Estuda-se o movimento de carga espacial em dielétricos em uma dimensão na condição de circuito aberto e de curto-circuito. Soluções em simetria plana, cilíndrica e esférica são obtidas, incluindo a condutividade em alguns casos / One-dimensional space-charge motion in dielectrics is studied in open and in short-circuit condition. Solutions in plane, cylindrical and pheripherical symmetry are obtained . Conductivity is included in some cases

As verification efforts using interactive theorem proving grow, we are in need of certified algorithms in computer algebra to tackle problems over the real numbers. This is important because uncertified procedures can drastically increase the size of the trust base and under- mine the overall confidence established by interactive theorem provers, which usually rely on a small kernel to ensure the soundness of derived results. This thesis describes an ongoing effort using the Isabelle theorem prover to certify the cylindrical algebraic decomposition (CAD) algorithm, which has been widely implemented to solve non-linear problems in various engineering and mathematical fields. Because of the sophistication of this algorithm, people are in doubt of the correctness of its implementation when deploying it to safety-critical verification projects, and such doubts motivate this thesis. In particular, this thesis proposes a library of real algebraic numbers, whose distinguishing features include a modular architecture and a sign determination algorithm requiring only rational arithmetic. With this library, an Isabelle tactic based on univariate CAD has been built in a certificate-based way: external, untrusted code delivers solutions in the form of certificates that are checked within Isabelle. To lay the foundation for the multivariate case, I have formalised various analytical results including Cauchy's residue theorem and the bivariate case of the projection theorem of CAD. During this process, I have also built a tactic to evaluate winding numbers through Cauchy indices and verified procedures to count complex roots in some domains. The formalisation effort in this thesis can be considered as the first step towards a certified computer algebra system inside a theorem prover, so that various engineering projections and mathematical calculations can be carried out in a high-confidence framework.

Este trabalho descreve uma forma prática para planejamento do ciclo de operação de retificação por mergulho, em função da especificação dimensional da peça e da rigidez da máquina. Essa otimização é estendida além do ciclo, envolve produzir lotes de peças com dispersão das dimensões dentro de limites especificados. O tempo de set-up, que normalmente não está incluído no tempo de processo, aqui é incluído e considerado. A primeira atividade de laboratório teve como objetivo confirmar a relação entre a quantidade de material removido em função do tempo de spark-out. A segunda atividade comprovou a existência de uma relação linear entre a velocidade de avanço radial do rebolo e o diâmetro final da peça. A terceira atividade confirmou a existência de uma relação entre a velocidade de avanço radial e o índice de capabilidade especificado para o processo. Ainda, foi sugerida a inclusão deste processo proposto num programa CNC da máquina, de forma a se obter automaticamente o set-up. Concluiu-se que o método aqui apresentado reduziu significativamente o tempo de set-up da máquina conferindo um incremento de produtividade aos processos que fizerem uso deste princípio. / This work shows a practical way to design the cycle of a plunge grinding process as a function of workpiece dimensional specification and the machine stiffness. This optimization is extended beyond the cycle, it\'s included make batch of parts with dispersion within the specification limits. The set-up time, that usually isn\'t in the process time, here it was included and focused. The first activity of laboratory had an objective to confirm the relation of the amount of material removed as a function of spark out time. The second activity has been confirmed the linear relationship between the infeed velocity of the grinding wheel and the final diameter of the workpiece. The third activity has been confirmed the relation of the infeed velocity and the capability of the process. Yet, it was suggested to include this procedure in a CNC set of the machine to allow a faster and automatic set up. So, this work shows a conclusion that the set up time can be reduced a lot, allowing higher productivity for who use this procedure.

