (60 %) of the samples were positive for Heterorhabditis spp. and included six isolates of H. bacteriophora, five H. zealandica and one H. safricana. These isolates were then evaluated in laboratory bioassays for their potential as microbial agents of codling moth under varying conditions. A morphometric study indicated that all natural openings (mouth, anus and spiracles) of final instar codling moth were large enough for the infective juveniles (IJs) of all tested EPN species to gain entry into the larvae.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is the key pest of apples and pears worldwide. The withdrawal of certain fundamental chemicals from codling moth management spray programmes, due to concerns about human, environmental and ecosystem health, has resulted in the search for softer, more environmentally friendly, and safer control measures. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), naturally occur in the soil, and actively search for hosts. The interest in using EPNs from the families Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae as a control measure was sparked in 1953, when an EPN was discovered in an insect. The aim is to incorporate EPNs in an integrated pest management (IPM) programme, to ensure minimal residue and eventually residue-free pome fruit production in South Africa. In order to ensure EPN success, both the environmental and technical factors influencing their efficacy, were investigated in this study. The biocontrol potential of three imported EPN isolates, being Steinernema feltiae and two isolates of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb1, Hb2), as well as a local isolate, Steinernema yirgalemense, were evaluated for the control of the codling moth under local conditions. All concentrations of S. yirgalemense, applied by immersion in a suspension of nematodes, gave > 98% control. The two formulated isolates of H. bacteriophora, Hb1-f and Hb2-f, gave < 30% control. When using the same nematode isolates, produced in vivo, S. yirgalemense still resulted in a higher codling moth control of > 90%, compared to 54% and 31% control of the H. bacteriophora Hb1 and Hb2 isolates, respectively. In follow up field trials, S. feltiae resulted in ≥ 80% control, and was thus more effective than both S. yirgalemense and the H. bacteriophora (Hb1) isolates, with 66% and 24%, and 24% and 9% control, for two separate trials, respectively. To validate the data obtained from the field trials, subsequent laboratory bioassays were conducted evaluating temperature regimes, following the same cycle as under natural conditions, with a constant humidity of 100%. Steinernema feltiae proved to be most effective, causing > 90% mortality, followed by S. yirgalemense, with 78% mortality. The two H. bacteriophora isolates (Hb1, Hb2) under the above-mentioned laboratory conditions, resulted in 73% and 59% control, respectively. Humidity thus seems to be the most important factor affecting EPN efficacy during above-ground applications. Steinernema feltiae proved to be a better candidate than S. yirgalemense for the control of the codling moth. The efficacy of different EPN isolates in controlling diapausing codling moth larvae at different temperatures was also evaluated, under local conditions, using spray application. Steinernema feltiae and two isolates of H. bacteriophora Hb1 and Hb2, including two local isolates, S. yirgalemense and Steinernema jeffreyense, were evaluated. The use of S. jeffreyense resulted in the most effective control, with 67% mortality, followed by H. bacteriophora (Hb1) with 42%, and then by S. yirgalemense with 41%. Laboratory bioassays simulating field conditions revealed that S. feltiae was most virulent to codling moth larvae, with 67% mortality by infection, followed by S. yirgalemense with 58%, the H. bacteriophora strain Hb1 with 48%, and the Hb2 strain with 24%. A comparison of the infection and penetration rate of two isolates of H. bacteriophora (Hb1, Hb2), S. feltiae and S. yirgalemense, which was carried out in multiwell plates at 14°C and 25°C, respectively, confirms the dramatic effect of temperature on EPN efficacy. At 14°C, all treatments with EPN species