The movement disorder essential tremor can be treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS), where electric current is delivered to deep brain structures through permanently implanted electrodes. In this study, brain activity during working memory performance was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging in thirteen essential tremor patients with DBS in caudal Zona incerta, a diencephalic nucleus. With active stimulation less exertion of certain working memory areas was required to achieve the same level of performance in a manipulation and a maintenance-type working memory task. At the same time, a relatively higher activation was reached for the more demanding manipulation task. These results indicate that DBS can make the brains of tremor patients more efficient in working memory tasks, in accordance with the “efficiency hypothesis” proposed by Nyberg et al. (2014). / Rörelsestörningen essentiell tremor kan behandlas med djup hjärnstimulering (DBS), vid vilken elektrisk ström tillförs djupa hjärnstrukturer genom permanent inopererade elektroder. I den här studien mättes hjärnaktivering under arbetsminnesbelastning med funktionell magnetresonans-tomografi hos tretton essentiell tremor-patienter med DBS i kaudala Zona incerta, en kärna i mellanhjärnan. Med stimuleringen påslagen krävdes en lägre hjärnaktivering i arbetsminnes-relaterade områden för att nå samma resultat i två arbetsminnesuppgifter där den enda krävde manipulation och den andra enbart kvarhållande av information. Samtidigt kunde en relativt sett högre aktiveringsnivå uppnås för den mer krävande manipulationsuppgiften. De här resultaten tyder på att DBS kan göra tremorpatienters hjärna mer effektiv i arbetsminnesuppgifter, i enlighet med den “effektivitetshypotes” som lagts fram av Nyberg m fl (2014).

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1 Modellierung im allgemeinen und in der Informatik - 2 Das Entity-Relationship-Modell - 3 Das Relationenmodell

Das Buch richtet sich an Informatiker in Studium, Lehre, Forschung und Entwicklung, die an neueren Entwicklungen im Bereich von Transaktions- und Datenbanksystemen interessiert sind. Es entspricht einer überarbeiteten Version meiner im Februar 1993 vom Fachbereich Informatik der Universität Kaiserslautern angenommenen Habilitationsschrift. Neben der Präsentation neuer Forschungsergebnisse erfolgen eine breite Einführung in die Thematik sowie überblicksartige Behandlung verschiedener Realisierungsansätze, wobei auf eine möglichst allgemeinverständliche Darstellung Wert gelegt wurde. Der Text wurde durchgehend mit Marginalien versehen, welche den Aufbau der Kapitel zusätzlich verdeutlichen und eine schnelle Lokalisierung bestimmter Inhalte unterstützen sollen.

Parkinson’s disease is a common neurological disease which will progressively damagedopaminergic neurons in the brain. Later stages of the disease will result in death of theneurons. The diagnosis is often made with respect to the motor symptoms, which includetremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity. In addition to motor symptoms, non-motor symptomsappear in many patients, such as cognitive changes and mood disorders. One method used totreat Parkinson’s disease is deep brain stimulation, where electric pulses are emitted to aspecific brain area. A common target is the subthalamic nucleus, which is part of the basalganglia. By using deep brain stimulation, the dose of other medications for Parkinson’sdisease can be lowered. However, the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation are not yetentirely known, and there have been many reports of adverse side-effects caused by thismethod, including depression and other types of mood changes. Even so, information of apossible sex distribution of these side-effects is still limited. Here, a qualitative essay wasmade where 16 articles describing reported side-effects in men and women were compared. Inaddition, unpublished data from optogenetic studies on male and female mice were analysedin order to examine putative sex-differences upon experimental brain stimulation strategies.The results from the optogenetics results did not show any statistically significant sexdifferences.In contrast, by comparing the selected articles in which results of deep brainstimulation treatment in patients were reported, some differences were found. First, it seemsthat women report more depressive-like symptoms than men. Second, while men also reportdepressions, they also report more aggressive behaviour upon the treatment. A preliminaryconclusion of this essay is therefore that certain sex-differences can be observed among theadverse side-effects reported upon deep brain stimulation in Parkinson´s disease. However,since the studied material was limited, more research is required to make firmer conclusions.

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