A aplicação de conceitos de estabilidade surge espontaneamente em estruturas metálicas e, mais destacadamente, nas estruturas de silos e de reservatórios. A parede cilíndrica que compõe o corpo desse tipo de estrutura é formada de chapasmetálicas delgadas, característica que surge da grande eficiência da forma cilíndrica. Neste trabalho, procura-se dispor ao engenheiro conceitos claros e distintos do comportamento e dos fenômenos de perda de estabilidade do equilíbrio dereservatórios e de silos metálicos. São expostas as teorias para a análise de silos para materiais granulares e pulverulentos não-coesivos e reservatórios para líquidos que não produzem gases. Mostra-se que a ação do material ensilado provocaesforços de compressão que possibilitam a ocorrência de fenômenos de perda da estabilidade da estrutura, conhecidos como flambagem no jargão técnico. Também a ação do vento pode ocasionar perda de estabilidade na estrutura vazia. Apresenta-se umresumo das teorias envolvidas, um ensaio numérico de modelos cilíndricos, um exemplo de silo de grãos, e uma compilação das normas e artigos mais atuais e abrangentes do problema de estabilidade em estruturas cilíndricas. Por fim, são estabelecidas as configurações estruturais que apresentam maiores riscos para a flambagem, e fornecidas as relações de diâmetro/espessura e de diâmetro/altura em que é possível se evitar os problemas advindos da perda da estabilidade do equilíbrio. / The application of the stability concepts appears spontaneously on steel structures and, more distinctly, on silos and tanks structures. The cylindrical wall that makes the body of this kind of structure is constituted of thin steel plates, characteristic that comes out of the great efficiency of the cylindrical shape. In this work, it is intended for the engineer clear and distinct notions about the behaviour and the loss of stability equilibrium phenomena of steel silos and tanks. The theories for the analysis of silos for non-cohesive, pulverulent and grain materials, and of tanks to liquids that produces no gases, are exposed. It is shown that the action of the bulk stored material causes compression that makes possible the occurrence of the phenomena of loss of the stability of the structure, commonly known in the technician jargon as buckling. Also the wind load can lead to the loss of stability of the empty structure. A summary is shown for of the involved theories, a numerical experiment with cylindrical models, an example of grain silo, and a compilation of the recommendations, norms and articles on the problem of the cylindrical structures stability. At least, it is established the structural configurations that poses major risks to buckling, and it is supplied relations of diametre/thickness and of diameter/height with whom it is possible to avoid the problems that come from the loss of the stability of equilibrium.

Civil Engineering thin cylindrical shells such as silos and tanks are normally subjected to axial compression that arises from a stored solid, wind, earthquake, self-weight or roof loads. The walls of these shells are very thin, generally of the order of 6 to 25 mm, and massively less than the radius, which is typically 5 to 30 m. They are thus very thin shell structures, like those of rockets, spacecraft, motor vehicles and aircraft. The commonest failure mode is elastic buckling under axial compression. It has long been known that the buckling strength of a thin cylindrical shell under axial compression is very sensitive to tiny deviations of geometry, reducing the buckling strength to perhaps 10 or 20% of the value for the perfect structure. A normal internal pressure usually accompanies the axial compression, caused by stored granular solids or fluids. At relatively low pressures, the elastic buckling strength under axial compression rises, but an elastic-plastic buckling phenomenon intervenes at higher pressures, causing a dramatic decrease in buckling resistance associated with an elephant’s foot collapse mode. To construct such large shells, the fabrication technique is generally the assembly of many rolled plates or panels, joined by short longitudinal welds and continuous circumferential welds. The process of welding produces a distinctive geometric imperfection form at each weld joint, which in turn is extremely detrimental to the shell axial buckling carrying capacity. The strength may be further reduced by slight misalignments between adjacent panels, or in bolted construction, by vertical and horizontal lap splices. Due to the pattern of loading, both the axial compression and internal pressure increase progressively down the wall. Accordingly, practical construction usually uses a stepped wall, formed from panels of uniform thickness, but with larger thicknesses at lower levels. Since the loading varies smoothly, but each panel has constant thickness, the critical location for buckling lies at the base of a panel. But the greater thickness of the lower panel can usefully enhance the buckling strength of the critical panel above it. This thesis presents an extensive computational study that examines all the above influences, divided into chapters that are outlined here. A full exploration of the effect of the cylinder length on the perfect and imperfect elastic buckling strength is presented in Chapter 3. In Chapter 4, the elastic-plastic buckling resistance of imperfect cylinders is described, including strain hardening. These lead to many capacity curves, for which the key parameters are extracted. The effect of internal pressure on the buckling resistance of imperfect elastic cylinders is explored in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 studies the effect of high pressures that produce elastic-plastic elephant’s foot buckling at circumferential welds in imperfect shells. Next, a step change in plate thickness is studied in Chapter 7 for imperfect butt jointed cylinders with and without the internal pressure. Chapter 8 presents an exploration of the effect of plate misalignments at a circumferential joint, as well as the full misalignment of a circumferential lap joint in bolted construction. These are investigated in both the elastic and elastic-plastic domains. The entire thesis is conceived in the context of EN 1993-1-6 (2007) and the ECCS Recommendations on Shell Buckling (2008). This research has shown significant weaknesses in both the concepts and the detailed rules of these standards. Many conditions are found where either the standard is unnecessarily conservative, or its safety margin may be too low. Thus, some new provisions are proposed for each of the above practical problems. These are expected to provide useful knowledge for the design of such structures against buckling in the future.