resulted in slower codling moth mortality than they did at 25°C, as after 48 h, < 15% mortality was recorded for all species, whereas at the warmer temperature, > 98% mortality was recorded for all species. After the exposure of washed, cool-treated larvae to 25°C for 24 h, the application of both S. feltiae and S. yirgalemense resulted in 100% mortality, whereas the application of the two H. bacteriophora isolates, Hb1 and Hb2, resulted in 68% and 54% control, respectively, over the same time period. At 14°C, S. feltiae had the highest average penetration rate of 20 IJs/insect, followed by S. yirgalemense with 14 IJs/insect, whereas S. yirgalemense had the highest penetration rate at 25°C, with 39 IJs/insect, followed by S. feltiae, with 9 IJs/insect. The two H. bacteriophora isolates had higher average penetration rates at the higher temperature. This study has highlighted the biocontrol potential of S. jeffreyense, as well as showing that S. feltiae is a cold-active nematode, whereas the other three EPN isolates prefer warmer temperatures. Stacked wooden fruit bins are regarded as preferred overwintering sites for codling moth diapausing larvae. Control strategies against the codling moth in South Africa have been hampered by the reinfestation of orchards by nearby stacked infested fruit bins or by the movement of bins between orchards. Worldwide, wooden fruit bins are systematically being replaced with plastic bins, which, in South Africa, will only be phased out over a few years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of H. bacteriophora, S. feltiae, and S. yirgalemense, to disinfest miniature wooden fruit bins under controlled conditions in the laboratory. After dipping minibins in a suspension of 25 IJs/ml of all three EPN species, under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity, the highest percentage of control was obtained using S. feltiae (75%) followed by S. yirgalemense (57%), and then by H. bacteriophora (Hb1) (27%). The addition of adjuvants significantly increased (p < 0.001) S. feltiae infectivity to > 95%, whereas it did not result in a significant increase in H. bacteriophora or S. yirgalemense infectivity. The results indicated that H. bacteriophora would not be a suitable candidate to use for the control of the codling moth larvae in wooden fruit bins. The current preferred candidate for control would be S. feltiae, whose efficacy could be increased by means of the addition of an adjuvant. During winter, when the whole codling moth population are larvae and in diapause, no control measures are applied in orchards. This study has shown that EPNs can be sprayed in orchards to lower the codling moth cohort emerging after winter, as well as be included in an IPM programme. EPNs can act as a second line of defence, through supplementary control, and ensure effective control of the codling moth larvae which survived chemical spray applications, to safeguard against resistant codling moth populations in the next season. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kodlingmot, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is ‘n belangrike plaag van appels en pere wêreldwyd. Die onttrekking van sekere fundamentele chemikalieë vanuit die kodlingmot beheerprogram weens die kommer oor menslike, omgewings en ekosisteemgesondheid, het gelei tot die soektog na sagter, meer omgewingsvriendelike en veiliger beheermaatreëls. Entomopatogeniese nematodes (EPNs) kom natuurlik in die grond voor en soek aktief na gashere. Die belangstelling in die gebruik van EPNs van die families Heterorhabditidae en Steinernematidae as 'n beheermaatreël is te danke aan die ontdekking van 'n EPN in ‘n insek in 1953. Die doel is om EPNs in 'n geïntegreerde plaagbeheerprogram (GPB) te inkorporeer om sodoende minimale residue te verseker en uiteindelik residu vrye produksie van kernvrugte in Suid-Afrika. Ten einde die sukses van EPNs te verseker, is beide die omgewings- en tegniese faktore wat hul doeltreffendheid beïnvloed in die studie ondersoek. Die biologiese beheer potensiaal van drie ingevoerde EPN isolate, Steinernema feltiae en twee Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb1, Hb2) isolate, sowel as 'n plaaslike isolaat, Steinernema yirgalemense, is vir die beheer van kodlingmot onder plaaslike toestande geëvalueer. Alle konsentrasies van S. yirgalemense, wat deur indompeling in ‘n suspensie van nematodes toegedien is, het > 98% beheer tot gevolg gehad. Die twee geformuleerde isolate van H. bacteriophora, Hb1-f en Hb2-f, het < 30% beheer gegee. Met die gebruik van dieselfde nematode isolate, wat in vivo geproduseer is, het S. yirgalemense nog steeds 'n hoër kodlingmot beheer van > 90% opgelewer, in vergelyking met die 54% en 31% beheer van die H. bacteriophora Hb1 en Hb2 isolate, onderskeidelik. Steinernema feltiae het in opvolg veldproewe ≥ 80% beheer tot gevolg gehad en was dus meer effektief as beide S. yirgalemense en die H. bacteriophora (Hb1) isolate, met 66% en 24% en 24% en 9% beheer onderskeidelik in twee afsonderlike veldproewe. Om die resultate van die veldproewe te bevestig, is daaropvolgende laboratorium biotoetse uitgevoer en temperatuur regimes is geëvalueer deur die selfde siklus as onder natuurlike toestande te volg, met 'n konstante humiditeit van 100%. Die studie het bewys dat S. feltiae die mees doeltreffende isolate was met > 90% mortaliteit, S. yirgalemense het gevolg met 78% mortaliteit. Die twee H. bacteriophora isolate (Hb1, Hb2) het onderskeidelik onder bogenoemde laboratorium toestande 73% en 59% beheer tot gevolg gehad. Humiditeit blyk dus die belangrikste faktor te wees wat EPN se doeltreffendheid tydens bogrondse toediening affekteer. Die studie het bewys dat S. feltiae 'n beter kandidaat as S. yirgalemense vir die beheer van kodlingmot is. Die doeltreffendheid van verskillende EPN isolate vir die beheer van diapause kodlingmot larwes sowel as EPN se aktiwiteit by verskillende temperature is ook onder plaaslike toestande, deur bogrondse bespuitings, geëvalueer. Steinernema feltiae en twee isolate van H. bacteriophora (Hb1, Hb2), S. yirgalemense en ‘n ander plaaslike isolaat, Steinernema jeffreyense, is geëvalueer. Die gebruik van S. jeffreyense, het tot die mees effektiewe beheer gelei, met 67% mortaliteit, gevolg deur H. bacteriophora (Hb1) met 42%, en dan S. yirgalemense met 41%. Laboratorium biotoetse wat veldtoestande simuleer, het bewys dat S. feltiae die mees doeltreffend teen kodlingmot larwes is, met 67% mortaliteit tydens infeksie, gevolg deur S. yirgalemense met 58%, die H. bacteriophora Hb1 isolaat met 48%, en die Hb2 isolaat met 24%. 'n Vergelyking van die infeksie- en penetrasie tempo van twee isolate van H. bacteriophora (Hb1, Hb2), S. feltiae en S. yirgalemense wat in 12-put plate teen 14°C en 25°C uitgevoer is, het die dramatiese effek van temperatuur op EPN doeltreffendheid bevestig. By 14°C het alle EPN spesies behandelings stadiger kodlingmot mortaliteit as by 25°C na 48h tot gevolg gehad. ‘n Mortaliteit van < 15% is vir alle spesies aangeteken terwyl by die warmer temperature is > 98% mortaliteit vir alle spesies aangeteken. Na die blootstelling van afgespoelde, koel behandelde larwes aan 25°C vir 24 uur, het die toediening van beide S. feltiae en S. yirgalemense, 100% mortaliteit van larwes tot gevolg gehad terwyl die toediening van die twee H. bacteriophora isolate, Hb1 en Hb2, onderskeidelik 68% en 54% beheer tot gevolg gehad, oor dieselfde tydperk. By 14°C, het S. feltiae die hoogste gemiddelde penetrasie tempo van 20 ILs/ larwe, gevolg deur S. yirgalemense met 14 ILs/ larwe tot gevolg gehad, terwyl S. yirgalemense die hoogste penetrasie tempo getoon het by 25°C met 39 ILs/ insek, gevolg deur S. feltiae met 9 ILs/ insek. Die twee H. bacteriophora isolate (Hb1 en Hb2) het ook hoër gemiddelde penetrasie tempo by die hoër temperatuur getoon. Hierdie studie het die biobeheer potensiaal van S. jeffreyense beklemtoon, asook weereens bevestig dat S. feltiae ‘n koue-aktiewe nematode is, terwyl die ander drie EPN isolate warmer temperature verkies. Hout vrugtekratstapels, word beskou as ‘n ideale oorwintering skuiling vir kodlingmot diapause larwes. In Suid-Afrika word beheerstrategieë teen kodlingmot in die wiele gery deur die herbesmetting van boorde deur nabygeleë besmette hout vrugtekratte of deur die beweging van kratte tussen boorde. Hout vrugtekratte word wêreldwyd stelselmatig vervang met plastiek kratte. Dit sal egter eers oor ‘n aantal jare in Suid-Afrika uitgefaseer word. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die potensiaal van H. bacteriophora, S. feltiae, en S. yirgalemense te evalueer deur miniatuur hout vrugtekratte onder gekontroleerde toestande in die laboratorium te disinfekteer. Na die onderdompeling van die mini vrugtekratte in 'n nematode suspensie van 25 ILs/ml van al drie EPN spesies, onder optimale toestande van temperatuur en humiditeit, is die hoogste persentasie van beheer met die gebruik van S. feltiae (74,85% ± 3.64%) verkry. Die byvoeging van toevoegings middels het S. feltiae se vermoë om te infekteer betekenisvol (p <0,001) tot > 95% verhoog, maar dit het nie tot 'n betekenisvolle toename in die infektiwiteit van H. bacteriophora of S. yirgalemense gelei nie. Die resultate dui daarop dat H. bacteriophora nie 'n geskikte kandidaat is om te gebruik vir die beheer van kodlingmot larwes in besmette hout kratte nie. Die voorkeurkandidaat tans vir beheer is S. feltiae, waarvan die doeltreffendheid verhoog kan word deur middel van die byvoeging van 'n bymiddel. Gedurende die winter wanneer die hele kodlingmot populasie as larwes in diapause is, word geen beheer in boorde toegepas nie. Hierdie studie het getoon dat EPNs in boorde gespuit kan word om sodoende die opkomende kodlingmot populasie na die winter te verlaag en kan ook ingesluit word in 'n GPB program. Die EPNs kan as 'n tweede verdedigingslinie optree en doeltreffende beheer van kodlingmot larwes verseker wat chemiese bespuitings oorleef het, en sodoende beskerming teen weerstandige kodlingmot populasies in die volgende seisoen bied.

Es presenten diferents reaccions de síntesi química, en les quals participa el glicerol com a reactiu, moltes d'elles amb rendiments elevats i bons percentatges de conversió. Un aspecte rellevant d'aquestes reaccions és l'obtenció de compostos o precursors sintètics de substàncies d'alt valor afegit.Així, a partir de la síntesi d'esters de dicloropropil, usant glicerol i clorotrimetilsilà com a font de clor o amb clorur d'alumini usant un líquid iònic, s'han sintetitzat esters d'al·lil, alguns d'ells amb efecte ovicida en insectes. Un dels esters de dicloropropil sintetitzat a partir d'un àcid versàtic ha estat la referència per a la preparació d'esters dessimetritzats usant iodur, hidroxils o imidazoles com a nucleòfils.Amb la finalitat de fer les reaccions més sostenibles, s'han usat reactius provinents de subproductes industrials, tant del sector d'olis i greixos, com de la indústria del biodiesel.S'han emprat noves tècniques en síntesi orgànica, com els líquids iònics i les microones. L'ús de microreactors en una de les reaccions ha demostrat ser efectiu per a disminuir el temps de reacció, la qual cosa hauria de facilitar el seu escalat / Se presentan diferentes reacciones de síntesis química en las cuales participa el glicerol como reactivo. La mayoría de ellas presentan altos rendimientos y buenos porcentajes de conversión. Un aspecto relevante de estas reacciones es la obtención mediante síntesis química de compuestos o precursores sintéticos de sustancias de alto valor añadido.Así, a partir de la síntesis de ésteres de dicloropropilo, usando glicerol y clorotrimetilsilano como fuente de cloro, o con cloruro de aluminio usando un líquido iónico, se han sintetizado ésteres de alilo, algunos de ellos con efecto ovicida. Una de los ésteres de dicloropropilo obtenido a partir de un ácido versático se ha usado como referencia para la preparación de ésteres desimetrizados usando ioduro, hidroxilo o imidazole como nucleófilos.Con la finalidad de aumentar la sostenibilidad, se han usado reactivos procedentes de subproductos industriales, tanto del sector de aceites y grasas, como de la industria del biodiesel.Las nuevas tecnologías, como los líquidos iónicos y las microondas, también han sido aplicadas en algunas de las reacciones estudiadas. Por otra parte, el uso de microreactores ha permitido mejorar el tiempo de reacción de uno de los procesos estudiados, hecho que debería facilitar su escalado. / Different synthetic reactions are shown, where glycerol is used as a starting material. High