Este trabalho descreve uma forma prática para planejamento do ciclo de operação de retificação por mergulho, em função da especificação dimensional da peça e da rigidez da máquina. Essa otimização é estendida além do ciclo, envolve produzir lotes de peças com dispersão das dimensões dentro de limites especificados. O tempo de set-up, que normalmente não está incluído no tempo de processo, aqui é incluído e considerado. A primeira atividade de laboratório teve como objetivo confirmar a relação entre a quantidade de material removido em função do tempo de spark-out. A segunda atividade comprovou a existência de uma relação linear entre a velocidade de avanço radial do rebolo e o diâmetro final da peça. A terceira atividade confirmou a existência de uma relação entre a velocidade de avanço radial e o índice de capabilidade especificado para o processo. Ainda, foi sugerida a inclusão deste processo proposto num programa CNC da máquina, de forma a se obter automaticamente o set-up. Concluiu-se que o método aqui apresentado reduziu significativamente o tempo de set-up da máquina conferindo um incremento de produtividade aos processos que fizerem uso deste princípio. / This work shows a practical way to design the cycle of a plunge grinding process as a function of workpiece dimensional specification and the machine stiffness. This optimization is extended beyond the cycle, it\'s included make batch of parts with dispersion within the specification limits. The set-up time, that usually isn\'t in the process time, here it was included and focused. The first activity of laboratory had an objective to confirm the relation of the amount of material removed as a function of spark out time. The second activity has been confirmed the linear relationship between the infeed velocity of the grinding wheel and the final diameter of the workpiece. The third activity has been confirmed the relation of the infeed velocity and the capability of the process. Yet, it was suggested to include this procedure in a CNC set of the machine to allow a faster and automatic set up. So, this work shows a conclusion that the set up time can be reduced a lot, allowing higher productivity for who use this procedure.

This research explores the minimizing of cracks in the fabrication of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotube (CI-CNT) forests on cylindrical rods for the purposes of creating a CI-CNT coronary stent. It is a continuation of the work begun by Jones [1] and Skousen [2] whose work included the creation of a feasible CI-CNT coronary stent on a planar surface. The current research was performed in two parts: 1) growth on the whole circumference of the rod for ~20mm in length and 2) growth in lines and patterns. Experiments were done on either a 309 or 304 stainless steel rod ~3mm in diameter.The following parameters were used for growth on the whole circumference of the rod: a 80nm alumina diffusion barrier, 1.3 or 7nm of iron as a catalyst layer for CNT growth and a growth time of 1 or 15 min. Cracking is observed on most samples. Area fraction of cracking is shown to be minimized with 7nm of iron and and 1 min growth time. The number of cracks was minimized with the 7nm of iron and 15 min growth time. The height of the CI-CNT forest, which is strongly influenced by the thickness of the iron layer and growth time, is shown to be a possible positive contributor to the area fraction of cracking. Level of carbon infiltration and rate of cooling were also included in the parameters of the study as possible contributors to the amount of cracking however no correlation was found to either of these factors. The second study maintained 80nm of alumina and used 7nm of iron and 10 min of growth time. Line angles parallel, at 7°, at 45° and perpendicular to the axis of the rod and line widths from 109µm to 500µm were studied. Line widths from 500µm to 1090µm were also included in the study of patterned lines perpendicular to the axis of the rod. Cracking was eliminated in the parallel and 7° lines. Cracking in the 45° lines was intermittent and significantly less than the cracking seen on the whole circumference. For the lines perpendicular to the axis, the uncracked arc length was calculated to be an average of 414µm with a standard deviation of 67µm. The uncracked arc length showed no correlation to the line width. A final aspect of this second study observed the cracking in a modification of the planar stent pattern created by Jones. The pattern was modified in to allow for patterning on the rod. The critical dimension maximums of the parent pattern were maintained. The experimental results showed that a continual CI-CNT forest could be fabricated to the minimum expected height of 150µm, a maximum width of 542µm and at the expected angle of 7° with minimal to no cracking.