yields and conversions are reported in many of the described reactions. One relevant aspect is that compounds or synthetic precursors with high added value can be obtained.Thus, starting from dichloropropyl esters, allyl esters can be obtained, some of them with ovicidal effects. These esters can be synthesised using glycerol and either chlorotrimetylsilane or aluminium chloride as chlorine source. In the later case an ionic liquid is needed. A versatic dichloropropyl ester has been the reference to prepare desymmetrized esters using iodine, hydroxy ion or imidazole derivatives as nucleophilic groups.With the aim to develop sustainable reactions, industrial byproducts from the vegetable oil and fat industries, and from the biodiesel industries have been used as reagents.New technologies, such as ionic liquids and microwaves have also been applied. A continuous process using a microreactor has been developed, which could allow the corresponding reaction to be scaled.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Monitoring of tortricid species Cydia pomonella, Grapholita molesta, G. funebrana, G. janthinana, G. lobarzewskii, and Pandemis heparana was executed in the cadastre of Zlámanec (Zlín region) from year 2013 to 2015. Investigated areas were orchards, shrubbery biotopes and forest edges. Pheromones distributed by different producers were compared too. Data of known pests was equal as data from previous researches. Numbers of G. molesta declined within a few years and the highest abundance of this species was registered in orchards. G. janthinana was found in shrubberies, whereas the higher occurrence of G. lobarzewskii was executed in orchards. P. heparana was not caught. 20 non-target species of Tortricidae was also registered. Cacoecimorpha pronubana was caught for the first time in outdoor biotopes of the Czech Republic, and Oegoconia novimundi was caught in unusually high numbers of specimens. Comparison of pheromones showed that the lures for G. funebrana by Pherobank were more efficient, whereas those for G. molesta by Propher s.r.o. functioned better.

During the 2018 season, five species of leaf rollers, which are harmful to fruit trees, were monitored (Cydia pomonella, C. funebrana, C. molesta, Enarmonia formosana and Pandemis heparana). The monitoring was carried out using pheromone traps in fruit orchards in south Moravia (Lednice, Starý Lískovec, Nosislav and Velké Bílovice) with varying wood preservation intensity. C. molesta reached the highest abundance, on average 241 individuals were caught in one pheromone trap, it was observed at all three study plots, in Lednice these species reached the highest abundance with 235 individuals. First imago was caught on the 27th of April, last imago on the 16th of September. One non-target species (Epiblema scutulana) was detected in this pheromone. C. funebrana was the second most abundant species, which was detected at both study plots,on average 148 individuals of C. funebrana were detected in one trap, the highest abundance was found in Lednice (224). First imago was detected on the 7th of May, last imago on the 26th of August. Five non-target species were caught in this pheromone, Gypsonoma sociana, G. nitidulana, G. aceriana, Eucosma fervidana and E. lacteana. Enarmonia formosana reached high abundance, caught at both study plots, 140 individuals were caught on average in one pheromone trap, the highest abundance was in Starý Lískovec with 199 of pieces. Cnephasia stephensiana, in particular, was caught as nontarget species, rarely Eucosma cumulana. Cydia pomonella was found at all three study areas, on average there were 84 individuals in the trap, 150 individuals in Starý Lískovec. First imago was caught on the 26th of April. There were no non-target moth species found in this pheromone trap. Pandemis heparana was registered at two study plots, 15 individuals were caught on average in one trap, the highest abundance was in Starý Lískovec with 19 individuals. P. heparana was not detected in Nosislav. First imago was caught on the 13th of May and the last on the 16th of September. Non-target species Noctua fimbriata and N. interjecta were caught in this pheromone.