Le but de ce projet est de synthétiser des peptides amphiphiles ayant une partie structurante en feuillet beta afin d'obtenir des micelles cylindriques. La partie hydrophile du peptide est associée à un polymère qui va être le support de la membrane car le peptide seul ne se structure qu'en micelle cylindrique. Une fois la membrane créée, le peptide peut être enlevé ou alors laissé au sein de la membrane et cette membrane a des applications dans la filtration spécifique car elle est nanostructurée. / The goal of this project is to synthesize amphphilic peptides with a structuring part in beta sheet in order to obtain cylindrical mycelles. The hydrophylic part of the peptide is associated to a polymer which will be the support of the membrane because the peptide itself doesn't associate to crate a membrane. With the membrane, we can remove the peptide or not and this membrane has specific filtration properties since it is nanostructured.

The dropped objects are identified as one of the top ten causes of fatalities and serious injuries in the oil and gas industry. It is of importance to understand dynamics of dropped objects under water in order to accurately predict the motion of dropped objects and protect the underwater structures and facilities from being damaged. In this thesis, we study nondimensionalization of dynamic equations of dropped cylindrical objects. Nondimensionalization helps to reduce the number of free parameters, identify the relative size of effects of parameters, and gain a deeper insight of the essential nature of dynamics of dropped cylindrical objects under water. The resulting simulations of dimensionless trajectory confirms that drop angle, trailing edge and drag coefficient have the significant effects on dynamics of trajectories and landing location of dropped cylindrical objects under water.

The research in this dissertation presents Pulsed-Laser Excited photothermal studies of optical glasses and cylindrical sample cell. First, a study of a photothermal lens experiment and the finite element analysis modeling for commercial colored glass filters is done. The ideal situation of a semiinfinite cylinder approximate model used to describe the photothermal lens experiment requires the boundary condition that there is no transfer of heat from the glass to surrounding when the glass is excited with a laser. The finite element analysis modeling for photothermal signal with coupling heat with surrounding shows the thermal heat transfer between the glass surface and the coupling fluid. This work shows that the problem can be resolved by using pulsed laser excitation where the signal decay is faster than the heat diffusion to the surrounding, and finite element analysis modeling to correct the likely deviation from semi-infinite cylinder approximate models. Second, finite element analysis modeling of a photothermal lens signal also shows that there are slow and fast components of signals, which are detected by using a fast response detector and is explained to be due to the axial and radial transfer of heat. A semi-analytical theoretical description of the mode-mismatched continuous and pulsedlaser excitation thermal lens effect that accounts for heat coupling both within the sample and out to the surrounding is presented. The results are compared with the finite element analysis solution and found to be an excellent agreement. The analytical model is then used to quantify the effect of the heat transfer from the sample surface to the air coupling fluid on the thermal lens signal. The results showed that the air signal contribution to the total photothermal lens signal is significant in many cases. Third, surface deformation phenomena are quite common when glasses are excited by laser. Finite element analysis modeling of a surface deformation phenomenon is done. A thermal lens reflection experiment is carried out and results are compared with modeling. The effect of coupling fluid on sample is taken in to account to make more accurate measurement of thermophysical properties of solid sample. Fourth, a novel apparatus for performing photothermal lens spectroscopy is described which uses a low-volume cylindrical sample cell with a pulsed excitation laser. Finite element analysis modeling is used to examine the temperature profile and the photothermal signal. The result of finite element analysis is compared with the experimental result. The experimental photothermal lens enhancement has been found to be that predicted from theory within experimental error.